基于前向光散射的水体悬浮颗粒物粒度双CMOS测量技术研究

基于CMOS探测器的静态光散射法能够实现水体悬浮颗粒物粒度分布的快速检测,受探测器工作特性和面幅大小的限制,前向光散射的CMOS粒度测量范围和精度难以提高。提出了颗粒前向光散射的双CMOS测量技术,重点研究双CMOS散射信号拼接测量方法,设计消除背景干扰的CMOS探测器分环方式,实现宽粒径范围颗粒粒度的准确测量。实验结果表明：基于CMOS探测器的颗粒粒度测量上限提高到了1000μm, 1000μm、500μm标样的D₅₀测量相对误差分别为0.7%、0.1%,大粒径颗粒粒度测量准确度高;同时双CMOS探测的方式将单CMOS的粒度测量下限由5μm提高到了2μm, 5μm、2μm标样D₅₀相对误差分别由单CMOS的15.0%、51.1%下降至双CMOS的1.4%、2.6%。     

水溶液中Ca(OH)2粒径分布研究

本文利用激光粒度分析仪研究了石灰产地、石灰尺寸和液固质量百分比对石灰水合所得浆液中Ca(OH)2粒径的影响.结果显示,石灰尺寸和液固质量百分比对浆液中Ca(OH)2粒径分布影响较小,而产地对粒径有一定影响.将平均粒径为5μm的分析纯Ca(OH)2粉末制备成浆液,其粒径增大到13μm,表明Ca(OH)2在水中发生团聚.因此,单纯依靠改变制备条件或石灰来源,对于减小Ca(OH)2的粒径作用不大,必须采用其它措施如添加分散剂来减轻团聚并减小粒径.     

烧结多孔表面强化冷凝传热的实验研究

实验研究了不同粒径金属粉末烧结制备的多孔涂层表面对垂直管外水蒸气冷凝传热的强化作用。发现:粒径为50μm的细粉覆盖一层及两层的多孔管的传热效果反而不如光管,使冷凝传热效果恶化;而粉末粒径为250μm的烧结表面的强化传热特性比光管提高10％～15％,而且也明显优于粒径为50μm的表面。同时,两种不同粒径表面,两层粉末错落堆积烧结表面的传热效果也优于单层粉末烧结表面。基于孔隙微观结构变化对冷凝液流动与导热的影响分析讨论了多孔烧结表面强化膜状冷凝传热的机理。     

超细粉末压片制样X射线荧光光谱测定碳酸岩样品中多种元素及CO_2

粉末压片X射线荧光光谱分析碳酸岩的误差主要来自粒度效应和矿物效应。为消除粒度效应影响,采用超细粉末压片制样准确测定了碳酸岩中的多种元素和CO2。使用德国FRITSCH行星式球磨机,碳化钨研磨介质将碳酸岩进行超细粉碎,为了克服团聚效应,采用了湿法研磨。随颗粒度的减小,样品表面形态更平整、光滑,康普顿散射效应减小。研究了粒度变化对各元素分析线强度的影响,通常荧光强度随粒度减小而增加。当多个组分的颗粒度减小时,S,Si,Mg的强度将增加,Ca,Al,Ti,K的强度将减小,这取决于各自的质量吸收系数。研究了粒度变化对矿物物相组成的影响。计算了各分析元素分析线的穿透厚度,当样品的粒度碎至元素分析线的穿透厚度以下时,荧光强度受粒度的影响减小。实验发现当样品碎至d95≤8μm时,基本消除了颗粒度效应影响,压片法制样,理论α系数、经验系数法结合校正基体效应,可准确测定碳酸岩样品中14个元素,方法的精密度大大改善,除Na2O外,RSD2%。C是超轻元素,荧光产额低且干扰严重。实验采用PX4人工多层膜晶体,粗准直器,X射线荧光光谱可定量测定碳酸岩中的CO2。试验发现C的测量强度随测量次数的增加而增加,且随放置时间的增加而增加(即使在干燥器中存放),因此建议使用新制的样片测定CO2。     

N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖的合成和性质研究

采用多段升温法将壳聚糖改性 ,合成了取代度为 1.84、平均分子量为 3.0 8× 10 5、等电点为 7.2 8的N ,O 羧甲基壳聚糖 (CMC) ,分别用紫外光谱、红外光谱、荧光光谱对其结构进行了表征 ,并对其水溶液的Zeta电位、电导率、表面张力以及水分散体系中羧甲基壳聚糖微粒的粒径分布进行了研究 .结果表明 ,N ,O 羧甲基壳聚糖具有表面活性 ;介质的pH值和浓度对羧甲基壳聚糖溶液的稳定性有很大的影响     

爆炸烧结制备W-Al含能结构材料及其准静态压缩特性研究

通过爆炸烧结法,采用不同粒度的W、Al混合粉末,成功制备了近乎致密的W-Al含能结构材料(ESM)。研究发现:冲击波压力是粉末致密化的主导因素,粉末粒径对烧结密度和微观结构的影响显著,W的粒径越小,颗粒团聚越明显,从而阻碍致密化,在致密块体中形成连续分布的W相。所制备样品的最大抗压强度和失效应变分别达到288 MPa和20%,材料的力学性能和断裂模式主要取决于连续相,Al相连续的ESM抗压强度低、塑性较好,呈轴向劈裂破坏;而W相连续的ESM则表现出脆性和高抗压强度,破坏模式为剪切破坏,与Al的低强度高塑性和W高强度脆性特性一致。     

交联型微米级聚苯乙烯粒度标准物质的研制北大核心CSCD

采用分散聚合法制备了标称粒径为3μm的单分散交联型聚苯乙烯(PS)微球。相对于线型μm级聚苯乙烯而言,交联型μm级聚苯乙烯的耐热性和耐溶剂性明显提高,其玻璃化温度提高了28.6℃,在常用溶剂中保持不溶解状态。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)绝对测量法对交联型μm级聚苯乙烯粒度标准物质进行定值,用美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)的粒度标准物质校正其放大倍数。定值结果为2.84μm,扩展不确定度为0.08μm。采用F检验法和t检验法检验了样品的均匀性和稳定性。定值过程和均匀性、稳定性都符合国家二级粒度标准物质的要求。μm级交联型聚苯乙烯微球粒度标准物质,可用于高温和腐蚀等极端环境下的粒度分析。     

等离子体科学技术应用专题系列介绍 第五讲 低温等离子体在制造超细粉末中的应用

一、超细粉末的特性和用途 超细粉末通常是指粒度在 0.1um以下的金属、金属和非金属的氧化物、氮化物、碳化物的微细粒子.超细粉末是一种具有多种特异性能的特种材料.物质超细之后,它的物理性质有很大变化,例如表面增大(每克超细粉的表面积都在几十至一百多平方米),表面能提高,     

Bi0．5Na0．5TiO3纳米晶的制备及其性能研究

采用凝胶自燃烧法合成Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3纳米粉体,并表征了粉体的晶相结构.测试表明应用凝胶自燃工艺合成的Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3粉体材料的粒子大小均匀,晶相单一,不需要经高温处理便能直接形成钙钛矿结构超细粉末.用所合成的粉末压片,1 125 ℃烧结2 h即可获得致密的烧结体,其相对密度为98.08%.用SEM观察烧结样品的平均粒径为2 μm.     

铕掺杂纳米氧化锌发光材料的制备及其性能研究

采用均匀沉淀法,制备了平均粒径在20nm左右掺杂铕的纳米氧化锌粉体,通过XRD、粒度分析仪、FL、IR测试方法分别对其物相结构及组成、粒径分布和光致发光性能进行了分析.结果表明:所制样品仍然为六方晶系纤锌矿结构,Eu3+全部进入到ZnO晶格中;且Eu3+掺入量为5％时发光效果较好;所制样品颗粒粒度较小,粒径分布均匀.     

Geometry and Elasticity of Strips and Flowers

We solve several problems that involve imposing metrics on surfaces. The problem of a strip with a linear metric gradient is formulated in terms of a Lagrangian similar to those used for spin systems. We are able to show that the low energy state of long strips is a twisted helical state like a telephone cord. We then extend the techniques used in this solution to two–dimensional sheets with more general metrics. We find evolution equations and show that when they are not singular, a surface is determined by knowledge of its metric, and the shape of the surface along one line. Finally, we provide numerical evidence by minimizing a suitable energy functional that once these evolution equations become singular, either the surface is not differentiable, or else the metric deviates from the target metric.     

单链核糖体失活蛋白的Raman和红外光谱

我们测定了两种单链核糖体失活蛋白(肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白)的FTIR和FTRaman光谱。利用FTIR光谱酰胺Ⅲ区域对蛋白质的二级结构进行定量分析,计算了各种二级结构的含量。从肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白的二级结构分析可见,二者在结构上具有某种相似性,为二者功能上的相似性提供了依据。     

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of alkoxymethylidene malonate and malononitrile with hydrazines and anilines

The kinetics and mechanism of the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of dialkyl (alkoxymethylidene)malonates (alkyl: methyl, ethyl) and (ethoxymethylidene)malononitrile with substituted hydrazines and anilines R¹–NH₂ (R¹: (CH₃)₂N, CH₃NH, NH₂, C₆H₅NH, CH₃CONH, 4‐CH₃C₆H₄SO₂NH, 3‐ and 4‐X‐C₆H₄; X: H, 4‐Br, 4‐CH₃, 4‐CH₃O, 3‐Cl) were studied at 25 °C in methanol. It was found that the reactions with all hydrazines (the only exception was the reaction of (ethoxymethylidene)malononitrile with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine) showed overall second‐order kinetics and k_obs were linearly dependent on the hydrazine concentration which is consistent with the rate‐limiting attack of the hydrazine on the double bond of the substrate. Corresponding Brønsted plots are linear (without deviating N‐methyl and N,N‐dimethylhydrazine), and their slopes (β_Nuc) gradually increase from 0.59 to 0.71 which reflects gradually increasing order of the C–N bond formed in the transition state. The deviation of both methylated hydrazines is probably caused by the different site of nucleophilicity/basicity in these compounds (tertiary/secondary vs. primary nitrogen). A somewhat different situation was observed with the anilines (and once with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine) where parabolic dependences of the kinetics gradually changing to linear dependences as the concentration of nucleophile/base increases. The second‐order term in the nucleophile indicates the presence of a steady‐state intermediate ‐ most probably T^±. Brønsted and Hammett plots gave β_Nuc = 1.08 and ρ = ?3.7 which is consistent with a late transition state whose structure resembles T^±. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Equation of state and thermal expansivity of LiF and NaF

The high-pressure and high-temperature behaviors of LiF and NaF have been studied up to 37 GPa and 1000 K. No phase transformations have been observed for LiF up to the maximum pressure reached. The B1 to B2 transition of NaF at room temperature was observed at ～28 GPa, this transition pressure decreases with temperature. Unit-cell volumes of LiF and NaF B1 phase measured at various pressures and temperatures were fitted using a P–V–T Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. For LiF, the determined parameters are: α₀ = 1.05 (3)×10^?4 K^?1, dK/dT = ?0.025 (2) GPa/K, V ₀ = 65.7 (1) Å³, K ₀ = 73 (2) GPa, and K′ = 3.9 (2). For NaF, α₀ = 1.34 (4)×10^?4 K^?1, dK/dT = ?0.020 (1) GPa/K, V ₀ = 100.2 (2) Å³, K ₀ = 46 (1) GPa, and K′ = 4.5 (1).     

受控核聚变两大途径的对比与结合

目前人们探索受控核聚变主要是从两个方向着手：磁约束受控核聚变和惯性约束受控核聚变，但目前还无法判定到底哪一种途径更为可取，文章首先对这两种途径进行对比，指出各自的特点和困难，在此基础上提出了一种结构相对简单，成本相对较低的三轴六极磁镜系统设想，希望能将磁约束和惯性约束和惯性约束结合起来，以实现受控核聚变反应。     

Infrared Spectra and Configuration of Anion Radical and Dianion of Benzil and Benzil-18o

Abstract

Infrared spectra of the products of one- and two -step reduction of both benzil and benzil-¹⁸0 have been investigated in dimethylsulfoxide-d₆ and tetrahydrofurane solutions. Anion-radicals have been obtained by electrochemical reduction of benzil and benzil-¹⁸0; dinegative ions have been prepared by reduction of the same ketones with potassium mirror in vacuo. The band assignment has been performed using the group vibrational concept and isotopic shift data. The previous assignment of the C[dbnd]O stretching band of benzil anion-radical-has been discussed and corrected. Two bands in the infrared spectra of benzil dianion have been found to be sensitive upon ¹⁸0 isotope labelling. This result certifies the presence of cis-configuration of benzil dianion in the investigated solutions. A decrease of ca. 290 cm-¹ has been found for vC[dbnd]O after the transformation of the neutral benzil into an anion-radical. Conversion of benzil anion-radical into dianion has been accompanied by an additional vC[dbnd]O downward shift of 105 cm^?1     

酸碱染料离子的缔合及等色化

本文阐述了等色染料离子对形成的实验方法,等色染料离子对的缔全机理及其形式,用吸收光谱的能级图,从电子理论角度论述了等色染料离子对的缔合效应等色化,溶剂效应等以化机理。列表示出等色染料离子对的高灵敏度,从而证明了等色染料离子对的萃取光度,浮选光度及萃取荧光光度法是高灵敏度和超灵敏度的新体系,为金属痕量和超痕量分析开辟了更为宽广的前景。     

“电路原理”、“信号与系统”和“自动控制原理”课程的整合与优化

"电路原理"、"信号与系统"和"自动控制原理"三门课程是光电信息科学与工程等专业的专业基础课。若分别采用各自独立的教学内容和方法,内容交叉、重复,浪费学时,没有从整个课程体系系统化的角度把握有关内容。因此,提出了适用于光电信息科学与工程等专业的以上三门课程的教学改革方案,从根本上系统地将这三门课程进行整合、优化为"电路、信号和控制系统"课程。在教学实践中,进行了有关内容的教学尝试,缩短了教学时间,提高了教学质量。     

Polarity of the Medium and Quenching of Fluorescence of Caratenoids and Phthalimides

The relation for the dependence of the rate of radiationless energy conversion of the S ₁ state k _q on the polarity of the medium, obtained previously by the author, has been used to interpret the known literature data on the lifetime of the S ₁ state of solutions of some caratenoids and phthalimides. It has been shown that in alcohols and water (normal and deuterated ones) the fluorescence quenching of 4-amino-, 4-methylamino-, and 4-dimethylamino-N-methylphthalimides (4AMP, 4MAMP, and 4DMAMP) as well as of peridinine in alcohols is due to H-bond formation. It has been established that a twofold increase in the number of amine atoms of hydrogen on passing from 4MAMP to 4AMP, as well as deuteration of solvents in the case of 4DMAMP, is followed by a decrease in k _q by a factor of 1.6 and 1.75, respectively. The mechanism of quenching in complexes formed with solvent molecules by means of the H-bond is discussed. It has been concluded that the quenching of fluorescence of phthalimides in such complexes is mainly due to the intersystem crossing initiated by the oscillations of the protons or deuterons of the H-bonds.