力学可以为农业现代化作贡献

农业现代化提出了许多与力学各个分支都有密切关系的问题．从农田耕作、农业物料性质、农产品烘干、水果和蔬菜生产、农业生物环境、节水灌溉、农业水土资源合理利用和作物生长等方面，介绍了有关的力学问题和目前的研究进展．     

果品在高应变率下的粘弹性响应

应力松弛函数可描述包括象果品和蔬菜等许多农产品的粘弹物料性质。以往的研究结果表明,这些农业物料的粘弹性质满足Maxwell模型,它的应力松弛函数Y(t)为指数形式      

临床血液流变学进展

血液流变学的迅速发展与临床实践的增多相伴而行.本文概述近年来国际上临床血液流变学进展的三个主要方面,即(1)血液的宏观流变性质,主要包括血液粘度、血浆粘度及血液粘弹性的临床应用;(2)血细胞的流变学,近年最重视红细胞的变形性,白细胞与血小板的流变性质也不容忽视;③分子水平的流变学,尤其是凝血与血栓形成有关的生物化学与流变学问题.可以预计,今后临床血液流变学的发展会更重视细胞与分子水平的研究,并着眼于解决特定生理或病理条件下的血液流变学问题。     

农业工程中的某些力学问题

随着农业生产发展和农产品商品化程度提高,农业工程中提出了许多新的力学问题.本文对这些问题作了初步调研,并对其中部份问题作了简要介绍,例如土壤压实、水果和蔬菜的机械损伤、谷物的应力裂纹、蛋壳强度、粮仓问题、灌溉问题、农业生产建筑中的环境问题等.     

流体力学与生物流变学

<正> “流变学(rheology)”这一术语一般表示对物质的变形与流动的研究,从逻辑上说,也该包含流体力学。可是,我的朋友,已故的George W Scott Blair曾告诉我,他参与创建流变学协会的会议(1929年于美国首都华盛顿)曾决定把流变学限于对非牛顿系统的研究。之所以做这一决定,是为了保护流变学这门新兴学科不致被其他学科所淹没。然而,早期的几次学术会议并没有强制只讨论非牛顿流体,还进而成立了生物流变学的组织。这些会议对于发展生物流变学已经并将继续发挥重要的作用。因为许多生物学系统尤其是血液都是多成份的弥散体,即使它们的各个成份都是牛顿流体,它们的总体性质也会是非牛顿的。所以在生物流变学(包括血液流变学——这是生物流变学迄今最为活跃的领域)历次学术会议上,也一直有人宣读经典流体力学分析的工作。     

流变学漫谈

介绍流变学的定义,Bingham模型,判断真实材料中弹性和黏性中哪一种性质占优势的无量纲数组组成的力学参数Deborah数,简要回顾流变学的发展,流变学已经、正在和即将在一些重要工业中起到革命性的影响作用。     

地球流变学研究现状

地球流变学研究地球介质的流变学性质、地质构造的形成和演化、地震的前兆及其发展、泥石流、岩浆流、冰川运动等地学问题。它是介于地球科学和力学之间的边缘学科。本文介绍地球流变学的进展,包括:岩石蠕变实验,利用观测数据反演地球流变学性质,岩石圈变形分析,动力热体系,地质构造、矿物颗粒的定向分布以及地震过程与流变学的关系。      

流体力学在制浆造纸工程中的应用

造纸工业是流体力学的应用领域之一.本文从纸浆流动机理、湍流理论在纸页成形中的作用,中浓纸浆的流体化及涂料流变学等几方面讨论了流体力学在轻工业中的应用.     

农产品所受撞击载荷综述

对于许多农业生产过程来说,撞击现象是一重要问题,值得特别重视。这不仅因为它是许多农产品在收获及随后的装运、加工中发生机械损伤的最常见原因之一,而且还因为撞击特性对于农场中许多必要的工作是有用的。本文对撞击现象选择某些方面作一概括的综述,它们在农业生产中有应用。本文介绍了理论分析与农产品的有关行为,以及测量特定动力参量的各种实验研究,这些参量或是控制农产品的撞击过程,或是这些农产品撞击过程的结果。最后,本文考察了出现在各种各样农产品中撞击现象在农业中的多种应用。     

电流变学研究进展

电流变学是近年来新兴的一门学科。本文从电流变学的发展概况，电流变流体，电流变效应的机理和电流变体的应用等４个方面对电流变学的概貌做了阐述，力求能准确地反映国际上电流变学的发展现状。     

PNEUMATIC CONVEYING OF BIOMASS PARTICLES. A REVIEW

Processes involving biomass are of growing interest, but handling and conveying biomass particles are challenging due to the unusual physical properties of biomass particles. This paper reviews recent work on pneumatic conveying of biomass particles, especially agricultural particles and pulp fibres. Experimental work has been mainly carried out to determine a range of parameters, such as pressure drop, particle velocity, flow regime and electrostatic charging for both horizontal and vertical conveying. Models ranging from empirical to CFD models are also being developed. Difficulties in representing turbulence and interactions among biomass particles and between the particles and fluid have so far limited the success of advanced modeling. Further work is needed to improve understanding of multiphase biomass pneumatic conveying and to assist in the development of biomass energy and conversion processes.     

PNEUMATIC CONVEYING OF BIOMASS PARTICLES: A REVIEW

Processes involving biomass are of growing interest, but handling and conveying biomass particles are challenging due to the unusual physical properties of biomass particles. This paper reviews recent work on pneumatic conveying of biomass particles, especially agricultural particles and pulp fibres. Experimental work has been mainly carried out to determine a range of parameters, such as pressure drop, particle velocity, flow regime and electrostatic charging for both horizontal and vertical conveying. Models ranging from empirical to CFD models are also being developed. Difficulties in representing turbulence and interactions among biomass particles and between the particles and fluid have so far limited the success of advanced modeling. Further work is needed to improve understanding of multiphase biomass pneumatic conveying and to assist in the development of biomass energy and conversion processes.     

Why does soil not stick to enamel coating?

Recently, a number of investigations into the use of enamel coating for agricultural applications have been carried out. These investigations have revealed that an enamel coating reduces friction, adhesion and draft requirements of agricultural equipment in the soil. It is not known which characteristics of the enamel coating help in the improved performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to look into some physical, chemical and mechanical properties of enamel coating. The investigation included measurement of surface roughness, soil-metal adhesion and friction, hardness, and electrical conductivity, as well as electron scanning microscopy. The properties of the enamel coating studied were compared with the properties of a mild steel surface. These investigations revealed that an enamel coating does possess some special characteristics, different from the mild steel surface, which improve its performance in agricultural applications.     

Toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials

Manufactured nanomaterials with unique properties have been extensively applied in various industrial, agricultural or medical fields. However, some of the properties have been identified to be closely related to nanomaterial toxicity. The “nano-paradox” has aroused concerns over the use and development of nanotechnology, which makes it difficult for regulatory agencies to regulate nanomaterials. The key to fulfilling proper nanomaterial regulation lies in the adequate understanding of the impact of nanomaterial properties on nano-bio interactions. To this end, we start the present work with a brief introduction to nano-bio interactions at different levels. Based on that, how key toxicity-associated properties of manufactured nanomaterials (i.e., size, shape, chemical composition, surface properties, biocorona formation, agglomeration and/or aggregation state, and biodegradability) impact their toxicokinetics, cellular uptake, trafficking and responses, and toxicity mechanisms is deeply explored. Moreover, advanced analytical methods for studying nano-bio interactions are introduced. Furthermore, the current regulatory and legislative frameworks for nanomaterial-containing products in different regions and/or countries are presented. Finally, we propose several challenges facing the nanotoxicology field and their possible solutions to shed light on the safety evaluation of nanomaterials.     

Comparison of different zero-slip definitions and a proposal to standardize tire traction performance

The traction properties of agricultural tires are of special importance because the tractive efficiency varies in a wide range to a maximum in the order of 75%. Different single wheel testing equipment is used to investigate tire performance and different mathematical methods are used to process the measured data. The different zero-slip definitions complicate a comparison between the measured data. In the paper the consequences of these differences are shown. For traction prediction it is necessary to make different measured and calculated data comparable so that all these data can be used for modelling tire behaviour. Therefore in this paper an effort to standardize tire traction performance is made.     

A machine for measuring the suspension characteristics of agricultural tyres

A machine has been developed which is capable of measuring the suspension properties of agricultural tyres under a variety of conditions. The results produced are in agreement with those produced by other workers when these are available, showing clearly that the characteristics of rolling tyres are significantly different from those of stationary tyres. Tyre characteristics are found to have an almost linear relationship with tyre inflation pressure. Various methods of measuring tyre stiffness and tyre damping are used and the results compared.     

Development of a simplified method for evaluating agricultural tractor’s operator whole body vibration

Whole body vibrations (WBV) are one of the risk factors causing the onset of professional diseases in agricultural tractors operators: a method for assessing vehicle’s properties in terms of vibrations turns out to be fundamental for comfort and safety improvement. Studying agricultural tractor operator exposure to vibrations has always been difficult for the several topics to the tractor is used. Studies have pointed out that the combination of vehicle speed and surface roughness induces a transformation of part of vehicle forwarding speed in vertical accelerations acting as a series of impulses exciting the elastic parts of the tractor to have similar shapes in the frequency domain. Following this consideration the CREA-ING has developed three simplified test track, one for each axis of solicitation, for investigating the possibility of defining tractor’s comfort level with a simplified test.     

Terrain classification using ToF sensors for the enhancement of agricultural machinery traversability

Ground properties influence various aspects of mobile machinery navigation including localization, mobility status or task execution. Excessive slipping, skidding or trapping situations can compromise the vehicle itself or other elements in the workspace. Thus, detecting the soil surface characteristics is an important issue for performing different activities in an efficient, safe and satisfactory manner. In agricultural applications, this point is specially important since activities such as seeding, fertilizing, or ploughing are carried on within off-road landscapes which contain a diversity of terrains that modify the navigation behaviour of the vehicle. Thus, the machinery requires a cognitive capability to understand the surrounding terrain type or its characteristics in order to take the proper guidance or control actions. This work is focused on the soil surface classification by implementing a visual system capable to distinguish between five usual types of off-road terrains. Computer vision and machine learning techniques are applied to characterize the texture and color of images acquired with a Microsoft Kinect V2 sensor. In a first stage, development tests showed that only infra-red and RGB streams are useful to obtain satisfactory accuracy rates (above 90%). The second stage included field trials with the sensor mounted on a mobile robot driving through various agricultural landscapes. These scenarios did not present illumination restrictions nor ideal driving roads; hence, conditions can resemble real agricultural operations. In such circumstances, the proposed approach showed robustness and reliability, obtaining an average of 85.20% of successful classifications when tested along 17 trials within agricultural landscapes.     

THE INVESTIGATION OF FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF SISAL TEXTILE REINFORCED POLYMERS

I. INTRODUCTION Sisal ?bre is a promising natural ?bre, which has a potential application as reinforcement in compositematerials[1 , 2]. It has relatively high strength, high modulus, low density, particularly low price andabundant availability[3??5]. Compared to glass ?bre, sisal ?bre has several advantages. It is environment-friendly, recyclable, and the price is almost one-ninth that of glass ?bre and one-?ve hundredth of carbon?bre[6]. Fundamental considerations of design and ap…