铂类抗癌药物的多功能纳米递送体系

以顺铂为代表的小分子铂类抗癌药物是临床应用的一线化疗药物,但其严重的毒副作用和难以克服的耐药性限制了铂类药物的临床应用和研发。运用纳米药物递送技术可以实现药物的靶向递送和可控释放,来提高药物的生物利用度,降低药物的毒副作用以及耐药性,为癌症的治疗带来新的希望。此外,丰富多样的纳米递送体系易于实现药物与具有生物学活性试剂的共运输,从而为各种治疗策略以及诊疗策略的联用提供可能,为最终实现癌症的精准治疗展现广阔前景。本文从靶向递药、药物可控释放、联合治疗、诊疗一体化四个方面对铂类抗癌药物的多功能纳米递送体系在癌症治疗中的最新研究进展进行综述,同时通过列举最新研究成果,展示了新材料、新技术以及新颖设计思想在铂基纳米递送体系中的应用。     

基于天然产物的铂类和芳基金属抗癌药物研究进展

临床使用的现代药物超过50%都来自于天然产物,它们不仅能够通过阻止细胞周期进程、抑制癌细胞存活信号通路以及调节免疫细胞等多种生物途径来阻止肿瘤生长及其进程,而且对正常组织表现出较低的毒性。虽然以顺铂为代表的金属抗肿瘤药物广泛用于临床,但是它们存在严重的耐药性和毒副作用,包括肾毒性、神经毒性等。因此,利用天然产物中的优势来改造铂类配合物,有望开发出新型铂类抗癌药物以克服铂药的缺陷。另一方面,芳基金属配合物因其良好的水溶性和对正常组织的低毒性受到了广泛关注,将天然产物与芳基金属配合物相结合,也为开发高效低毒的新型抗癌药物提供了更多可能。结合天然产物和金属各自优势开发基于天然产物的金属配合物作为抗癌剂已成为研究热点,开辟了抗癌的新途径。本文对已经报道的有关天然产物的铂类和芳基金属配合物的研究及作用机理进行了较为全面的综述,并对该领域的未来发展进行了展望。     

石墨烯纳米载药体系的制备及对人口腔鳞癌细胞杀伤效果

利用化学氧化还原法制备了氧化石墨烯,进一步超声破碎剥离,得到纳米氧化石墨烯,并对其进行聚乙二醇(PEG)的功能化修饰后载药顺铂。 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对石墨烯纳米载药体系进行表征,细胞存活率实验(MTT)法检验石墨烯纳米载药体系对人口腔鳞癌(KB)细胞的杀伤作用。 结果表明,石墨烯纳米载药体系对顺铂的负载率为42.4%,聚乙二醇修饰后可以降低纳米氧化石墨烯的细胞毒性并提高生物相容性,对KB细胞具有双重的杀伤作用,为纳米氧化石墨烯在肿瘤治疗的临床应用提供了理论依据。     

金属抗癌药物设计的新策略和新趋势*

金属药物有许多其它药物无法比拟的独特性质,以顺铂为代表的铂类抗癌药物在癌症临床化疗中发挥了巨大作用。但是铂类药物的毒副作用严重限制了它们的实际疗效和适用范围,因此需要继续研究具有不同作用机理的新型金属抗癌药物,以改良或补充现有铂类药物的性能。本文重点介绍了近年来设计金属抗癌药物的一些新策略,包括改变铂类药物与DNA的作用模式、改进铂类药物对肿瘤的靶向性、研发非铂类金属抗癌药物和寻找DNA以外的作用靶标等。这些内容体现了该领域的最新发展趋势,为从事金属抗癌药物开发研究的科技人员提供了有益的参考信息。     

石墨烯纳米载药体系的制备及对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用

通过聚乙二醇(PEG)及分支型聚乙烯亚胺(bPEI)对纳米氧化石墨烯(NGO)修饰作为大分子载药基底的载药平台,增加了NGO的水溶性及其对蛋白的吸附作用,随后分别负载抗癌药物顺铂(CDDP)和低温乙醇法分离提纯的肿瘤患者血清形成能够特异性富集于鼻咽癌细胞的大分子石墨烯纳米载药体系。通过紫外-可见光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱表征结果证实NGO-PEG-bPEI-CDDP载药体系制备成功,NGO-PEG-bPEI对CDDP的载药率为34.6%。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)表明对NGO-PEG-bPEI-CDDP-Antibody大分子纳米载药体系中特异性抗体蛋白的强烈吸附作用,该纳米复合物能够特异性地富集在肿瘤细胞部位,对人鼻咽癌细胞(CNE-1)细胞系的识别极其敏感。细胞毒性实验(MTT)检测实验结果表明:在相同剂量(质量浓度)、相同作用时间的情况下,NGO-PEG-bPEI-CDDP-Antibody大分子纳米石墨烯载药体系兼具对人口腔鳞癌细胞(KB)、CNE-1杀伤作用和避免正常细胞的额外损伤。NGO-PEG-bPEI-CDDP-Antibody纳米载药体系不仅能够通过特异性识别将药物富集于病灶区降低正常细胞损害,还能够有效杀伤癌细胞,降低化疗药物使用剂量,是一种很有前景的大分子纳米载药体系。     

筛选抗癌药物的荧光实验法

筛选抗癌药物常用的体外肿瘤系统方法有甲烯蓝法、染色法、细胞呼吸法等,这些方法需要取肿瘤细胞进行实验,时间较长。顺铂是很好的抗癌药物,Sohell等用DNA-溴化乙啶(EthBr)荧光体系研究了铂络合物与DNA的作用,认为该体系可以半定量地说明铂络合物的抗癌性。本文研究发现一些络合物-DNA-EthBr体系的荧光大小与络合物的抗癌性有关,可用荧光法筛选抗癌药物。其可靠性远比甲烯蓝法高,方法简单、快速,且假阳性少。     

四氯合铂（Ⅳ）类配合物的合成表征及其抗癌作用

顺铂作为第一代无机抗癌药物已被广泛使用,但副作用较大。碳铂是第二代无机抗癌药物,虽肾毒性和肠胃道反应比顺铂低,但在某些肿瘤治疗方面,活性低于顺铂。最近,Aderson等发现tetraplatin(tetrachloro(d,1-trans)1,2-dimino cyclohexane platinum     

金粒子包封介孔二氧化硅杂化载药控释体系

靶向给药控释体系既可以增强药物在病灶部位的疗效, 又可以降低药物对正常部位的毒副作用. 基于介孔二氧化硅为"容器"-金纳米粒子为"开关"(MSN-AuNPs)的杂化纳米阀门体系同时具备两种纳米粒子的优良特性, 在化学、生物材料以及临床医药等多学科受到广泛关注. 本文根据刺激手段和应用功能分类, 介绍了单一功能和多重功能的MSN-AuNPs杂化纳米阀门体系的重要研究进展, 以及目前面临的挑战和今后的发展方向.     

镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石的制备及其在载药方面的应用

通过逐步沉淀反应一锅法制备了一系列不同含量的镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石。通过硝酸镁、硝酸钙不同的投料物质的量比调控纳米颗粒的形态和尺寸。通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石进行物理化学性能表征,用MTT法评价其体外细胞毒性。研究结果表明:镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石呈现束状纳米纤维形态、比表面积大、细胞毒性较低;将其作为载体负载抗癌药物顺铂,具有很好的载药能力,载药量可达54%,该载药纳米颗粒还具备缓释特性(72 h释药量达到41.72%)和很好抑制癌细胞生长的效果。     

镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石的制备及其在载药方面的应用

通过逐步沉淀反应一锅法制备了一系列不同含量的镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石。通过硝酸镁、硝酸钙不同的投料物质的量比调控纳米颗粒的形态和尺寸。通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）等分析手段对镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石进行物理化学性能表征,用MTT法评价其体外细胞毒性。研究结果表明：镁掺杂纳米羟基磷灰石呈现束状纳米纤维形态、比表面积大、细胞毒性较低;将其作为载体负载抗癌药物顺铂,具有很好的载药能力,载药量可达54%,该载药纳米颗粒还具备缓释特性（72 h释药量达到41.72%）和很好抑制癌细胞生长的效果。     

Metallkomplexe als Antikrebsmittel

The platinum complex cisplatin is in worldwide use since 1978 as anticancer agent. Disadvantages of the cisplatin therapy are both drug resistance and severe side effects. To avoid these drawbacks several strategies have been developed in tumor research. Patients treated with second‐generation platinum complexes experience already less severe side effects. Organometallic and coordination complexes with different metals can be used to target DNA as well as overexpressed proteins and enzymes in cancer cells. In contrast, delivery systems for anticancer drugs target cancer cells, while being selectively accumulated in tumor tissue.     

Human Serum Albumin Conjugated Nanoparticles for pH and Redox‐Responsive Delivery of a Prodrug of Cisplatin

Platinum anticancer drugs are particularly in need of controlled drug delivery because of their severe side effects. Platinum(IV) agents are designed as prodrugs to reduce the side effects of platinum(II) drugs; however, premature reduction could limit the effect as a prodrug. In this work, a highly biocompatible, pH and redox dual‐responsive delivery system is prepared by using hybrid nanoparticles of human serum albumin (HSA) and calcium phosphate (CaP) for the Pt^IV prodrug of cisplatin. This conjugate is very stable under extracellular conditions, so that it protects the platinum(IV) prodrug in HSA. Upon reaching the acidic and hypoxic environment, the platinum drug is released in its active form and is able to bind to the target DNA. The Pt–HSA/CaP hybrid inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells more efficiently than cisplatin. Different cell cycle arrests suggest different cellular responses of the Pt^IV prodrug in the CaP nanocarrier. Interestingly, this delivery system demonstrates enhanced cytotoxicity to tumor cells, but not to normal cells.     

Drug Delivery Applications of Coaxial Electrospun Nanofibres in Cancer Therapy

Cancer is one of the most serious health problems and the second leading cause of death worldwide, and with an ageing and growing population, problems related to cancer will continue. In the battle against cancer, many therapies and anticancer drugs have been developed. Chemotherapy and relevant drugs are widely used in clinical practice; however, their applications are always accompanied by severe side effects. In recent years, the drug delivery system has been improved by nanotechnology to reduce the adverse effects of the delivered drugs. Among the different candidates, core–sheath nanofibres prepared by coaxial electrospinning are outstanding due to their unique properties, including their large surface area, high encapsulation efficiency, good mechanical property, multidrug loading capacity, and ability to govern drug release kinetics. Therefore, encapsulating drugs in coaxial electrospun nanofibres is a desirable method for controlled and sustained drug release. This review summarises the drug delivery applications of coaxial electrospun nanofibres with different structures and drugs for various cancer treatments.     

Advances in Platinum Chemotherapeutics

The approved platinum(II)‐based anticancer agents cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are widely utilised in the clinic, although with numerous disadvantages. With the aim of circumventing unwanted side‐effects, a great deal of research is being conducted in the areas of cancer‐specific targeting, drug administration and drug delivery. The targeting of platinum complexes to cancerous tissues can be achieved by the attachment of small molecules with biological significance. In addition, the administration of platinum complexes in the form of platinum(IV) allows for intracellular reduction to release the active form of the drug, cisplatin. Drug delivery includes such technologies as liposomes, dendrimers, polymers and nanotubes, with all showing promise for the delivery of platinum compounds. In this paper we highlight some of the recent advances in the field of platinum chemotherapeutics, with a focus on the technologies that attempt to utilise the cytotoxic nature of cisplatin, whilst improving drug targeting to reduce side‐effects.     

Near‐Infrared‐Controlled,Targeted Hydrophobic Drug‐Delivery System for Synergistic Cancer Therapy

Hydrophobicity has been an obstacle that hinders the use of many anticancer drugs. A critical challenge for cancer therapy concerns the limited availability of effective biocompatible delivery systems for most hydrophobic therapeutic anticancer drugs. In this study, we have developed a targeted near‐infrared (NIR)‐regulated hydrophobic drug‐delivery platform based on gold nanorods incorporated within a mesoporous silica framework (AuMPs). Upon application of NIR light, the photothermal effect of the gold nanorods leads to a rapid rise in the local temperature, thus resulting in the release of the entrapped drug molecules. By integrating chemotherapy and photothermotherapy into one system, we have studied the therapeutic effects of camptothecin‐loaded AuMP‐polyethylene glycol‐folic acid nanocarrier. Results revealed a synergistic effect in vitro and in vivo, which would make it possible to enhance the therapeutic effect of hydrophobic drugs and decrease drug side effects. Studies have shown the feasibility of using this nanocarrier as a targeted and noninvasive remote‐controlled hydrophobic drug‐delivery system with high spatial/temperal resolution. Owing to these advantages, we envision that this NIR‐controlled, targeted drug‐delivery method would promote the development of high‐performance hydrophobic anticancer drug‐delivery system in future clinical applications.     

Targeting platinum anti-tumour drugs: Overview of strategies employed to reduce systemic toxicity

Selective drug delivery is an important approach with great potential for overcoming problems associated with the systemic toxicity of chemotherapy, in particular, platinum-based chemotherapy. Finding successful strategies for the targeting of platinum anticancer drugs has therefore been a subject of extensive research. This review paper gives an overview of some of the different approaches that have recently been used in the development of targeted platinum anticancer drugs.     

Integrating of lipophilic platinum(IV) prodrug into liposomes for cancer therapy on patient-derived xenograft model

Platinum-based anticancer agents such as cisplatin and its analogues are widely used for treating multiple cancers. However, due to the inferior water-solubility, chemoresistance and consequent adverse side effects, their clinical applications are limited. Herein, cholesPt(IV), a lipophilic platinum(IV) prodrug was synthesized for manufacture of CholesPt(IV)-Liposomes aiming to resolve the predefined obstacles encountered by platinum drugs. Following systematic screening, CholesPt(IV)-Liposomes showed a small particle size (105.6 nm), the rapid release of platinum (Pt) ions, and notable apoptosis of cancer cells. In addition, according to the fluidity and safety results of animal experiments in mice, CholesPt(IV)-Liposomes also showed better therapeutic effect, which significantly inhibited the growth of patient-derived xenograft tumors of hepatocellular carcinoma with an inhibition ratio of 80.7%, and effectively alleviated the drug toxicity brought by traditional platinum drugs. Overall, this study provides a promising route to enhance the therapeutic efficiency of platinum drugs in cancer treatment.     

Role of Calixarene in Chemotherapy Delivery Strategies

Since cancer is a multifactorial disease with a high mortality rate, the study of new therapeutic strategies is one of the main objectives in modern research. Numerous chemotherapeutic agents, although widely used, have the disadvantage of being not very soluble in water or selective towards cancerous cells, with consequent side effects. Therefore, in recent years, a greater interest has emerged in innovative drug delivery systems (DDSs) such as calixarene, a third-generation supramolecular compound. Calixarene and its water-soluble derivatives show good biocompatibility and have low cytotoxicity. Thanks to their chemical–physical characteristics, calixarenes can be easily functionalized, and by itself can encapsulate host molecules forming nanostructures capable of releasing drugs in a controlled way. The encapsulation of anticancer drugs in a calixarene derivate improves their bioavailability and efficacy. Thus, the use of calixarenes as carriers of anticancer drugs could reduce their side effects and increase their affinity towards the target. This review summarizes the numerous research advances regarding the development of calixarene nanoparticles capable of encapsulating various anticancer drugs.     

Chitosan Nanoparticles-Insight into Properties,Functionalization and Applications in Drug Delivery and Theranostics

Nanotechnology-based development of drug delivery systems is an attractive area of research in formulation driven R&D laboratories that makes administration of new and complex drugs feasible. It plays a significant role in the design of novel dosage forms by attributing target specific drug delivery, controlled drug release, improved, patient friendly drug regimen and lower side effects. Polysaccharides, especially chitosan, occupy an important place and are widely used in nano drug delivery systems owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review focuses on chitosan nanoparticles and envisages to provide an insight into the chemistry, properties, drug release mechanisms, preparation techniques and the vast evolving landscape of diverse applications across disease categories leading to development of better therapeutics and superior clinical outcomes. It summarizes recent advancement in the development and utility of functionalized chitosan in anticancer therapeutics, cancer immunotherapy, theranostics and multistage delivery systems.