Electronic spectral study of the interaction of CoNaX zeolite with C1?C5 hydrocarbons

Interaction of both satured and unsaturated hydrocarbons with tetrahedral Co²⁺ ion complexes lodged in the zeolite skeleton is reported on the basis of diffuse reflectance spectra. While saturated hydrocarbons do not affect the coordination sphere of the Co-complex, the unsaturated hydrocarbons change considerably the distortion of the tetrahedral Co-complex.

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- Co²⁺ - . - Co-, - - Co-.

     

Catalytic activity of the Al2O3?Cr2O3?Fe2O3 system II. Influence of nitrogen bases on hydrocarbon aromatization

The physico-chemical properties of the Al₂O₃–Cr₂O₃–Fe₂O₃ catalyst system have been correlated with n-hexane dehydrocyclization. Using a poisoning technique, the ionic and radical steps of the reaction have been determined.

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- Al₂O₃–Cr₂O₃–Fe₂O₃ -. , .

     

Lattice oxygen removal from V6O13 by the TPD method

Removal of the lattice oxygen from the V₆O₁₃ phase has been measured and the activation energy determined.

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V₆O₁₃ .

     

Hexene-1 isomerization catalyzed by the Pd(acac)2?BF3OEt2 system

The data of IR and UV spectroscopic studies of the interaction of Pd(acac)₂+BF₃OEt₂ in the presence of hexene-1 suggest the formation of a Pd–C bond through³C of the acetylacetonate ligand. In the first step of isomerization hexene-1 converts largely (94.5%) to hexene-2.

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- Pd(acac)₂+BF₃OEt₂ -1 , Pd–C ³C- ; , -1 -2, , 94,5%.

     

Nature of the activity and the kinetics of cyclohexene hydrogenation by the catalytic system (C5H5)2 TiCl2?LiC4H9

The reaction of tributylphosphine with the catalytic system (C₅H₅)₂ TiCl₂–LiC₄H₉ prepared in an atmosphere of H₂ has been investigated in toluene solution. By using the ESR technique, a hydride complex Cp₂Ti(H) (PBu₃) has been detected. The proportionality between the rate of cyclohexene hydrogenation and the complex concentration has been established. The kinetics of cyclohexene hydrogenation has been investigated and a reaction mechanism is proposed.

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Cp₂TiCl₂–LiC₄H₉ (Cp–C₅H₅), H₂, Cp₂Ti(H) (PBu₃). Ti (III). .

     

Catalytic reactions of ethanol on H3+xPMo12?xVxO40 catalysts

The catalytic decomposition of ethanol on heteropolyacids (HPA) of the series H_3+xPMo_12–xV_xO₄₀ (x=0,1,2,3) was investigated at 240°C, using a pulse method. It has been shown that besides ethyl ether, ethylene, acetaldehyde and unreacted alcohol, a certain amount of alcohol was irreversibly sorbed by HPA. The amount of the latter decreased with x, which is considered to be due to the tighter bonding of Keggin units (KU) with an increasing number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The yield of ethyl ether forming at the surface was almost constant but that of ethylene and acetaldehyde decreased in the series x=0,1,2, which was connected with the increasingly difficult penetration of HPA molecules into the bulk. Some differences in the behavior of the sample with x=3 were the result of partial decomposition of this thermally stable catalyst.

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H_3+xPMo_12–xV_xO₄₀ (x=0, 1, 2, 3) 240°C. , , , , . , . , , , x=0, 1, 2, . x=3 .

     

Calorimetric study of the interaction of oxygen with Pd-black and Pd/Al2O3

The kinetics of molecular hydrogen oxidation by palladium(II) has been studied under homogeneous conditions, excluding Pd-black formation. The rate constants for PdCl_i(H₂O)_4–i complexes for i=0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 0.12±0.003; 3.4±0.4; 5.2±0.3; 2.34±0.07 and 0 M^–1s^–1, respectively.

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, Pd-, H₂ (II). PdCl_i(H₂O)_4–i 0,12±0,003; 3,4±0,4; 5,2±0,3; 2,34±0,07 0 ^{–1 –1}, .

     

On the deactivation of Fe2O3?MoO3/SiO2 catalysts in the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde

The deactivation behavior of Fe₂O₃–MoO₃/SiO₂ catalysts with different Fe₂O₃+MoO₃ content in the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde is investigated. A simplified reaction-deactivation kinetic model is presented and used to compare and discuss the different behaviors.

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Fe₂O₃–MoO₃/SiO₂ Fe₂O₃+MoO₃ . : -.

     

Effects of reactive diluent diepoxidized cardanol and epoxy fortifier on curing kinetics of epoxy resin

Different formulations, composed of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, diepoxidized cardanol as reactive diluent, an anhydride as curing agent, and a tertiary amine as curing catalyst, with/without the use of an epoxy fortifier, were analysed. The effect of the fortifier on the diluent was also observed. The overall kinetics of curing was observed to follow a simple Arrhenius-type temperaturedependence, with an activation energy in the range 54–120 kJ/mol, with first-order kinetics up to 85% conversion. An increase in activation energy was observed with an increase of diluent content. The curing reaction was found to follow a three-step mechanism, involving a nucleophilic bimolecular displacement reaction, for which an explanation was offered. Incorporation of the fortifier lowers the curing temperature, but does not alter the final degree of reaction.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden verschiedene Ausgangsgemische, bestehend aus dem Diglyzidyläther von Bisphenol A, diepoxydiertem Kardanol als reaktives Streckmittel, einem Anhydrid als Vernetzungsmittel und einem tertiären Amin als Vernetzungskatalysator mit bzw. ohne Anwendung eines Fortifyers untersucht. Der Einfluss des Fortifyers auf das Streckmittel wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Die Bruttokinetik der Vernetzung zeigt eine Temperaturabhängigkeit einfachen Arrhenius-Types mit einer Aktivierungsenergie im Bereich von 54–120 kJ/mol sowie einen Reaktionstyp erster Ordnung mit einer Konversionsrate von 85%. Ein steigender Streckmittelgehalt bewirkt ein Anwachsen der Aktivierungsenergie. Der Vernetzungsreaktion liegt ein Dreistufenmechanismus zu Grunde, der unter anderem auch eine nukleofile bimolekulare Substitutionsreaktion beinhaltet. Der Einsatz eines Fortifyers senkt zwar die Vernetzungstemperatur, verändert aber nicht die Endkonversionsrate.

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, , , , , , , , . . , 54–120 ·^–1 85% . . , , , . , .

     

Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide on RuFe/SiO2 catalysts

The H₂+CO reaction on silica supported Ru, Fe and RuFe catalysts prepared from metal carbonyl clusters has been investigated under atmospheric and 20 bar pressure. According to the change of selectivity values with temperature and with pressure, the participation of surface carbon proposed earlier by several authors seems to be confirmed by this work.

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H₂+CO Ru, Fe RuFe, , 20 . , , , .

     

Interaction of methanol with hydrogen sulfide in the presence of K2WO4/Al2O3

Kinetic data show that in the presence of K₂WO₄/Al₂O₃, methanethiol is largely produced by the reaction of H₂S with metanol and partly with dimethyl ether. Dimethyl sulfide is formed during the interaction of methanethiol with methanol, of H₂S with dimethyl ether and as a result of methanethiol disproportionation. Methane and carbon oxides are the decomposition products of methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide and of methanol and dimethyl ether, respectively.

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, K₂WO₄/Al₂O₃ H₂S — . , H₂S . , — .

     

Structure of Pt/ZnAl2O4 catalysts

The effect of the support preparation technique (solgel and coprecipitation) on the final Pt/ZnAl₂O₄ catalyst is presented. The structural properties of the solids obtained are correlated to the selectivity and activity for isobutane dehydrogenation in H₂ and He reaction media. If a highly dispersed catalyst is suitable, the support has to be prepared by the sol-gel method.

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( — ) Pt/ZnAl₂O₄. H₂ He. , — .

     

XPS study on the decomposition of Ru3(CO)12 and Fe3(CO)12 carbonyl clusters

Crystalline Ru₃(CO)₁₂ and Fe₃(CO)₁₂ carbonyl clusters were deposited on a Cu sample holder and core level binding energies (BE) for O 1s, C 1s Fe 2p 3/2, Fe 2p 1/2, Ru 3d 5/2 and Ru 3d 3/2 were measured before and after decomposition. Part of the carbonyl clusters remained in the original form even at a pressure of 10^–5 Pa, indicated by a Fe satellite peak and high BE for C 1s. After decomposition, carbon is partly retained by iron, whereas the twin peak at Ru 3d 5/2 and Ru 3d 3/2 show no carbon left on the ruthenium surface.

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Ru₃(CO)₁₂ Fe₃(CO)₁₂ (BE) O 1S, C 1S, Fe 2p 3/2, Fe 2p 1/2, Ru 3d 5/2 Ru 3d 3/2 . 10^–5 Pa, Fe BE 1S. , Ru 3d 5/2 Ru 3d 3/2 , .

     

Chlorination of V2O5 by CCl4. The proposed reaction mechanism

Initial stage of the reaction of CCl₄ with V₂O₅ has been studied by MS and XPS techniques. According to the proposed mechanism dissociatively chemisorbed CCl₄ transforms to CO₂ via adsorbed COCl₂, while surface vanadium atoms involved are gaining step by step two chlorine atoms before the formation of the volatile end-product VOCl₃.

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CCl₄ V₂O₅ . - CCl₄ CO₂ COCl₂, VOCl₃.

     

Role of the V=O double bond in the selective oxidation of benzene on V2O5 and V2O5?MoO3 catalysts

Infrared spectra of both fresh and reductively activated V₂O₅ and V₂O₅–MoO₃ catalysts were recorded and compared with the results of catalytic measurements. The results indicate that the presence of V=O double bonds in the catalytically active mass is not essential for the selective oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride.

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, V₂O₅ V₂O₅–MoO₃. . , V=O .

     

Influence of cobalt phthalocyanine: Deposited onto the particles of mixed Cd/CuxS suspensions on photocatalytic evolution of hydrogen from aqueous solutions of Na2S

Deposition of water-insoluble cobalt phthalocyanine CoPc onto the particles of mixed suspensions of CdS and Cu_xS can increase the rate of photoinduced evolution of H₂ from Na₂S and Na₂SO₃ solutions. At [Na₂S]=5×10^–2 M, the rate of photocatalytic reaction is almost doubled upon deposition of 6.4×10^–10 mol CoPc onto 4×10^–5 mol of CdS and of 2.9×10^–8 mol of CoPc onto 10^–5 mol of Cu_xS. At [Na₂S]=10^–1 M, which is close to the optimal concentration of Na₂S, the deposition of CoPc can provide only a 30% increase of the reaction rate.

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, CoPc CdS/Cu_xS H₂ Na₂S Na₂SO₃. Na₂S=5·10^–2 M 6.4·10^–10 CoPc 4·10^–5 CdS 2.9·10^–8 CoPc 10^–5 Cu_xS. Na₂S=10^–1 M, CoPc 30% .

     

Chemiluminescence and auto-oscillations in the (S?Cr2O72+?UO22+) system

Quasi-harmonic oscillations of chemiluminescence intensity at certain concentrations of the components for the (S–Cr₂O ₇ ^2– –UO ₂ ²⁺ ) system in concentrated sulfuric acid and chemiluminescence and dark stages with the participation of intermediates Cr(V), U(IV) and sulfur peroxide radicals (HS₂O₆ ^.) have been discovered. Chemiluminescence is attributed to the interaction of HS₂O₆ ^. compounds. The processes of deactivation of the excited states of uranyl involve the participation of Cr(V). A scheme for the oscillation chemiluminescence reactions is suggested.

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(S–Cr₂O ₇ ^2– –UO ₂ ²⁺ ) H₂SO₄ , . Cr(V), U(IV) (HS₂O₆ ^.) HS₂O₆ ^. Cr(V) . .

     

X-ray spectral investigation by synchrotron radiation of supported Re/SiO2 and (Re+Pt)/SiO2 catalysts prepared via triethoxyrhenium

Using synchrotron radiation L_III absorption spectra of rhenium in Re/SiO₂ and (Re+Pt)/SiO₂ catalysts prepared via triethoxyrhenium have been studied. The conclusion has been drawn that reduced catalysts contain lowvalent rhenium ions and their composition is more uniform than that of the previously examined catalysts Re/Al₂O₃ and (Re+Pt)/Al₂O₃ prepared by a conventional impregnation technique.

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L_III- Re/SiO₂ (Re+Pt)/SiO₂, . , , Re/Al₂O₃ (Re+Pt)/Al₂O₃, .

     

Infrared study of the interaction of nitric oxide with CuY zeolites

Infrared studies of the interaction of NO with CuY–A zelites have been made over the temperature range from –100°C to 400°C. Several forms of NO adsorption have been found, in particular, a stable cis-dimer at low temperatures.

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- (–100+400°C) NO CuY–A . NO, ë - .

     

Comparative study of the catalytic properties of V2O5, Nb2O5 and Ta2O5 in the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde

The selectivity of the oxides under consideration to the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde is shown to increase in the sequence V₂O₅–Nb₂O₅–Ta₂O₅. The same sequence corresponds to the decrease in specific activity. The activation energy of the reaction is 12 kcal/mol for V₂O₅, 14 kcal/mol for Nb₂O₅ and 22 kcal/mol for Ta₂O₅.

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, V₂O₅–Nb₂O₅–Ta₂O₅. . : V₂O₅ 12 /, Nb₂O₅ 14 / Ta₂O₅ 22 /.