胶束增敏分光光度法水相测定乳制品中三聚氰胺

建立了一种基于胶束增敏缔合反应水相测定乳制品中三聚氰胺的分光光度法,研究了在阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)形成的胶束体系中,茜素红(AR)阴离子与三聚氰胺阳离子反应产物的紫外-可见光谱特性。实验发现,加入三聚氰胺后,体系λmax由426nm红移到516nm,加入SDS对缔合物有显著的增稳、增敏效应。三聚氰胺质量浓度在1.9～25mg/L范围内符合比尔定律,缔合物的表观摩尔吸光系数为6.9×103L.mol-1.cm-1。本方法用于液态奶及奶粉中三聚氰胺的测定,回收率分别为94.5%～104.8%和95.5%～100.4%,相对标准偏差分别为1.6%～2.2%和1.7%～2.6%。考察了酸效应、胶束对体系的作用机理,发现三聚氰胺与AR缔合物之间主要是通过静电引力和疏水作用力相结合。     

胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法测定三聚氰胺

研究胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法测定三聚氰胺的可行性,结果表明,与区带毛细管电泳相比,胶束在线扫集毛细管电泳法富集倍数提高约60倍。缓冲体系为140 mmol/L SDS+20 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH 2.20)+10%(体积分数)甲醇,分离电压-18 kV,进样时间30 s,测量波长214 nm。考察了SDS浓度、pH、进样时间、运行电压等因素对分离测定的影响情况。在优化条件下,三聚氰胺在9 min时出峰,峰面积RSD≤3.7%。方法检出限、线性范围、相关系数分别为:0.13μg/mL、0.50~32.0μg/mL、0.9997。方法可用于奶粉中三聚氰胺的分离测定。     

高效毛细管电泳胶束溶剂堆积法检测鸡蛋中磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶和磺胺对甲氧嘧啶的药物残留

采用胶束溶剂堆积法(MSS)在线富集模式,建立了高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)检测鸡蛋中3种磺胺类药物(磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺二甲氧嘧啶和磺胺对甲氧嘧啶)残留的检测方法。讨论了MSS法的技术要点和方法路线的改进效果,并提供了一个性能稳定的连续多层离子聚合物(SMIL)涂层的制备方法。采用40 mmol/L三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)-30 mmol/L乙酸-50%甲醇作为背景缓冲液,20 mmol/L Tris-15 mmol/L乙酸作为样品与胶束溶液的基质,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)胶束溶液用于样品区带扫集。在优化后条件下,线性相关系数r~2=0.999,LOD均为约1.0 ng/mL。     

新型聚合物胶束电动色谱法分离5种植物激素

随着植物激素的滥用及使用不当导致的食品安全问题逐渐增多,加强食品中植物激素的痕量检测显得日益重要。本研究制备了具有两亲性的聚(甲基丙烯酸苄基酯-甲基丙烯酸)胶束,成功地将5种植物激素分离,建立了一种植物激素痕量检测的聚合物胶束毛细管电动色谱方法,本方法高效、快速、重现性好。经过优化,得到了最佳色谱条件:2 g/L聚合物胶束,50 mmol/L Na OH-H3BO3缓冲液(p H 9.2);运行电压15 k V。采用此方法分析实际样生根粉溶液,成功检测到萘乙酸。     

场放大进样-毛细管区带电泳法高灵敏检测三聚氰胺

建立了基于水塞联用场放大进样(FESI)的区带毛细管电泳(CZE)检测多种样品中三聚氰胺的分析方法。水塞组成为40%乙腈和60%水,水塞进入时间200 s,进水压力3 kPa。以120 mmol/L NaH2PO4缓冲液(pH 2.2)-10%甲醇为运行缓冲溶液,以0.10 mmol/L NaH2PO4(pH 2.2)-20%乙腈为样品基体溶液,进样电压20 kV,进样时间80 s,分离电压20 kV。在优化实验条件下,与普通的CZE法比较,三聚氰胺的紫外检测灵敏度提高了800倍,检出限(S/N=3)由2.0 mg/L降至2.5μg/L,线性范围为10～1 000μg/L。将该方法用于多种样品中三聚氰胺残留的检测,回收率为98%～106%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=4)均不高于5.1%。该方法克服了紫外检测灵敏度低的缺陷,具有检测灵敏、简便易行、预处理简单、干扰少、经济环保和适用范围广等优点。     

喷射式电化学发光流动检测技术快速测定奶粉及液态奶中三聚氰胺

采用喷射式电化学发光流动检测技术建立了奶粉和液态奶中三聚氰胺检测的新方法。在优化条件下,三聚氰胺浓度的负对数在1.0×10-9～1.0×10-3g/L范围内与其电化学发光强度呈良好的线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为1.0×10-9g/L。不同加标量的阴性样品加标回收率为92.2%～114.2%,相对标准偏差为0.46%～1.2%。该方法具有检测灵敏、操作简单、样品用量少等优点,有望用于三聚氰胺的现场快速检测。     

亲水作用色谱-串联质谱法测定化妆品中三聚氰胺残留量

建立了化妆品中三聚氰胺的亲水作用色谱-质谱联用（HILIC-MS/MS）检测方法。样品经三氯乙酸溶液提取（脂溶性样品再经正己烷萃取)后,用混合型阳离子交换(MCX)反相固相萃取柱富集净化,用5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)和乙腈作为流动相,以梯度洗脱方式在ZIC-HILIC色谱柱上实现分离,以电喷雾离子源正离子(ESI+)模式进行质谱分析。三聚氰胺在0.02～0.5 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数为0.9985;方法的检出限(LOD,信噪比(S/N)≥3)为5.0 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ,S/N＞10)为20.0 μg/kg;在0.01～0.1 mg/kg添加浓度范围内,三聚氰胺的平均回收率为84.7%～93.4%,相对标准偏差为4.5%～8.4%。该方法能满足化妆品中三聚氰胺残留量的检测。     

三聚氰胺分子印迹表面等离子体共振传感器的制备及分析应用

以合成的烯丙基-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)三酮为功能单体,三聚氰胺为模板分子,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,在表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感芯片上合成了分子印迹聚合物薄膜。根据印迹聚合物的朗格缪尔方程式,计算得到三聚氰胺和分子印迹聚合物之间的结合常数为1.40×10~8L/mol。此传感器显示出对模板分子三聚氰胺的高选择性,在p H=7.5的条件下,此传感器对三聚氰胺的响应最佳,线性范围为0.1-10.0 nmol/L(R=0.9991)。将此传感器用于牛奶和奶粉中三聚氰胺的检测,检出限分别为62.6 pmol/L和56.4 pmol/L(S/N=3),回收率分别为91.5%和92.0%。     

应用亲水作用色谱检测鸡蛋和肉中三聚氰胺及三聚氰酸二酰胺

应用亲水作用色谱(HILIC)对从市场上购买的鸡蛋和肉中的三聚氰胺及三聚氰胺降解产物三聚氰酸二酰胺进行了检测。采用的色谱柱为ZIC-HILIC柱,流动相为3 mmol/L磷酸二氢铵溶液(pH 6.9)-乙腈(20:80, v/v),流速为0.8 mL/min,检测波长为220 nm。在该体系下,三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸二酰胺的保留时间适中,与样品中的内源性物质有良好的分离。样品经0.1%磷酸提取,偏磷酸及乙腈沉淀蛋白质和糖类物质,以及P-SCX固相萃取柱净化。三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸二酰胺在0.4～40 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,样品定量限(按信噪比(S/N)不小于10计)为2 mg/kg,在2～10 mg/kg添加水平下的平均回收率为80%～105%,相对标准偏差小于10%。该方法具有良好的分离选择性,可用于鸡蛋和肉中三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸二酰胺的同时检测。     

LC-ESI MS/MS测定蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺的迁移量

建立了液相色谱串联电喷雾正离子源质谱(LC-ESI MS/MS)检测蜜胺餐具中三聚氰胺迁移量的方法.采用强阳离子交换柱,流动相为乙腈-10 mmol/L乙酸铵/乙酸缓冲溶液(pH 4.0)(40:60,体积比),以多反应离子监测对三聚氰胺做定性定量分析.在水、3%乙酸、10%乙醇模拟物中,三聚氰胺在3.00～130.0...     

On-line preconcentration of weak electrolytes by electrokinetic accumulation in CE: experiment and simulation

A new on-line preconcentration technique was developed that makes possible to determine nanomolar concentrations of weak acidic analytes in CE. The method consists of long-running electrokinetic sample injection and stacking (electrokinetic immobilization) of the analytes at a boundary of two electrolytes with different pH values (pH 9.5 and 2.5) and consequent mobilization of the stacked uncharged analytes in a micellar system (containing SDS micelles). Several factors including buffer concentration, pH, applied voltage, time of preconcentration, and SDS concentration were tested to optimize the analysis method. An about 4600-fold increase of the sample concentration (in comparison with the standard CZE) can be achieved during the preconcentration step. Two preservatives applied in food industry -- benzoic acid and sorbic acid were used as model samples. The applicability of the proposed method in food analysis was demonstrated by determination of nanomolar concentrations of benzoic acid in sunflower oil. An extended version of the computer program Simul was used for modeling both the preconcentration and mobilization processes taking place in the capillary.     

Cyclodextrin‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the preconcentration of carbamazepine and clobazam with subsequent sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography

A new version of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, namely, cyclodextrin‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, with subsequent sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography has been developed for the preconcentration and sensitive detection of carbamazepine and clobazam. α‐Cyclodextrin and chloroform were used as the dispersive agent and extraction solvent, respectively. After the extraction, carbamazepine and clobazam were analyzed using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The detection sensitivity was further enhanced using the sweeping technique. Under optimal extraction and stacking conditions, the calibration curves of carbamazepine and clobazam were linear over a concentration range of 2.0–200.0 ng/mL. The method detection limits at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 were 0.6 and 0.5 ng/mL with sensitivity enhancement factors of 3575 and 4675 for carbamazepine and clobazam, respectively. This developed method demonstrated high sensitivity enhancement factors and was successfully applied to the determination of carbamazepine and clobazam in human urine samples. The precision and accuracy for urine samples were less than 4.2 and 6.9%, respectively.     

Application of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for quantitative analysis of quercetin in plant materials

A simple method for the routine determination of quercetin in biological samples was developed. The method consists of hydrolysis of bonded quercetin, its isolation and preconcentration on solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and a final analytical step using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. The working range, linear range, the limit of quantification, and the measurement uncertainty were tested in validation. The method is suitable for quercetin determination in fruit and vegetable samples.     

阴离子耗尽进样胶束扫集毛细管电动色谱法在线富集测定甘草黄酮类化合物

建立了一个毛细管胶束电动色谱(MEKC)在线富集阴离子耗尽进样(ASEI)联用扫集(sweeping)技术测定3种甘草黄酮化合物(异甘草素、甘草素和甘草苷)的方法。考察了MEKC的分离条件和富集体系的优化条件,其中样品基质、水塞进入时间、进样时间对目标化合物的富集效果有较大的影响。在优化实验条件下,异甘草素、甘草素和甘草苷的富集倍数分别提高了110、120、300倍,检出限分别为0.015、0.014、0.011mg/L。该方法用于中药制剂中甘草素、异甘草素和甘草苷含量的测定,回收率在90.6%～107%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于4.5%(n=3)。实验证明,该方法可成功地应用于实际样品中甘草素、异甘草素和甘草苷含量的测定     

Dual cloud point extraction coupled with hydrodynamic-electrokinetic two-step injection followed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous determination of trace phenolic estrogens in water samples

A dual cloud point extraction (dCPE) off-line enrichment procedure coupled with a hydrodynamic–electrokinetic two-step injection online enrichment technique was successfully developed for simultaneous preconcentration of trace phenolic estrogens (hexestrol, dienestrol, and diethylstilbestrol) in water samples followed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) analysis. Several parameters affecting the extraction and online injection conditions were optimized. Under optimal dCPE–two-step injection–MEKC conditions, detection limits of 7.9–8.9 ng/mL and good linearity in the range from 0.05 to 5 μg/mL with correlation coefficients R ²?≥?0.9990 were achieved. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 83 to 108 % were obtained with lake and tap water spiked at 0.1 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively, with relative standard deviations (n?=?6) of 1.3–3.1 %. This method was demonstrated to be convenient, rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally benign, and could be used as an alternative to existing methods for analyzing trace residues of phenolic estrogens in water samples.

准静态扫集胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定扇贝样品中的贝类毒素

采用准静态扫集胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)法测定了扇贝样品中的2种贝类毒素。毛细管内首先充满含十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的缓冲溶液,调节缓冲溶液的pH值,使电渗流等于SDS胶束的电泳流速,电动进样时,带正电荷的贝类毒素离子被SDS扫集吸附,由于SDS在毛细管内处于准静止状态,可使进样时间延长至320 s。与常规电动进样MEKC相比,石房蛤毒素和软骨藻酸的检测灵敏度分别提高950和810倍。该方法对石房蛤毒素和软骨藻酸的检出限分别为0.05,0.12 ng/m L。方法可实现对扇贝样品中2种贝类毒素的快速、灵敏检测。     

Micelle to solvent stacking of organic cations in capillary zone electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The direction of the effective electrophoretic mobility of small organic cations in micellar electrokinetic chromatography using sodium dodecyl sulphate in a low-pH electrolyte can be reversed in the presence of organic solvent. This effective electrophoretic mobility change is presented here as a new dimension for on-line sample preconcentration of cations in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using a background solution (BGS) modified by an organic solvent. The sample is prepared in a micellar solution without organic solvent. The focusing effect relies on the reversal in the effective electrophoretic mobility at the boundary zone between the micellar matrix and the BGS modified with organic solvent. This on-line sample preconcentration technique, called micelle to solvent stacking (MSS) afforded more than an order of magnitude improvement in concentration sensitivity compared to typical CZE-UV or CZE-electrospray ionization (ESI) MS analysis. The calculated limit of detection (S/N = 3) for pindolol and metoprolol analysed by MSS-CZE-ESI-MS was found to be 0.03 and 0.01 μg/mL, respectively.     

Electrochromatographic solid-phase extraction for determination of cimetidine in serum by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.

A highly effective electrochromatographic solid-phase extraction and preconcentration method is reported for the determination of cimetidine in serum in the concentration range 0.233-11.4 micrograms/ml. Preconcentrated samples were determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography while ranitidine was used as an internal standard. Sample preparation included retention of the analyte on a C18 solid-phase cartridge, followed by elution assisted by an applied voltage of 150 V. From 0.5-ml serum samples, 20-50-microliters aliquots were collected for electrophoretic analysis. Within the studied concentration range, the method was linear and provided adequate precision.     

On-Column Preconcentration of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in River Water by Anion-Selective Exhaustive Injection-Sweeping-MEKC

A high-sensitivity on-column preconcentration method, anion selective exhaustive injection (ASEI)-sweeping in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) has been developed for the analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen in water samples. To achieve the best results of the ASEI-sweeping-MEKC method, conditions which affected preconcentration were examined, including the sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration, composition of the sample matrix, composition and injection length of the water plug, the concentration and the injection length of the high-conductivity buffer, and finally the sample injection time. Under the optimum stacking conditions the method was validated for the determination of the studied NSAIDs in river water samples with limits of detection ranging between 29 and 58 ng mL^?1, and without any previous sample pretreatment.     

Comparative study of separation and determination of triazines by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis: application to residue analysis in natural waters

The separation and determination of a mixture of chloro- and methylthiotriazines in water samples by both micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) and nonaqueous capillary zone electrophoresis (NA-CZE) were compared. The characteristics of both methods proved to be very similar in terms of separation efficiency and analysis times, but application of these methods for the analysis of triazines in natural waters, with a prior preconcentration step, revealed significant differences. A preconcentration step by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges was accomplished for the determination of triazines at sub-ppb levels in drinking and river waters; when NA-CZE was used after this SPE step, electropherograms with fewer interferences and more stable baselines were obtained than when separation was carried out using MEKC. Another aspect related to the application to real samples was the lack of precision encountered upon evaluating the electrophoretic signals generated when using SPE coupled with NA-CZE. Here, we demonstrate the importance of choosing an appropriate internal standard for analyte quantification. It is recommended that a triazine belonging to the same family as that of the triazine to be determined should be used as internal standard.