太赫兹自由电子激光波荡器的设计、测量与优化

波荡器电子轨迹中心偏移和磁场误差对CTFEL装置性能影响很大,通过前期设计和后期测量与优化将其限制在指标要求范围内。在前期设计中尽量避免引入全局性的系统误差:磁结构具有平面反对称结构,保证电子轨迹中心和波荡器磁轴重合;磁结构端部的特殊设计减弱了间隙对出口磁场二次积分的影响;机械系统的大梁和立柱具有良好的刚性,闭环控制系统保证了高的波荡器间隙控制精度,这些措施降低了间隙不一致引入的磁场误差。在后期测量与优化中削弱了磁场的残存全局系统误差和局部随机误差:利用磁场点测台测量了波荡器磁场的纵向和横向分布,通过调节标准单元组件位置对磁场进行了垫补和优化,优化后电子轨迹中心偏移、峰峰值误差、相位误差、好场区及其误差均满足指标要求。     

基于反磁回路的非拦截式束流探头分析和改进

基于反磁回路线圈提出了一种新型在线束流半径诊断结构，该结构可以实现束流的磁场信息和电场信息同时测量并分离，通过分析可以得到束流包络均方根半径和束流的流强信息。着重介绍探头的结构、拓扑电路和模拟实验平台组成，分析探头电场信息的一致性问题，提出改进措施，对改进前后的测量结果进行比较，说明了改进结构的有效性，将电场信号的一致性由原来的94.08%提高到99.60%，模拟束流杆半径测量误差在1 mm以内。     

合肥光源利用电阻分流法的基于束流准直系统的研制

 介绍了合肥光源基于束流准直系统的研制,该系统利用可开关的电阻分流法构成,并采用固态继电器进行四极铁分流控制。利用该系统可以测量束流位置检测器的电中心相对相邻四极铁磁中心的位置偏移。给出了合肥光源基于束流准直系统的一些测量结果。     

合肥光源基于同步光的测量与研究

介绍了合肥光源同步光测量系统,包括条纹相机系统、快速光电测量束团长度系统、束团横向截面测量系统和光位置测量系统.利用条纹相机系统和快速光电测量柬团长度系统进行了束团长度测量和束团伸长效应的研究.利用束流截面测量系统进行了六极铁对横向不稳定性抑制效果和横向反馈系统反馈效果的测量研究.光位置测量系统采用丝型光位置检测器和自行研制了对数处理?用于测量光源点的束流位置和角度.     

合肥光源基于同步光的测量与研究

介绍了合肥光源同步光测量系统, 包括条纹相机系统、快速光电测量束团长度系统、束团横向截面测量系统和光位置测量系统. 利用条纹相机系统和快速光电测量束团长度系统进行了束团长度测量和束团伸长效应的研究. 利用束流截面测量系统进行了六极铁对横向不稳定性抑制效果和横向反馈系统反馈效果的测量研究. 光位置测量系统采用丝型光位置检测器和自行研制了对数处理器, 用于测量光源点的束流位置和角度.     

BEPC横向阻尼时间的测量

 利用逐束团测量系统在BEPC储存环中跟踪单个束团得到其多圈位置振荡信息,获得BEPC储存环的横向阻尼时间与束流流强、色品、八极子和束流能量的关系,并通过分析得到了BEPC储存环辐射阻尼时间为52 ms。实验结果表明：流强越高、色品越大,阻尼率也就越大;束流流强为4.7 mA时八极子强度的变化对阻尼率没有影响;束流流强为5 mA时,阻尼率随束流能量升高而减小。     

八电极束流能散检测器的计算与标定

针对合肥光源高亮度注入器设计了一种四轴对称八条带电极束流能散检测器(BESM),以实现束流能散的非拦截测量。理论推导了从BESM电信号中提取束流横向尺寸分量的公式。通过对BESM的灵敏度、阻抗匹配、电极的时域频域响应等的分析,确定了BESM的电极张角、半径、长度等各方面的物理参数。通过天线法对BESM进行了位置和四极分量的标定,得到了电中心相对于机械中心的偏移、 BESM的位置灵敏度和四极分量灵敏度等参数。通过对多组电信号和位置信号的处理拟合出了机械位置与对数比电位置信号的相关多项式,并给出了四极分量关于束流横向尺寸、束流中心位置以及它们高次项的经验公式。     

基于二次电子发射的离子束剖面测量

介绍了利用二次电子发射测量束流强度分布的基本原理。针对能量为几十keV的低能离子束,制作了一个基于印刷线路板工艺的离子束剖面测量系统模型。模型采用宽度1.8 mm的金属条作为收集电极,相邻两条之间的间距为2 mm。利用电子回旋共振源对束流剖面测量系统进行了性能测试,考察了网栅电压对信号收集的影响以及系统的线性响应和成像特性。结果表明,探测器输出信号与束流强度之间具有较好的线性关系,系统能得到离子束的一维横向强度分布,位置分辨率2 mm。     

镀膜陶瓷真空室脉冲磁场穿透特性研究

介绍了合肥电子储存环新凸轨注入系统中将采用的超高真空陶瓷镀钛真空室的研制状况。对穿过真空室镀膜的脉冲磁场特性进行了理论分析与计算。讨论了不同的镀膜厚度及方式对脉冲磁场均匀性的影响,用跟踪程序计算了注入过程磁场径向不均匀性对束流轨道的扰动,给出了涡流引起的磁场径向不均匀性最大允许值。     

新型跑道腔式束流位置监测器

系统提出了一种新的腔式束流位置监测器(BPM),即跑道型腔式BPM,并使用微波工作室软件进行了理论研究和模拟计算,提出了通用设计方法。跑道型腔式BPM的金属腔部分具有跑道形横截面,引出束流位置偏移激励起的一对偶极模式作为束流位置信号。该方案的偶极模式极化方向固定,频率分离,可以解决随机误差产生的横向串扰问题,其理论位置分辨力可以达到15 nm。     

HIRFL—CSR实验环电子冷却装置调试

HIRFL-CSR实验环电子冷却装置采用了能够产生空心电子束的电子枪。弯曲螺线管内采用了静电偏转电极，冷却段采用了独立的高精度螺线管串联产生纵向磁场的设计。测量了沿离子束运动方向冷却段磁场分布及磁场平行度、电子枪和收集器性能、300kV高压电源相关参数。结果表明，此装置达到了预期的设计目标。: In CSRe electron cooling device， a special electron gun which can produce variable profile electron beam with different size and density distribution was adopted for decreasing ion losses. Electrostatic bending device was used for reducing electron beam losses and improving vacuum condition. The instability of the electron beam is suppressed because the secondary electrons from collector would come back to the collector in the same orbit finally. Longitudinal magnetic field with parallelism better than 10-4 was achieved by adopting of independent high precise solenoid coils at cooling section. In this case， the r.m.s deviations of the transverse magnetic field at cooling section in horizontal and vertical direction are 3.298×10-5 and 2.458×10-5 respectively. The characters of the gun and collector were investigated. The results were presented and indicate that it achieves the design purpose very well.     

基于Geant4的回旋加速器束流动力学计算

针对回旋加速器的束流动力学设计,基于Geant4模拟研究,提供一种可行的数值模拟方法。通过电磁场仿真软件Opera建立相应的电磁场数据导入到Geant4中进行插值计算,利用Geant4自带的电磁场微分方程与微分方程求解器计算粒子的平衡轨道,振荡频率以及加速轨道。其结果表明:对于横向运动而言,Geant4的计算结果与传统数值方法计算结果趋于一致;对于轴向运动而言,由于磁场插值方法的差异性,二者有一定的区别,对于在加速过程中的非平衡粒子,其能量变化围绕平衡粒子振荡。对于束损,通过限制粒子的运动时间,轴向位移加快计算效率,加入电极碰撞的判定使模拟更趋近实际情况。     

Kinetic equation for a relativistic electron beam propagating along an external magnetic field in dense and rare gas-plasma media

A kinetic equation that describes the transverse dynamics of an axisymmetric paraxial relativistic electron beam propagating along an external magnetic field in a gas-plasma medium is derived with allowance for the influence of the self-consistent electromagnetic field on the beam, the effects related to the nonlaminar motion and rotation of the beam electrons at the exit from the injector, and the scattering and energy loss of the beam electrons in their collisions with the neutral particles of the background gas.     

相对论电子束在动态加载等离子体中的自聚焦传输

为了进一步研究相对论电子束-离子通道辐射实验和理论的需要, 研究了相对论电子束入射中性气体以及通过碰撞电离动态加载等离子体实现对高能束流的自聚焦传输过程PIC(particle in cell) 模拟发现, 电子束电离出的离子背景能够实现对电子束的聚焦传输. 但是离子背景横向和纵向的不均匀性对束流的传输特性有显著影响. 在此基础之上, 提出了电子束在横向不均匀离子背景中传输的理论模型, 给出了束流的自聚焦条件.数值计算结果表明, 横向不均匀性会导致电子束的混合相位传输, 使得焦点附近内层电子可能跑到电子束外而被散焦损失, 这与PIC模拟的结果相符. 此外, PIC模拟还发现, 由于电子束的自聚焦, 在焦点处将电离出更多的离子而引起纵向不均匀性, 纵向不均匀性使得碰撞后的低能电子被俘获, 俘获电子效应会大幅降低电子束的传输效率. 但是俘获电子在纵向呈准周期分布, 对传输电子起到静电Wiggler场的作用, 可能实现静电Wiggler场的动态加载. 研究结果对于进一步研究电子束-等离子体系统的实验以及理论模型提出有一定的参考价值.     

Generation of beams of charged particles with transverse energy

The paper describes the operation and construction of an electron gun designed to form beams with variable transverse energy and a variable spread of magnetic moments. Transverse energy is acquired by the electrons as the beam passes through a weakly non-adiabatic magnetic step, and in an adiabatic motion through a growing magnetic field. The small spread of magnetic moments of the beam electrons is achieved by fulfilling the so-called focusing conditions which ensure that the spread of moments resulting from different initial radii of the particles is compensated by their initial radial velocities.     

Single-stage depressed collectors for gyrotrons

Two 140 GHz gyrotrons with a single-step depressed collector have been operated. The different position of the isolating collector gap in the stray magnetic field causes the electron motion in the retarding region to be in one case adiabatic and in the other case nonadiabatic. The kind of motion within the retarding field influences strongly the behavior of the gyrotron with a depressed collector. In the case of nonadiabatic motion a significant amount of transverse momentum is given to the electrons reflected at the collector potential. This causes the reflected electrons to be trapped between the magnetic mirror and the collector. The electrons escape from the trap by diffusion across the magnetic field to the body of the tube thus contributing to the body current. Despite the high body current there is no observable influence of the collector voltage on the RF output power. In the case of adiabatic motion the reflected electrons do not gain a sufficient amount of transverse momentum to be trapped by the magnetic mirror. They pass the cavity toward the gun and they are trapped between the negative gun potential and the collector. The interaction with the RF field by electrons traveling through the cavity enhances the diffusion in the velocity space thus enabling the trapped electrons to overcome the potential barrier and escape toward the collector. Therefore the body current stays at low values since in this case the reflected electrons do not contribute to it. However, at higher collector voltages a reduction of RF power occurred and some noise in the electron beam was observed     

Features of cooling dynamics in a high-voltage electron cooling system of the COSY

An electron cooler designed at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics for the Cooler Synchrotron COSY (Juelich, Germany) has been put into operation. The aim of this cooling device is to prevent the beam scattering on an internal target up to the maximal energy of the transmitted beam. The device provides cooling in a strong longitudinal magnetic field generated in a high-voltage area. The motion of electrons in the magnetic field considerably improves the kinetics of electron—ion collisions, because their transverse velocity component (which is very high as a rule) does not participate in the process. First experiments on electron beam cooling on energy 200 MeV were made in 2013. Early in 2014, sessions on electron beam cooling to 200, 350, 580, and 1660 MeV were carried out. In other experiments, deuterium beams were cooled down. Experimental data for the cooling time are compared with the respective theoretical predictions. These results may be used in cooling projects for the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Darmstadt, Germany.     

Distribution function of an electron beam in a focusing magnetic field

The distribution function of electrons moving in an axially symmetric focusing magnetic field is constructed. The macromotion and self-field of the beam are taken into account. The nonrelativistic and relativistic limits are discussed. Upon switching off the magnetic field the distribution functions obtained change into the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The motion of charged particles in a focusing magnetic field is the simplest model for investigation of a beam of particles, for example, electrons, in storage or accelerator rings. In accordance with the well-known theorem of N. Bohr, a magnetic field has no effect on the distribution function for a one-dimensional distribution of electrons with respect to the momenta. However, the situation is altered if macromotion occurs in a static system, for example, the revolution of electrons in storage or accelerator rings. Maintaining the focusing of the beam in an equilibrium orbit, the magnetic field thereby affects the electron distribution function. For an actual electron beam the distribution function is determined by the initial conditions of formation of the beam; however, as a result of scattering processes it will approach some steady-state equilibrium distribution function. We will discuss the problem of finding such a distribution function in the nonrelativistic and relativistic cases.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 35–40, July, 1978.The author thanks Professor I. M. Ternov of Moscow University for his constant interest in this research and Professor V. G. Bagrov of Tomsk University for help in the research.     

Beam distribution reconstruction simulation for electron beam probe

An electron beam probe(EBP) is a detector which makes use of a low-intensity and low-energy electron beam to measure the transverse profile, bunch shape, beam neutralization and beam wake field of an intense beam with small dimensions. While it can be applied to many aspects, we limit our analysis to beam distribution reconstruction.This kind of detector is almost non-interceptive for all of the beam and does not disturb the machine environment.In this paper, we present the theoretical aspects behind this technique for beam distribution measurement and some simulation results of the detector involved. First, a method to obtain a parallel electron beam is introduced and a simulation code is developed. An EBP as a profile monitor for dense beams is then simulated using the fast scan method for various target beam profiles, including KV distribution, waterbag distribution, parabolic distribution,Gaussian distribution and halo distribution. Profile reconstruction from the deflected electron beam trajectory is implemented and compared with the actual profile, and the expected agreement is achieved. Furthermore, as well as fast scan, a slow scan, i.e. step-by-step scan, is considered, which lowers the requirement for hardware, i.e. Radio Frequency deflector. We calculate the three-dimensional electric field of a Gaussian distribution and simulate the electron motion in this field. In addition, a fast scan along the target beam direction and slow scan across the beam are also presented, and can provide a measurement of longitudinal distribution as well as transverse profile simultaneously. As an example, simulation results for the China Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System(CADS) and High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility(HIAF) are given. Finally, a potential system design for an EBP is described.