低阻无箔渡越辐射振荡器的初步实验

为实现低阻无箔运行,进一步增加现有高功率微波源输出功率和脉宽,给出了一种基于渡越辐射的低阻无箔高功率微波源的初步实验结果。主要对比分析了在铜介质片阴极和天鹅绒阴极以及不锈钢收集极和石墨收集极条件下器件的运行状况,分析了影响器件正常工作的可能原因,得出了在现有条件下天鹅绒阴极和石墨收集极最有利于器件运行的结论。初步的实验结果表明：降低强流相对论电子束的能量密度、选择更加合理的电子束收集方式,是实现该器件正常运行的重要手段。     

向外发射同轴型虚阴极振荡器研究

在高功率微波源研究领域提出了一种新型虚阴极器件——向外发射同轴型虚阴极振荡器.对其相关束流特性进行了理论分析,得到了同轴空间径向传输空间电荷限制电流,以及虚阴极产生的条件和电子束运动的基本规律.基于数值模拟得到的结果,向外发射同轴型虚阴极振荡器不仅表现出较高的能量转换效率,而且有利于增加虚阴极器件产生高功率微波的脉宽,同时还可以应用于低频段高功率微波源.这种虚阴极器件的可能输出微波方式也进行了讨论 关键词： 虚阴极 高功率微波 脉冲功率 电子束二极管     

高性能强流脉冲电子束源关键技术研究

强流脉冲电子束源是高功率微波系统的核心部件之一,针对未来应用需求,亟需从绝缘、束流输运和热管理等多个方面提升强流束源技术性能。介绍了国防科技大学在高功率微波源用强流真空电子束源方面的研究进展。针对高功率微波管保真空需求,基于陶瓷金属钎焊,设计并研制了一种强场陶瓷真空界面,耐压大于600 kV、平均绝缘场强达到44 kV/cm、耐受脉宽大于80 ns,重复频率运行稳定;研制了一种基于SiC纳米线的强流电子束源冷阴极,在90 kV/cm的场条件下获得了1.17 kA/cm²的束流密度,相比传统天鹅绒阴极,SiC纳米线阴极的宏观电稳定性、发射均匀性及运行寿命均得到显著提高;针对相对论返波管,研制基于螺旋水槽型的强流电子束收集极,克服了高比能和低流速的矛盾,耐受热流密度达到10¹² W/m²,能够满足系统长脉冲、高重复频率运行要求。     

无箔二极管强流电子束空间密度分布初步研究

通过在强磁场条件下, 利用环形刀口石墨阴极（刀口尺寸38~39 mm）开展电子束轰击收集极内表面铜箔和垂直轰击金属靶片实验, 对无箔二极管中电子束的空间密度分布进行了初步研究, 并对其产生原因进行了分析。研究结果表明, 电子束径向分布在37.2~40.2 mm, 存在密度较高区域（38.8~39.4 mm）和密度最大值点（39.2 mm）, 且均偏向于阴极外侧。无箔二极管环形阴极爆炸发射产生电子束的径向密度分布可用偏态分布近似。     

无箔二极管强流电子束空间密度分布初步研究

通过在强磁场条件下,利用环形刀口石墨阴极(刀口尺寸38~39mm)开展电子束轰击收集极内表面铜箔和垂直轰击金属靶片实验,对无箔二极管中电子束的空间密度分布进行了初步研究,并对其产生原因进行了分析。研究结果表明,电子束径向分布在37.2~40.2mm,存在密度较高区域(38.8~39.4mm)和密度最大值点(39.2mm),且均偏向于阴极外侧。无箔二极管环形阴极爆炸发射产生电子束的径向密度分布可用偏态分布近似。     

一种带孔箔聚焦可重复运行的分离腔振荡器

 设计了一种有孔箔聚焦电子束的高功率分离腔振荡器，并对其进行了理论和数值研究。这种器件采用孔箔聚焦电子束，可以增加重复运行的次数，有效延长导电薄膜的寿命，而且不需要外加磁场聚焦电子束，波束相互作用区短，功率容量大，结构简单，输出信号稳定。还设计了电子束收集极来减小反射电子对器件的影响。对同一器件使用不同电压和电流的电子束，可以得到从50~900MW功率的微波输出。     

带状束高功率微波源宽通带收集极

设计了一种适用于带状电子束高功率微波源的宽通带收集极,在有效吸收束-波相互作用后的带状电子束的同时,保证了带状电子束高功率微波源的工作模式矩形波导TM11模式高效率地通过。研究结果表明：在13~27 GHz范围内,功率传输效率大于95%,这一宽通带特性使得该类型的收集极与带状电子束高功率微波源能够更好配合,显著提高了微波源的模拟优化和实验调试效率;TM11模式微波的传输效率对收集极厚度和长度等参数不敏感;该类型收集极结构具有良好的散热能力,在不加外部水冷装置的条件下,仅靠空气自然对流冷却和辐射冷却,可以承受电流3 kA、电压300 kV、脉冲宽度30 ns及重复频率50 Hz带状电子束的连续冲击。     

强流同步双阴极二极管电子束模拟与诊断

 高同步性的多电子束能够驱动产生有利于实现相位控制的多束微波,是高功率微波功率合成的关键技术。对单台加速器驱动强流同步双阴极二极管进行了模拟,在二极管阻抗约10 W,输入电压442.6 kV条件下,获得了总功率大于20 GW、总束流为47.6 kA、同步时间差小于6 ns的双电子束。开展了轰击不锈钢目击靶实验和同步双电子束诊断实验,双阴极材料为不锈钢,单个阴极长30 mm,两阴极中心间距为100 mm,阴极发射面采用天鹅绒,单阴极半径为20 mm,在阴阳极最大电压为442.8 kV时,束流峰值总和为48.78 kA,双束流同步时间差保持在4~6 ns范围内,实验结果与模拟符合较好。     

高电流低气压等离子体阴极电子枪设计与实验

设计了一种新型的高功率低气压等离子体电子枪。基于空心阴极效应和低压辉光放电原理与经验,确定了空心阴极、加速间隙、工作气压范围等。提出关于等离子体阴极电子枪产生高功率、高密度电子束源的整体方案。分别在连续馈气和脉冲馈气条件下进行实验测试,得到放电电流、收集极电流与气压、脉宽及调制器电压的关系。实验获得电子枪的典型放电电流为150~200 A,脉宽60 μs;传输电子束达到30~80 A,脉宽60 μs。该结果表明该新型等离子体阴极电子枪可以取代材料阴极作为大电流、长脉冲电子束源,特别适用于等离子体加载微波管。     

高电流低气压等离子体阴极电子枪设计与实验

 设计了一种新型的高功率低气压等离子体电子枪。基于空心阴极效应和低压辉光放电原理与经验,确定了空心阴极、加速间隙、工作气压范围等。提出关于等离子体阴极电子枪产生高功率、高密度电子束源的整体方案。分别在连续馈气和脉冲馈气条件下进行实验测试,得到放电电流、收集极电流与气压、脉宽及调制器电压的关系。实验获得电子枪的典型放电电流为150~200 A,脉宽60 μs;传输电子束达到30~80 A,脉宽60 μs。该结果表明该新型等离子体阴极电子枪可以取代材料阴极作为大电流、长脉冲电子束源,特别适用于等离子体加载微波管。     

石墨弹性波速与热力学函数的理论计算

在全电子水平上,基于广义梯度近似(GGA)的密度泛函理论和全势能线性缀加平面波方法(FLAPW)计算了石墨的晶体参数和弹性波速;在德拜模型的基础上,利用弹性波速方法和原子位移方法分别计算了石墨的德拜频率;采用统计物理方法计算了石墨在标准条件下(298.5 k,1 atm)的热容,熵,升华焓等热力学函数,并与实验值进行了比较.     

Proposal of a Microwave-Driven Semiconductor Superlattice Oscillator for Generation of THz Radiation

We present the proposal of a microwave-driven semiconductor superlattice oscillator. We show that the interplay of a microwave pump field with a synchronous harmonic field can make a semiconductor superlattice to a gain medium for the harmonic field. Placing the superlattice in a resonator for the harmonic field allows the operation of an oscillator. The gain mechanism is based on Bloch oscillations of miniband electrons. The gain is mediated either by the interaction of the high-frequency field with the single electrons or with space charge domains or with both. The microwave-driven superlattice oscillator should be suitable for generation of coherent radiation up to several THz.     

Backscattered electron spectra from graphite

The backscattered electron spectra from graphite sample were studied both experimentally and theoretically at impact energies between 500 and 5000 eV. The angle of the incident electron beam was 50° and the detection angle was 0° with respect to the surface normal, respectively. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed based on the Classical Transport Theory (CTT) model to mimic the experimental spectra. In our simulations, both elastic and inelastic scattering of primary electrons and secondary electron emission from graphite are taken into account. There is found satisfactory agreement between measured and calculated electron spectra.     

Harmonic oscillation in a spatially finite array waveguide

A waveguide array is presented that behaves as an oscillator, showing periodic image reconstruction, focusing, and transverse wave-packet oscillation. The oscillator has a finite width, which removes the need for premature truncation. The array waveguide oscillator shows properties analogous to those of a pedagogically important one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator, which are fundamentally different from previously demonstrated oscillations in Wannier-Stark waveguide arrays. Calculations of the entire array waveguide oscillator are presented that quantify higher-order corrections to the coupled-mode approach. These results can be extended to waveguide oscillators in other systems, such as electrons in superlattices.     

Electro-optical probing of envelope wavefunctions in GaAs/AlGaAs parabolic quantum well structures

We report on a systematic experimental and theoretical study of the interband electroabsorption in GaAs/AlGaAs parabolic quantum well structures. Investigating a sample with an appropriately designed well width, we are able to observe a complex interplay of various electro-optical effects. The obtained results can be interpreted in terms of probing the electric-field dependent overlaps between the harmonic oscillator type envelope wavefunctions of electrons and holes.     

S波段锥形磁绝缘线振荡器长脉冲实验研究

对一种由弱变和强变结构组成的锥形磁绝缘线振荡器进行了长脉冲实验研究。在二极管电压350 kV左右、电流约25 kA、脉宽约128 ns的条件下,获得了500 MW、脉宽约90 ns的高功率微波输出。对波形中出现的拐点进行了分析,研究表明：二极管电压波形好坏会对微波源的性能造成严重的影响,较好的电压波形是实现长脉冲运行的关键。同时对采用不锈钢平面负载、不锈钢丝网状负载以及石墨负载电子收集极进行了实验研究,研究表明采用石墨收集极可以输出较好的微波波形。     

Assignment of quantum number for plasmon energies in carbon layer systems

Electron-emission distribution curves of carbon layer surfaces excited by primary electrons of energies in the 118-534 eV range have been measured. The first four peaks in the plasmon spectrum are observed. It is concluded that the oscillator energies are presented to explain the assignment of the quantum number (n = 0,1,2,3) for internal plasmons in carbon layer systems. The preliminary assignment is in good agreement with the experimental results. It is also shown that the existence of limit between internal and surface plasmons. It is pointed out that the plasmon energy does not depend on both the external electrostatic voltage and the sample temperature. Moreover, the quantum number was adopted to the names of internal plasmons in the observed spectra.     

Ab initio calculations of exciton effects in optical spectra of an α-B<Subscript>12</Subscript> crystal

The dielectric functions and energy loss spectrum of electrons of a rhombohedral α-B₁₂ crystal are studied both in the single-particle and many-particle approximations using Bethe–Salpeter equations. The opposite roles of different contributions to exciton effects are discussed. The anisotropy of dielectric functions is shown, which demonstrates their high sensitivity with respect to the three-dimensional packing of icosahedrons. The influence of the coherent mixing of electronic and exciton states on the redistribution of oscillator strengths is found. The position of the plasmon of valence electrons and the high-frequency permittivity are found to be consistent with experimental data. The correlation between the distribution of oscillator strengths and features of the density of electronic states is discussed.     

S波段锥形磁绝缘线振荡器长脉冲实验研究

 对一种由弱变和强变结构组成的锥形磁绝缘线振荡器进行了长脉冲实验研究。在二极管电压350 kV左右、电流约25 kA、脉宽约128 ns的条件下,获得了500 MW、脉宽约90 ns的高功率微波输出。对波形中出现的拐点进行了分析,研究表明：二极管电压波形好坏会对微波源的性能造成严重的影响,较好的电压波形是实现长脉冲运行的关键。同时对采用不锈钢平面负载、不锈钢丝网状负载以及石墨负载电子收集极进行了实验研究,研究表明采用石墨收集极可以输出较好的微波波形。