The study on fine structures in solar prominences

There are some solar prominence fine structures which are not observable. Thus, we need to use theoretical methods to study their geometric and physical properties. It is believed that observed intensities, and their fluctuations are related to such fine structures in the line of sight. Regarding the fact that analysis of intensity and its fluctuations necessitates the knowledge of the dependence of scattering albedo relative to optical depth, the present study is an attempt to determine scattering Albedo functions which are more probable to reality from the astrophysics’ perspective.     

Time-dependent aerodynamic non-LTE radiative transfer

A method is developed for solving simultaneously in one dimension the equation of transfer for non-LTE spectral line radiation and the time-dependent equations specifying conservation of mass, energy and linear momentum. In particular, we illustrate the method on a ‘simple’ time-dependent problem in which a pulsating disturbance at some point in a model homogeneous atmosphere propagates towards the surface and steepens into a shock. The resulting emergent intensities show rather dramatic changes over very small time intervals due to the effect of the velocity, density and temperature distributions on the radiative absorption properties of the gas, and thus emphasises the need to solve the above-mentioned four basic equations if one is to obtain physically realistic model atmospheres experiencing initial disturbances.     

线性常微分方程的保线性变换及其应用

研究了线性常微分方程的保线性变换，得到任意两个二阶线性常微分方程等价的条件，并用于求解一类二阶线性变系数齐次常微分方程．对数学物理方法教学中怎样通过适当的变换把给定的二阶线性变系数齐次常微分方程化为可解的方程给出了合理解释。     

Velocity dependence of the free carrier optical absorption constant in polar semiconductors

The velocity dependence of the free polaron optical absorption constant has been determined on solving the Heisenberg's equations of motion for the polaron. It has been shown that an enhancement of the carrier velocity exhibits two main modifications of the optical absorption line shape: first, a small shift of the absorption threshold towards lower frequencies, second an important increase of the peak intensity.     

Radiative temperature dissipation in a finite atmosphere—I. The homogeneous case

We have developed a new approach toward solving problems of linear radiative relaxation of LTE temperature perturbations in a plane-parallel atmosphere of finite extent. We show that the mathematical problem is one of solving an integral eigenvalue equation, for which non-trivial solutions exist only for discrete values of the radiative relaxation time. The solutions for the spatial part of the perturbation constitute a complete and orthogonal set of basis functions, making it possible to solve more general problems of temperature relaxation. In applying this method to radiative relaxation in the middle atmosphere of earth, we show how the additional influences of photochemical coupling, advection by winds, and eddy diffusion by small-scale turbulence may be easily included using matrix perturbation techniques. We have solved the homogeneous integral equation for a wide variety of vertical thicknesses in an idealized homogeneous slab medium. Adopting a number of different analytic line profiles (rectangular, Doupler, Voigt, and Lorentz) we have obtained numerical solutions using an exponential-kernel method for solving the integral equation. The discrete eigenvalue “spectrum” is presented for vertical optical depths (0–10³) at line-center, and is used in solving several initial-value problems for a decaying temperature perturbation. We find that the eigenvalue spectrum is bounded from above by the lowest-order eigenvalue, and bounded from below by the familiar transparent approximation. The dependence of the lowest even eigenvalue on optical depth and the relative separation of the higher eigenvalues are found to depend sensitively on the line profile.     

Kink stability of isothermal spherical self-similar flow revisited

The problem of kink stability of isothermal spherical self-similar flow in newtonian gravity is revisited. Using distribution theory we first develop a general formula of perturbations, linear or non-linear, which consists of three sets of differential equations, one in each side of the sonic line and the other along it. By solving the equations along the sonic line we find explicitly the spectrum, k, of the perturbations, whereby we obtain the stability criterion for the self-similar solutions. When the solutions are smoothly across the sonic line, our results reduce to those of Ori and Piran. To show such obtained perturbations can be matched to the ones in the regions outside the sonic line, we study the linear perturbations in the external region of the sonic line (the ones in the internal region are identically zero), by taking the solutions obtained along the line as the boundary conditions. After properly imposing other boundary conditions at spatial infinity, we are able to show that linear perturbations, satisfying all the boundary conditions, exist and do not impose any additional conditions on k. As a result, the complete treatment of perturbations in the whole spacetime does not alter the spectrum obtained by considering the perturbations only along the sonic line.     

Effects of atmospheric turbulence and building sway on optical wireless-communication systems

Urban optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems are considered a last-mile technology. UOWC systems use the atmosphere as a propagation medium. To provide a line of sight the transceivers are placed on high-rise building. However, dynamic wind loads, thermal expansion, and weak earthquakes cause buildings to sway. These sways distort the alignment between transmitter and receiver, causing pointing errors, the outcome of which is fading of the received signal. Furthermore, atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in both the intensity and the phase of the received signal, resulting in impaired link performance. A bit-error probability (BEP) model is developed that takes into account both building sway and turbulence-induced log amplitude fluctuations (i.e., fading of signal intensity) in the regime in which the receiver aperture, D0, is smaller than the turbulence coherence diameter, d0. It is assumed that the receiver has knowledge about the marginal statistics of the signal fading and the instantaneous signal-fading state.     

基于普通汞灯光源的横向塞曼效应背景校正大气汞检测方法研究

精确的背景校正决定着冷原子吸收法检测痕量汞的检测下限,研究了基于普通汞灯光源的横向塞曼效应背景校正大气汞检测方法.汞灯光源253.65 nm共振谱线在磁场中垂直于磁场方向产生σ-,σ+和π三个线偏振光.利用超高分辨率光谱仪获取不同磁场强度下汞样品池对σ-,σ+和π线偏振光的吸光度,分析横向塞曼效应背景校正方法所需的最小磁场强度;在1.78 T强磁场强度下,分析了窄带吸收气体苯、宽带吸收气体丙酮对横向塞曼效应背景校正大气汞检测方法可能存在的干扰;利用σ-,σ+作为背景光,π线偏振光作为吸收光,对不同长度的饱和汞蒸气样品池测量,精确背景校正后,吸光度拟合曲线R值达到0.99.实验结果表明基于普通汞灯光源的横向塞曼效应背景校正大气汞检测方法可以实现精确背景校正,能够应用于大气环境痕量汞检测.     

氧气A带吸收系数的温度依赖关系研究

氧气A带是理想的大气要素反演通道,吸收系数是重要的参数之一,它影响到反演结果的精度.结合HITRAN2012数据库和大气温度廓线图,分析氧气A带吸收系数的影响因素,推出各因素与温度的依赖关系,确定吸收系数随温度的变化.结果表明,氧气A带谱线半宽度受温度依赖系数影响较小,而受温度影响较大.线型因子随温度产生了两种变化,在谱线半宽度以外的谱线位置上,随温度的增大,函数值减小,而在中心频率到谱线半宽度的谱线位置上,随温度的升高而增大.谱线线强对温度具有强依赖关系.利用逐线积分算法计算氧气A带吸收系数,同时考虑了谱线半宽度的压力展宽效应和谱线线强及半宽度对温度的依赖关系,得出氧气A带吸收系数对温度的依赖关系主要来源于线强的温赖关系,尤其是中心频率处温度影响较大;而Lorentzian线型函数的温赖关系不明显.利用布鲁克光谱仪在1 cm-1下测量63 m处氧气A带的吸收光谱,与理论模型在同等条件下的透过率比较,误差小于0.83%,验证了温度校正模型的正确性.     

On the effect of temperature fluctuations on line intensities

We investigate the effects of temperature fluctuations in a stellar atmosphere on the intensities of the lines emitted by a multilevel atom, by differentiating the coupled set of radiative transfer and statistical equilibrium equations. We propose a numerical method for the fast computation of large sequences of line profiles when the atmospheric temperatures are fluctuating about a mean curve T(z) (oscillations, waves, turbulence, etc…). This method is applied to a three-level atom simulating the formation of Ca(II) lines in the solar atmosphere and the results are compared with those of direct computations. We show how the variations of atomic level populations, line source functions, and emergent intensities may be related to temperature variations by a sum of several terms corresponding to each atomic transition and arising from the variations of collisional excitation rates. Finally, we discuss the possibility of extending the method to compute profile variations when temperatures, densities and velocities are changing simultaneously within the atmosphere.     

Reflectionless propagation of acoustic waves through the Earth’s atmosphere

The vertical propagation of acoustic waves in the inhomogeneous compressible atmosphere has been studied in the framework of the linear theory of ideal hydrodynamics. It has been shown that the initial equations under certain conditions can be reduced to the Klein-Gordon equation with constant coefficients. Its solutions describe traveling waves with a variable amplitude and wavenumber that are not reflected in the atmosphere despite its strong inhomogeneity. The wave energy flux at such reflectionless profiles holds, providing the possibility of the energy transfer to high altitudes. It has been shown that the Standard Earth Atmosphere is approximated well by four reflectionless profiles with small jumps in the gradient of the speed of sound. It is found that the Earth’s atmosphere is almost transparent in a wide frequency range; this feature explains the observation data and conclusions made on the basis of numerical solutions in the framework of the initial equations.     

Test of the stability of a three-phase contact line with negative line tension

The equilibrium structure of a three-phase contact line with negative line tension using a mean-field free-energy functional is calculated in the square-gradient approximation. The equilibrium density profiles are found by solving the Euler—Lagrange equations on a square grid of N ² points covering an area of L ². The fluctuations about the equilibrium structure are analysed via the spectrum of the free energy's second functional derivative. The equilibrium configuration is found to be stable with respect to fluctuations in the structure of the three-phase line and of the interfaces that meet at this line. In addition, the behaviour is investigated numerically of the lowest eigenvalue as the area of the grid is increased. The lowest eigenvalue is always positive and vanishes as 1/L ².     

Giant fluctuations in the radiation intensity of two-dimensional electrons under quantum hall effect conditions

Giant fluctuations in the 2D-electron recombination radiation were studied in structures with a single or double GaAs quantum well under quantum Hall effect conditions. It is established that, if these conditions are exactly satisfied, the amplitude of the 2D-electron photoluminescence (PL) intensity is several orders of magnitude higher than the noise level, with the noise having a normal (Poisson) distribution. The fluctuations in the PL line intensity are accompanied by a jumpwise change in the line positions. Analogous jumps were also observed in the spectra of inelastic light scattering by 2D electrons in structures with a single GaAs quantum well. The fluctuation processes are correlated over macroscopic distances. The characteristic correlation length is 1–2 mm. The spectral density of giant fluctuations was found to exhibit narrow peaks. The ratios of the frequencies of these peaks are equal to those of Fibonacci numbers. The appearance of such frequencies in the fluctuation spectrum indicates that the fluctuations studied bear a resemblance to processes occurring in open dissipative dynamic systems. The methods developed in the theory of these systems can, in principle, be used to study giant fluctuations.     

结构动力分析的时域配点DQ半解析法

直接从控制微分方程出发,以梁为对象提出了本计算方法。该方法在空间域采用DQ法(DiferentialQuadratureMethod),在时间域取级数,采用时域配点的方式得到求位移场全部待定参数的可解方程组,求解一次线性方程组即可求得全域的响应位移场。     

Study of leed fine structures on the O-W(001) system

In earlier work it was established that fine structure features observed in very low-energy-electron-diffraction were very sensitive to surface contamination. We report a study of the effect of oxygen adsorption on the intensity profile of the specular beam on W(001) in a variety of surface conditions. It is found that specific fine structure line shapes can be associated with the reconstructed annealed surface at half and full coverage. Under the assumption that the intensity of the fine structures is closely linked to the surface smoothness, our observations are compared with results obtained with other techniques and several adsorption models are discussed.     

On fluctuations in liquids and gases

The Lagrangian formalism is used to derive a system of nonlinear inhomogeneous dissipative differential equations describing the nonlinear dynamics of interrelated fluctuations of density, δρ, and temperature, δT, in a medium. With these equations, the unstable (with respect to initial conditions) phase trajectory describing parameter fluctuations in the ρ-T plane was obtained. By numerically solving the equations, we show that δρ and δT oscillate in time almost periodically, which is typical of fluctuations.     

A theorem allowing to derive deterministic evolution equations from stochastic evolution equations, II: The non-Markovian extension

Deterministic evolution equations of classical as well as quantum mechanical models are derived from a set of non-Markovian stochastic evolution equations after an average over realization using a theorem. Examples are given, show that deterministic differential equations that contain derivatives with respect to time higher than or equal to two can be derived after a Taylor series expansion of the dynamical variables. It is shown that the derivation of such deterministic differential equations can be done by solving a set of linear equations that increase in number after increasing the number of previous time steps in the updating rules that define a given model. Two explicit examples, the first containing updating rules that depend on two previous time steps and the second on three, are worked in some detail in order to show some features of the linear transformation that allow one to obtain the deterministic differential equations.     

Laser-phase determination methods and transfer equations for direct temporal structure measure- ments of atto- and femtosecond XUV pulses

In this paper the laser-phase determination methods and transfer equations are presented to directly reconstruct the detailed temporal structures of ultra-short extreme ultraviolet (xuv) pulses from the measured photoelectron energy spectra (PES). Each transfer equation includes one of PID (proportional-integral-differential) terms of PES. The intensity and instantaneous frequency of attosecond xuv can be retrieved from the integral term of PES. The intensity profiles of narrow bandwidth atto- and femtosecond xuvs can be rebuilt from the proportional and differential terms of PES respectively. The methods and equations may be used to improve time resolutions in measuring ultrashort pulses.     

Coupled KdV Equations and Their Explicit Solutions Through Two-Dimensional Hamiltonian System with a Quartic Potential

Based on the second integrable ease of known two-dimensional Hamiltonian system with a quartie potentiM, we propose a 4 × 4 matrix speetrM problem and derive a hierarchy of coupled KdV equations and their Hamiltonian structures. It is shown that solutions of the coupled KdV equations in the hierarchy are reduced to solving two compatible systems of ordinary differentiM equations. As an application, quite a few explicit solutions of the coupled KdV equations are obtained via using separability for the second integrable ease of the two-dimensional Hamiltonian system.     

Saturation level of the intensity fluctuations of an optical beam in a turbulent atmosphere

It is shown that the saturation level of the variance of the intensity fluctuations of a coherent light beam propagating In the atmosphere depends to a considerable extent on the behavior of the high-frequency part of the fluctuation spectrum of the refractive index of the air.