Hyperfine structure and isotope shift studies of rhenium by laser optogalvanic spectroscopy

Doppler-limited high resolution laser optogalvanic spectra of six transitions of rhenium lying in the range 560–620 nm have been recorded. Isotope shifts between the two natural isotopes of rhenium,¹⁸⁵Re and¹⁸⁷Re, have been calculated in all the six transitions. Hyperfine coupling constants for eight levels belonging to the configurations 5d ⁵6s ², 5d ⁶6s, 5d ⁴6s ²6p and 5d ⁵6s6p are reported. Wherever possible our constants are compared with those given by others.     

Applications of the two-photon doppler-free method: Hyperfine interactions and isotope shift measurements

The hyperfine structures are generally of the same order of magnitude as the Doppler broadening of optical transitions and so are the isotopic shifts in the case of heavy elements. When these structures are too small, one must use Doppler-free methods. Among these methods, the two-photon spectroscopy has obtained good results in highly excited levels. In our laboratory in Paris, we did measurements on neon and helium by two-photon excitation from metastable levels. The precision of the measurements is of the order of one MHz, which permits a precise comparison with theory. We compare the measurements on neon with the theory by Liberman and we obtain a good fit in the first approximation, but must introduce mixing of wave functions for an exact explanation. In the case of helium, we obtain a good fit with the theoretical values obtained from the wave functions by Accad, Pekeris and Schiff. We also give an example where another technique by polarization measurements permits us to obtain experimentally a hyperfine structuresmaller than the natural width. We also present a short review of the measurements done by the two-photon method in other laboratories on other elements, Pb, Tl, In and alkaline earths Ca, Sr. Ba.     

Theory of multiple-pass two-photon Doppler-free spectroscopy

Electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of CO on Ru (001) leads to emission of CO⁺ and O⁺ ions from the same adsorption states. Following earlier work on this system, a correlated study of its ESD behaviour together with LEED, Δϕ, and TPD measurments has been carried out. The filling of the two states found earlier can be seen in ESD also. The dividing line between the high and low energy states is different in room temperature adsorption on the one hand, and desorption or equilibrium measurements at elevated temperatures on the other, which is explained by incomplete attainment of equilibrium in the layer under the first condition. The behaviour of the ESD ion currents with coverage showstthat part of the molecules occupying high energy sites in the ordered layer of intermediate coverage are shifted to less favourable sites at higher coverage, so that the full layer consists of a mixture of states due to the occupation of different sites in the compressed layer, possibly accompanied by lateral interactions. ESD also suggests that the high energy sites are the on-top sites rather than the threefold sites.     

Pulsed Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules

Doppler-free two-photon electronic spectra of a large polyatomic molecule are recorded for the first time with pulsed laser radiation of near Fourier-transform limited bandwidth (Δv～100 MHz). The resolution obtained is sufficient to resolve individual rotational lines. Due to the high density of these rotational transitions a strong Doppler-broadened background is observed, which is, however, subtantially reduced by suitable choice of photon polarizations. Different vibronic bands of benzene (C₆H₆) are investigated and very accurate rotational constants are found.     

Self-broadening and shift of Doppler-free two-photon lines of Rb

The self-broadening and shift rates of 14 two-photon lines of the $\text{5}{}^2\text{S}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{?n}{}^2\text{D}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>,</mtext><mtext>5</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ series and 8 lines of the $\text{5}{}^2\text{S}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{?n}{}^2\text{S}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ series of Rb were measured using thermionic detector and the technique of Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy. The dependence of the broadening and shift of the lines on the principal quantum number is discussed and compared with experimental data for the Rb principal series lines and recent theoretical estimates.     

Hyperfine structure and isotope shift of the neutron-rich barium isotopes139–146Ba and148Ba

The hyperfme structure and isotope shift in the 6s ² S _1/2?6p ²P_3/2 line of Ba II (455.4 nm) have been measured by collinear fast-beam laser spectroscopy for the neutron-rich isotopes^139–146Ba and¹⁴⁸Ba. Nuclear moments and mean square charge radii of these isotopes have been recalculated. The isotope shift of the isotope¹⁴⁸Ba (T_1/2=0.64 s) could be studied for the first time, yieldingδ〈r²〉^138,148=1.245(3) fm².     

Hyperfine splitting and isotope shift in the optical transition of Eu isotopes and electromagnetic moments of Eu

The laser-induced resonance fluorescence in an atomic beam was used in order to measure the hyperfine splitting of the 4f ⁷ 6s ² and 4f^{7 6s6p} levels in ^151,153,155Eu isotopes. The hfs constants A and B of the unstable ¹⁵⁵Eu were determined for the first time: MHz, MHz and MHz. With these data and after corrections for second-order hyperfine structure perturbations the nuclear moments of ¹⁵⁵Eu were deduced: n.m. and b. In addition new and more precise values of the hfs constants of the excited state for the stable ^151,153Eu were obtained. They are as follows: MHz, MHz and MHz, MHz. The hyperfine anomalies % and % were extracted from the corrected hfs constants. Received 28 July 1999 and Received in final form 14 January 2000     

Hyperfine structure of CW dye laser populated high lying levels of 45Sc by atomic-beam magnetic-resonance

Using a cw dye laser the 3d²4s⁴F_{$\text{5}\text{2}$, $\text{7}\text{2}$} metastable levels of ⁴⁵Sc were populated by optical pumping. The second order corrected hyperfine constants are: $\text{A(}\text{5}\text{2}\text{) = 154.035 (2) MHHz}$, $\text{B(}\text{5}\text{2}\text{) = -6.45(4) MHz}$, $\text{A(}\text{7}\text{2}\text{) = 250.012(2) MHz}$, $\text{(}\text{7}\text{2}\text{) = -9.07(4) MHz}$.     

Measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the 9 S1/2 level in Cesium by Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy

The hyperfine splitting for the ¹³³Cs isotope for the 6s ²S_1/2 → 9s ²S_1/2 transition has been measured using Doppler-free two-photon fluorescence spectroscopy in a gas cell for the first time to our knowledge. The hyperfine splitting between the two components was measured to be 8754 (1) MHz and the magnetic dipole coupling constant (A) for the excited 9s ²S_1/2 level was determined to be 109.7 (3) MHz for the ¹³³Cs isotope. The measured values are in good agreement with the earlier reported results.     

Collisional broadening and shift of Doppler-free two-photon thallium lines perturbed by rare-gas atoms

The extended Omont-Ueda-Kaulakys treatment of collisional effects on quasi-Rydberg states, in which the perturbation of the lower state is taken into account is applied to thallium-rare gas systems. The pressure broadening and shift coefficients of two-photon transitions in thallium involving the 6P_1/2 -n P_1/2,3/2 (n = 9-14) states are calculated and compared with experimental data obtained by Hermann et al. [Eur. Phys. J. D 1, 129 (1998)].     

Rubidium isotope shifts and hyperfine structure by two-photon spectroscopy with a multi-mode laser

The technique of two-photon laser spectroscopy without Doppler broadening is applied to atomic rubidium vapor. The hyperfine splitting and isotope shifts of several highly excited states are measured. We demonstrate the suitability of a tunable laser source oscillating simultaneously in many longitudinal modes for two-photon spectroscopy.     

Hyperfine splitting,isotope shift,and level energy of the 3S states of (6,7)Li

We study the 2S-3S transition of (6,7)Li by high-precision laser spectroscopy using two-photon Doppler-free excitation and photoionization detection. Interferometric cross referencing to metrologic Rb 3S-5D two-photon transitions allowed measurement of the transition isotope shift and hyperfine splitting in the 3S state with precision at the 30 kHz level. The results are IS=11 453.734(30) MHz, A(3S)(6Li)=35.263(15) MHz, and A(3S)(7Li)=93.106(11) MHz. Combined with recent theoretical work, the isotope shift yields a new value for the change in squared nuclear charge radii DeltaR(2)=0.47(5) fm(2). This is compared with other work and some existing discrepancies are resolved.     

Hyperfine structure and isotope shift of highly excited barium-I states

High-resolution laser-spectroscopy measurements of hyperfine structure and isotope shifts were performed for the 6snd ¹ D ₂ sequence of Ba-I in the regionn=12–24. Stepwise laser excitations of a collimated atomic beam were used. A strong influence on the hyperfine structure is observed at the perturbation atn=14, caused by interaction with the 5d7d configuration. Whereas the isotope shift for the even isotopes stays essentially constant with increasingn, the odd isotopes exhibit a strong change, indicating hyperfine-induced shifts.     

Measurement of isotope shift and hyperfine splitting of190, 191, 193, 197Pb isotopes by collinear laser spectroscopy

We report here on the measurement of isotope shift and hyperfine splitting of^{190, 191, 193, 197}Pb for the 723 nm atomic optical transition. Detailed analysis of the optical data has been done by combining them with the available muonic and electronicx-ray isotope shift data. The magnetic dipole moments and the electric quadrupole moments of the odd isotopes have been extracted from the hyperfine coupling constants of the atomic states involved in the optical transition used.     

Hollow cathode fall field strength measured by Doppler-free two-photon optogalvanic spectroscopy via Stark splitting of the 2S level of hydrogen

It has recently been demonstrated that Doppler-free two-photon optogalvanic spectroscopy is very well suited to measure the strong electric field strength (0.4 kV/cm to 4 kV/cm) present in the cathode fall of hollow cathode discharges, via the Stark splitting of the 2S level of atomic hydrogen and its isotopes. Based on an improved reliability and precision of the measurements, the aim of the present study is to analyze more deeply the dependence of the cathode fall behaviour for a hydrogen discharge on the usual discharge parameters like gas pressure and discharge current; and for changes of the discharge geometry using two different cathode diameters of 10 mm and 15 mm.     

Hyperfine structure and isotope shift study in singly ionized lead

Hyperfine structure and isotope shifts in five optical transitions: 424.5 nm ( – ), 537.2 nm ( – ), 554.5 nm ( – ), 560.9 nm ( – ) and 666.0 nm ( – ) of Pb  II have been measured. As a light source the discharge tube was used. The hyperfine structure measurements were performed using metallic isotope ²⁰⁷Pb. For isotope shifts measurements natural lead was used. The high resolution spectral apparatus consisted of a silver coated Fabry-Perot etalon and a grating spectrograph combined with a CCD camera used as a detector. In the analysis of the spectra a computer simulation technique was used. The hyperfine structure observations yielded the splitting constants A for seven levels of Pb II. The isotope shift studies enabled to separate the mass and the field shifts and to determine values of changes of the mean square nuclear charge radii.     

Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy of the 2ν3 band of SF6

High-resolution spectroscopy of the 2ν₃ band of SF₆ is reported by means of Doppler-free two-photon transitions. Parts of spectra are measured with accuracy of 10⁻⁹. This technique applied to SF₆ should lead to an assignment of the spectra involved.     

Zeeman effect of atomic uranium in the high lying odd levels measured by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy

We measured Zeeman effect of atomic uranium spectra using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, and derived the J-value and g-factor of the second step levels. J-values and g-factors of high lying odd levels could be obtained. These data, especially the g-factors, have almost been unknown so far. We could verify our method which can be useful to measure J-values and g-factors of high lying levels of complex atoms like uranium. Received 27 July 1999 and Received in final form 30 November 1999     

Hyperfine structure and isotope shift of high-lying metastable states of rhenium

Fourteen transitions in ReI, starting from high-lying metastable states belonging to the configurations (5d+6s)⁷, have been studied by laser-induced fluorescence in a collimated atomic beam, and accurate values for the isotope shifts in these transitions as well as for the hyperfine structure constants of 13 metastable and 9 excited states have been obtained. In addition, high precision measurements of the hyperfine structure of the states 5d ⁵ 6s ^{2 4} D _7/2 and 5d ⁶ 6s ⁶ D _{1/2, 3/2, 5/2, 9/2} have been performed using the atomic beam magnetic resonance technique coupled with laser-induced state-selective detection of metastable atoms. The analysis of the hyperfine structure data yields experimental evidence for far configuration mixing effects on the off-diagonal spin-dipole matrix elements. The phenomenological interpretation of the isotope shifts shows the significance of off-diagonal field-shift effects.