PZT铁电薄膜纳米尺度畴结构的扫描力显微术研究

利用扫描力显微术中压电响应模式原位研究了（111）择优取向的PZT60/40铁电薄膜的纳米尺度畴结构及其极化反转行为.铁电畴图像复杂的畴衬度与晶粒中的畴排列和晶粒的取向密切相关.直接观察到极化反转期间所形成的小至30nm宽的台阶结构，该台阶结构揭示了（111）取向的PZT60/40铁电薄膜在极化反转期间其畴成核与生长机理主要表现为铁电畴的纵向生长机理. 关键词： 畴结构 反转机理 PZT薄膜 扫描力显微术     

光子扫描隧道显微镜的研制与样品的显微成像技术

采用自行研制的光子扫描隧道显微镜的显微实验系统对多种样品进行了表面显微成像研究，获得了关于样品表面三维立体图像信息，通过多种图像处理手段对原始图像进行后期处理，得到了更具视觉效果，更为逼真的样品表面图像，为光子扫描隧道显微镜的广泛应用奠定了技术基础。     

基于计算全息的衍射光学元件印模制备方法研究

介绍了一种基于计算全息的非对称多台阶衍射光学元件印模制备方法，研究了相位型计算全息的工作原理和设计方法，建立了相应的光学系统和衍射光波模型，设计了求取相位型印模微结构的算法流程。在理论分析的基础上，以叠心图案为例，利用MATLAB分别仿真了2台阶、4台阶、8台阶、16台阶衍射光学元件的相位信息以及表面微结构形貌，并对比了其再现图像的质量，发现台阶数越多，再现图像的质量越好。获得印模空间高度数据以及表面结构分布后，利用单点金刚石车削技术，采用快刀加工方式，分别加工了元件尺寸为6 mm×6 mm，最小特征尺寸为30 um的2台阶和4台阶印模，并获得了实际加工的台阶轮廓曲线以及表面结构轮廓。最后采用紫外固化纳米压印技术实现了4台阶印模的复制过程，并对复制样品进行了图像再现，结果表明该方法能用于非对称低台阶数衍射光学元件印模的制备。     

基于SVMD-HD去噪的白光干涉解调算法

垂直扫描白光干涉法（VSWLI）是一种非接触式三维表面轮廓测量方法。蝙蝠翼作为VSWLI当中一种固有的缺陷，尤其在被测样品的台阶高度小于光源的相干长度时，台阶边缘处的蝙蝠翼尤为显著。相移干涉法不存在这种缺陷，但是存在相位模糊的问题。提出一种将Carré等步长相移算法与快速傅里叶变换（FFT）相干峰值检测技术相结合的白光干涉解调算法。该算法基于逐次变分模态分解（SVMD）与Hausdorff距离（HD）联合去噪。分别以高度为500 nm和1 200 nm的连续台阶器件和高度为10μm的标准台阶作为测试样品，进行实验测量验证。所提出的算法能够有效地抑制台阶高度跳变处的蝙蝠翼，克服相位模糊问题。     

原子力显微术轻敲模式中探针样品接触过程及相位衬度研究

借助简单的有阻尼受迫振子模型，研究了原子力显微术轻敲模式中探针与样品接触时间t_c、样品的表面形变D_z和相位衬度对探针设置高度z_c及样品杨氏模量E_s的依赖关系.结果发现,t_c与D_z均随E_s及z_c的增大而减小，同时探针与样品作用过程伴随很小的能量耗散.对轻敲过程中相移量φ的研究表明，E_s较大的样品有较小的φ，且φ随 关键词： 原子力显微术 轻敲模式 相位衬度     

同步辐射讲座 第三讲 软X射线显微术

对生物样品的研究，软X射线显微术具有独特的优势，例如，它能够对较厚的活性含水的生物样品直接进行显微成像以及元素分布的微区分析等，文章简要论述了软X射线显微术的衬度机制及其优势；列表概括了包括SCXM，TXM，STXM，Gabor全息以及衍射等几种类型的X射线显微术的基本特性；简要综述了合肥国家同步辐射实验室（NSRL）软X射线显微术的研究进展。     

高电荷态氙离子辐照下的6H碳化硅表面纳米结构变形（英文）

高电荷态离子比普通的离子携带较高的势能,势能在材料表面的瞬间释放,能在材料表面形成nm量级的结构损伤。它在纳米刻蚀、小型纳米器件、纳米材料、超小尺寸半导体芯片制作、固体表面处理和固体结构分析等领域具有广泛应用前景。因此对高电荷态重离子(Xeq+)引起半导体材料表面(6H-SiC)纳米结构变形进行了研究。采用Xe18+和Xe26+离子,选取从1×1014到5×1015 ions·cm-2逐渐递增的剂量,以垂直和倾斜60°角两种入射方式辐照6H-SiC薄膜样品,经原子力显微镜分析表明,辐照后的表面肿胀凸起。对于Xe18+离子辐照的样品,辐照区至未辐照区边界的台阶高度随离子剂量增加而连续增大,而对于Xe26+离子辐照的样品则先增加而后减小。在相同入射角和剂量条件下,Xe26+离子辐照样品形成的台阶高度大于Xe18+离子辐照形成的台阶高度,在相同离子和剂量的条件下,垂直照射时形成的台阶高度大于倾斜照射时形成的台阶高度。根据损伤机理和实验数据,首次初步建立了一个包括势能、电荷态、入射角和剂量等物理量的理论模型来预测高电荷态离子在半导体材料表面形成的纳米结构变形。暗示了高电荷态离子的潜在的应用价值及进一步研究的必要性。     

高电荷态氙离子辐照下的6H碳化硅表面纳米结构变形（英）

高电荷态离子比普通的离子携带较高的势能,势能在材料表面的瞬间释放,能在材料表面形成nm量级的结构损伤。它在纳米刻蚀、小型纳米器件、纳米材料、超小尺寸半导体芯片制作、固体表面处理和固体结构分析等领域具有广泛应用前景。因此对高电荷态重离子（Xeq+）引起半导体材料表面（6H-SiC）纳米结构变形进行了研究。采用Xe18+和Xe26+离子,选取从11014到51015 ionscm-2逐渐递增的剂量,以垂直和倾斜60角两种入射方式辐照6H-SiC薄膜样品, 经原子力显微镜分析表明,辐照后的表面肿胀凸起。对于Xe18+离子辐照的样品,辐照区至未辐照区边界的台阶高度随离子剂量增加而连续增大,而对于Xe26+离子辐照的样品则先增加而后减小。在相同入射角和剂量条件下,Xe26+离子辐照样品形成的台阶高度大于Xe18+离子辐照形成的台阶高度,在相同离子和剂量的条件下,垂直照射时形成的台阶高度大于倾斜照射时形成的台阶高度。根据损伤机理和实验数据,首次初步建立了一个包括势能、电荷态、入射角和剂量等物理量的理论模型来预测高电荷态离子在半导体材料表面形成的纳米结构变形。暗示了高电荷态离子的潜在的应用价值及进一步研究的必要性。     

基于狭缝扫描的表面等离子体共振成像

利用表面等离子体共振技术进行电介质样品成像研究.采用高数值孔径显微物镜作为耦合元件,632.8nm He-Ne激光会聚激发金膜产生表面等离子体共振,通过狭缝光阑限制光束入射角,对金膜上的氮化硅光栅进行成像.反射光由放置在样品像方共轭面上的CCD摄像机接收,获得样品的表面等离子体共振像.通过扫描移动狭缝,得到入射角从44°至54°的扫描样品图像,从图像中提取样品各点的表面等离子体共振曲线,由计算机重构出样品的表面等离子体共振角谱灰度图.     

反射电子显微术原理和应用

本文介绍了反射电子显微术的基本原理、方法及应用．反射电子显微术分辨率高，可同时得到有关表面形貌和结构的重要信息，可进行表面结构变化的动态观察，可用来观察表面单原子高度台阶、位错、表面相变及有关现象．     

轻原子成像法的建立及其新进展

介绍了利用高分辨电子显微不进行晶体结构分析的一种方法－轻原子成像法的建立过程及其在铜,镍,银等金属的初期氧化产物结构分析中的应用,介绍了利用轻原子成像法的思想解决厚膜上观察表面结构的可能性问题的新进展。     

当谈论球差校正透射电镜时，我们在谈论什么？

透射电子显微镜(简称透射电镜)是能够直观分析材料微结构的最重要工具之一。在透射电镜近百年的发展历史中,近些年来球差校正透射电镜的研发与应用乃是最具革命性的发展,不但进一步延伸了通向微观世界之路,更为材料科学的快速发展提供了关键的工具与研究方法。文章通过介绍球差校正透射电镜的原理、优势、应用及发展,来回答“什么是球差校正透射电镜”,“球差校正透射电镜有什么突出作用”,“球差校正透射电镜除了拍原子还能做什么”这三个问题。     

Epitaxial structures of self-organized, standing-up pentacene thin films studied by LEEM and STM

Growth of pentacene (Pn) thin films has been studied in situ by means of low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A very low nucleation density of Pn grains has been observed on Bi(0 0 0 1)/Si(1 1 1) template, resulting in formation of large, monolayer-high Pn grains with diameter exceeding several hundreds of micrometers. We determined that formation of self-organized, standing-up Pn epitaxial layers was stabilized by a weak interaction between the substrate and Pn molecules and by the presence of the commensurate structure between the oblique Pn lattice and trigonal substrate surface lattice. The ‘point-on-line’ commensurability has been found along a-axis of Pn and one of the primitive vectors of substrate surface lattice. Strong ‘point-on-line’ commensurability in Pn/Bi(0 0 0 1)/Si(1 1 1) system resulted in a bulk-like epitaxial thin film growth, starting from the first layer. The presence of twins, often having a mirror line parallel to the direction of the ‘point-on-line’ matching, has been also detected using an asymmetric dark-field imaging mode in LEEM experiments, which, we believe, is the first LEEM demonstration of molecular tilt imaging.     

Grain boundary potential and charge density at grain boundaries of chemically prepared thin silver sulfide films

The grain boundary potential and interface state charge density at the grain boundaries of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) thin films prepared by chemical conversion of cadmium sulfide (CdS) films have been determined from the dc resistance of the material and are found to be sensitive to annealing. A reduction in the grain boundary potential and the grain boundary charge density of the film has been noticed when the source CdS film is annealed at different temperatures prior to chemical conversion. The variation in the grain boundary charge density of the grown Ag₂S film with source annealing temperature has been found to be similar to that of thin cadmium sulfide film, reported earlier. An additional low temperature heat treatment of the sample results in an enhancement in the charge density at the grain boundaries. The change in the silver vacancy and/or oxygen and sulfur content of the films as revealed from the energy dispersive spectra of the films suggests possible role of film composition on the grain boundary charge density.     

Imaging polycrystalline and smoke MgO surfaces with atomic force microscopy: a case study of high resolution image on a polycrystalline oxide

Atomic force microscopy in contact, non-contact and in high resolution modes have been used to image MgO powder samples, obtained at different degree of sintering, starting from Mg(OH)₂ decomposition or obtained in form of smoke. From high resolution AFM images of MgO smoke, the lattice periodicity on regular surfaces has been revealed for the first time, under ambient conditions. The high surface perfection of the microcrystals has been further confirmed by HRTEM analysis. To obtain more information on the local structure of the single faces, in terms of type and distribution of the surface active sites, the adsorption of a simple probe molecule (CO) on such surfaces has been investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy.     

PVP-capped twinned gold plates from nanometer to micrometer

PVP (poly(vinyl pyrrolidone))-capped micrometer-sized twinned gold (Au) plates with the shape of hexagon or triangle have been successfully synthesized in a large quantity by reducing hydrogen tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl₄·3H₂O) using ethylene glycol in the presence of (PVP) molecules at 200°C under the extra condition of autogenous pressure. Clear twin boundaries in thus-obtained Au plates have been observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). To further elucidate the mechanism of formation of the twinned Au plates, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been employed to characterize smaller Au nanoplates obtained simultaneously with the Au microplates, the occurrence of 1/3{422} forbidden reflections in selected area electron diffraction (SAED) can be believed to result from the presence of twinning boundary within the Au (111) plane normal to TEM electron beam. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiment has confirmed that PVP molecules exist on the surface of the Au cores, which may play a very important role in the formation and evolution of the twinned Au plates. A possible growth mechanism has been suggested to explain the Au plate evolution from nanometer to micrometer.     

电流变液与电-磁流变液的衍射特性

本文把电流变液装置作为反射光栅研究其衍射特性,首次提出由电场强度改变来调节光栅常数的概念.并讨论了同时外加电场与磁场的情况下,电磁流变液的衍射特性.     

Different W cluster deposition regimes in pulsed laser ablation observed by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy

We report on how different cluster deposition regimes can be obtained and observed by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy by exploiting deposition parameters in a pulsed laser deposition process. Tungsten clusters were produced by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in Ar atmosphere at different pressures and deposited on Au(1 1 1) and HOPG surfaces. Deposition regimes including cluster deposition-diffusion-aggregation, cluster melting and coalescence and cluster implantation were observed, depending on background gas pressure and target-to-substrate distance which influence the kinetic energy of the ablated species. These parameters can thus be easily employed for surface modification by cluster bombardment, deposition of supported clusters and growth of films with different morphologies. The variation in cluster mobility on different substrates and its influence on aggregation and growth mechanisms has also been investigated.     

Electrical properties of a solid polymeric electrolyte of PVC–ZnO–LiClO4

The ZnO filler has been introduced into a solid polymeric electrolyte of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)–ZnO–LiClO₄, replacing costly organic filler for conductivity improvement. Ionic conductivity of PVC–ZnO–LiClO₄ as a function of ZnO concentration and temperature has been studied. The electrolyte samples were prepared by solution casting technique. The ionic conductivity was measured using impedance spectroscopy technique. It was observed that the conductivity of the electrolyte varies with ZnO concentration and temperature. The temperature dependence on the conductivity of electrolyte was modelled by Arrhenius and Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher equations, respectively. The temperature dependence on the conductivity does not fit in both models. The highest room temperature conductivity of the electrolyte of 3.7 × 10⁻⁷ Scm⁻¹ was obtained at 20% by weight of ZnO and that without ZnO filler was found to be 8.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ Scm⁻¹. The conductivity has been improved by 420 times when the ZnO filler was introduced into the PVC–LiClO₄ electrolyte system. It was also found that the glass transition temperature of the electrolyte PVC–ZnO–LiClO₄ is about the same as PVC–LiClO₄. The increase in conductivity of the electrolyte with the ZnO filler was explained in terms of its surface morphology.