含双疏水侧链聚磷酸酯脂质体膜材的合成

以季戊四醇二脂肪酸酯和Ｐ，Ｐ 二氯磷酸β 溴乙酯为单体，通过溶液缩聚反应合成聚磷酸酯，再经季铵化反应得到三种新的含双疏水侧链的磷脂酰胆碱型聚磷酸酯脂质体膜材．采用逆相蒸发法制备脂质体．电镜观察表明，所有聚合物都能形成脂质体，其直径为２～６μｍ．还研究了对抗肿瘤药物５ 氟脲嘧啶的包封，其包封率为３０％．     

聚磷酸酯型脂质体膜材的合成

以Ｐ，Ｐ－二氯磷酸β一溴乙酯和α－硬脂酸单甘油酯为单体，通过缩聚反应合成聚磷酸醋，再经季铵化制备了四种新的聚磷酸酸型脂质体膜材．用逆相蒸发法制备了脂质体，并以５－氟尿嘧啶为模型药物进行包封，测定了包封率和体外释放性能．     

膜材性质及制备方法调控下的脂质体负载干扰素的研究

依据干扰素(IFN)分子、磷脂分子本身的理化性质和结构特点, 分别用三种制备方法, 以四种脂质体为膜材, 制备IFN脂质体, 考察了不同膜材、不同制备方法对脂质体粒径及包封率的影响. 结果表明, 以二肉豆蔻酰胆碱和二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱复合材料为主要膜材, 采用薄膜蒸发法制备的IFN脂质体有良好的稳定性, 60 d内其粒径可以保持在200~350 nm, 包封率可保持30%~40%.     

超临界CO2法制备头孢唑啉钠脂质体

采用超临界CO2(scCO2)流体代替有机溶剂一步法制备了头孢唑啉钠药物载体脂质体. 研究了该脂质体的尺寸、稳定性和药物的包封率. 结果表明, 脂质体的尺寸和稳定性依赖于制备压力, 脂质体对头孢唑啉钠的包封率与乙醇和脂浓度有关, 采用超临界CO2法制备脂质体的药物包封率比采用薄膜分散法(Bangham method)制备的包封率高.     

高包封率异烟肼类脂质体的制备与性质研究

以异烟肼为模型药物, 合成了异烟肼取代卵磷脂疏水链的两亲性异烟肼磷脂衍生物. 用薄膜超声分散法将其制备成脂质体, 从而将异烟肼脂质体的药脂比从0.1～0.3提高至2.0, 包封率由2%提高到接近100%. 通过调节超声处理时间和磷脂浓度可制得粒径大小可控的脂质体. 体外释药研究表明, 该脂质体具有明显的控制释放性能. 这种以药物分子取代卵磷脂疏水链的两亲性磷脂衍生物制备脂质体的方法, 为难包封于脂质体的药物实现高包封率提供了新途径.     

可控组装方法制备脂质体

利用可控组装方法制备了单仓脂质体。这种制备方法分为两个步骤: (a)利用超声振荡形成油包水(W/O)的微乳液, (b)微乳中小水滴在离心作用下通过油水界面的单分子膜并被其包裹, 在水相中形成脂质体。脂质体直径在50-200nm。脂质体的双分子膜间基本没有残留有机溶剂存在, 并且在制备过程中包封的试剂没有泄漏。可控组装方法制备脂质体具有操作简单、生成脂质体一般不需进一步分离、包封效率较高(57%)等特点。     

可聚合脂质体的研究Ⅲ．可缩聚氨基酸类双亲分子的合成及其脂质体

随着脂质体作为药物载体研究的发展，多肽型脂质体以其表面众多的游活性官能团，良好的生物相容及体内降解性，成为一种理想的抗体载体^[1,2]。1982年，Folda等人首次报道了利用氨基酸酯的氨解反应，使氨基酸在脂质体表面进行缩聚，得到经缩合聚合后表面为多肽的脂质体，但由于缩聚后亲水性降低，脂质体易沉淀下来^[3].Neumann等合成了一系列氨基二羧酸化合物，形成脂质体后用缩水剂缩合，余下的另一羧基可作为亲水基团，得到稳定的多肽型脂质体^[4]。本文主要报道以天冬氨酸为骨架的可缩聚氨基酸双亲分子S－[马来酸单酰胺（N－天冬氨酸双十八酯)]半胱氨酸（Asp18-M-Cys)的合成，它在水中形成稳定脂质体的缩聚及其缩聚前后相转变的温度的变化。     

毛细管电泳应用于测定牛血清白蛋白与脂质体的相互作用

建立了一种用毛细管电泳法检测牛血清白蛋白(BSA)与脂质体相互作用的分析方法。氧化指数的测定实验结果表明经过冷冻干燥的脂质体稳定性更好;毛细管电泳表征脂质体的电荷性质实验结果表明脂质体在pH 5.0～8.0的条件下呈电中性。在pH 7.0的条件下,以各种浓度的脂质体混悬液为电泳缓冲液,以0.8%二甲亚砜(DMSO)为内标,随着缓冲液中脂质体质量浓度从0增加到2.4 mg/mL,BSA的有效淌度从-2.232×10-4 cm2·V－1·s－1变化到-3.046×10-4 cm2·V－1·s－1;结合Scatchard分析,测得BSA与脂质体的结合常数为2.522×103(g/mL)－1。该方法简单、快速,为研究蛋白质与脂质体的相互作用提供了新的技术手段。     

尼古丁乙醇脂质体体外透皮特性研究

目的制备尼古丁乙醇脂质体并对其进行体内外评价。方法采用注入法制备尼古丁乙醇脂质体,以包封率为指标,考察乙醇浓度、磷脂含量对其包封率的影响;采用Franz扩散池进行离体皮肤渗透实验,测定接受液中尼古丁的累计渗透百分比。结果当处方中含3%磷脂和35%乙醇时制得的乙醇脂质体包封率最高(89.13±6.12)%;乙醇脂质体可有效增加药物的透皮量和穿透深度。结论乙醇脂质体能显著增加尼古丁的皮肤渗透性。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定紫杉醇脂质体的包封率

本文建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定紫杉醇脂质体包封率的方法。采用粒径为40~60μm的C18填料作为固相萃取填料,分别用5%葡萄糖注射液和甲醇对紫杉醇脂质体和游离紫杉醇进行洗脱,定容后用C18色谱柱进行高效液相色谱检测。结果表明,采用上述方法,样品中紫杉醇浓度在10ng/mL~5.0μg/mL之间,标准曲线具有良好的线性关系(r2=0.996)。方法检出限(S/N=3)为5.0ng/mL,紫杉醇的回收率在95%~105%之间,对于紫杉醇脂质体包封率测定的相对标准偏差在0.3%~1.8%之间。该方法快速准确,有望用于其他脂溶性分子脂质体的包封率测定中。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.