航空替代燃料低温氧化实验与模型研究

在射流搅拌反应器中开展了常压航空煤油替代燃料的低温(500~1100 K)氧化实验研究。利用气相色谱和气质联用仪测得了34个物种的摩尔分数曲线。通过研究芳烃和正癸烷间的耦合作用阐述了替代燃料低温区负温度系数效应对燃料燃烧特性的影响,揭示了实际航空燃料的低温自动点火机理。建立包括975物种和5920反应的亚琛替代燃料的动力学模型,并利用该模型准确地预测实际燃料燃烧的点火延迟等。实验和模拟得到的结果有助于理解燃气轮机低温点火过程。     

超声速预混可燃气流的点火与燃烧

在激波风洞一激波管组合设备上开展了碳氢燃料超声速预混可燃气流的点火与燃烧实验研究。实验结果表明:利用激波对燃料进行预热,并以高温燃气作为引导火焰,可以有效缩短汽油空气超声速可燃混气的点火延迟时间,使之缩短到 0.2 ms以下。利用纹影照片对超声速燃烧流场结构作出了分析;研究了超声速预混可燃气流的温度以及当量比对超声速燃烧流场结构、点火与火焰传播特性的影响。     

混合驱动中直驱激光焦斑尺寸对点火性能的影响

研究针对混驱点火模型,保持直驱激光能量不变,针对1 200,1 400和1 500μm直驱光焦斑尺寸,采用数值模拟,研究其对点火性能的影响。研究表明：直驱光焦斑尺寸是影响混驱点火性能的敏感因素。1 500μm焦斑尺寸可实现近一维点火。1 400μm焦斑尺寸放能接近一维放能的40%。1 200μm焦斑尺寸点火失败,仅仅处于燃烧等离子体状态。分析表明,1 200μm焦斑尺寸条件下点火失败的原因是：其产生的局部强光强和高驱动不对称性,会导致燃料熵增加及燃料面密度扰动增加。燃料熵的增加将会降低燃料压缩性,不利于创造高温高压点火条件,形成的燃烧波较弱。燃料面密度扰动增加会导致燃烧后壳层不稳定性剧烈增长。推断在小焦斑尺寸条件下,弱燃烧波及高燃料面密度扰动增长,会导致高密度尖钉难以被有效点燃,无法形成升温与燃烧的正反馈。同时,燃料区域内界面不稳定性发展产生的尖钉结构将降低热斑温度,产生的气泡结构将引起热斑体积迅速变大,导致热斑快速降温乃至点火失败。     

煤的颗粒度对沸腾燃烧的影响

本文分析了各种尺寸的煤粒在沸腾床中的气体动力特性,概述了给煤颗粒度对沸腾床点火启动、燃烧过程和燃烧效率的影响,从一个侧面阐述了颗粒燃料的沸腾燃烧机理。     

甲基环己烷燃烧反应特性的光谱研究

利用激波管实验装置由反射激波点火,在点火温度1 164～1 566 K,点火压力1.03～1.99 atm,燃料浓度为1.0%,当量比为1.0的条件下,用光谱单色仪、光电倍增管、压力传感器和示波器等组成测试系统,测量了甲基环己烷燃烧过程中主要中间产物OH,CH和C2自由基特征光辐射随时间的连续变化,并测得了甲基环己烷/氧气/氩气的点火延迟时间。通过对测量结果的分析,初步认识了甲基环己烷燃烧反应中几个主要中间产物的光辐射特性及其反映出的甲基环己烷燃烧反应特性。实验所测点火延迟时间与已报道的实验结果和燃烧反应机理预测结果符合较好。本文实验结果为构建和验证甲基环己烷燃烧反应机理提供了实验依据。     

正庚烷燃烧反应中间自由基的光谱测量

采用ICCD瞬态光谱探测系统和化学激波管,在点火温度1 408K,点火压力2.0atm,燃料摩尔分数1.0%,当量比1.0的条件下,拍摄了正庚烷燃烧过程中不同时刻的瞬态发射光谱,光谱曝光时间6μs,拍谱范围200～850nm。确认了在所拍光谱范围内主要是OH,CH和C2自由基的特征辐射光谱,表明小自由基OH,CH和C2是正庚烷燃烧过程中重要的反应中间产物。所拍时间分辨光谱显示,在正庚烷燃烧反应中,OH,CH和C2自由基一出现很快就达到其浓度峰值,但CH和C2自由基随着反应的进行迅速减少至消失,OH自由基持续的时间却长很多。实验结果为了解正庚烷燃烧反应微观过程和验证其燃烧反应机理提供了实验依据。     

甲醇柴油比对二元燃料燃烧与排放特性的影响

在六缸电控单体泵增压中冷重型柴油机进气管上面布置电控甲醇喷嘴,采用柴油引燃甲醇均质混合气的二元燃料燃烧模式,开展了高甲醇柴油比的二元燃料燃烧特性与排放特性试验研究。研究结果表明;随着醇柴比的增加,二元燃料的滞燃期增加,放热率峰值、最大缸内压力和压力升高率峰值都变大;未燃HC和CO排放上升,NO_x排放则先下降后上升;烟度与颗粒物浓度排放都下降,低负荷下醇柴比为4.0时效果尤其显著;大负荷时二元燃料燃烧时热效率明显提高。     

利用OH自由基特征发射谱测量正庚烷的点火延迟时间

在化学激波管中利用反射激波进行点火,采用OH自由基在306.4nm处特征发射谱线强度的急剧变化标志燃料的着火,由光谱单色仪、光电倍增管、压力传感器和示波器组成测量系统,测量了正庚烷/氧气的点火延迟时间,点火压力(1.0±0.1)和(0.75±0.05)atm,点火温度1 170～1 730K,当量比1.0,得到了在此实验条件下正庚烷/氧气点火延迟时间随温度变化的关系式。研究结果表明正庚烷/氧气点火延迟时间随温度的增加呈指数减小,点火压力为0.75atm时,随着点火温度的增加,点火延迟时间的变化率要小于1.0atm条件时。实验结果为建立正庚烷燃烧反应动力学模型,验证正庚烷燃烧反应机理提供了实验依据。     

燃料液滴间火焰传播的高速摄影研究

作为雾状燃料燃烧现象的微观模拟,我们研究了燃料液滴在不同条件下的点火机制和火焰传播规律。本文介绍的实验方法,将干涉计量术与高速摄影方法相结合,既克服了大多数液体燃料在燃烧时亮度太低的缺点,又充分发挥了干涉计量术能记录温度场和高速摄影记录高速过程的特长。     

甲醇裂解气对点燃式发动机性能影响研究

以一台点火式电控发动机为研究对象,采用废气余热制氢装置,研究了甲醇裂解气对点火式发动机性能的影响.研究表明:裂解气的稀燃范围十分宽泛,可实现稀薄燃烧;通过稀燃可使NOx排放较原汽油机降低90%,CO几乎接近零排放,而HC排放接近汽油.同时,稀燃也使裂解气发动机在保持原汽油机动力性的条件下,获得了较好的燃料经济性,容积替换比最小可以达到了1.48.该方法为实现甲醇高效清洁燃烧提供了切实可行的技术方案.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.