Gasification of Powdered Solid Fuel in the Filtration Combustion Mode

A new procedure for gasification of powdered solid fuel in a flow of a gaseous oxidant in the course of filtration of the mixture through an inert packing was suggested and tested. This procedure allows the productive capacity of a single reactor to be increased owing to acceleration of the reactions, i.e., to an increase in the reaction surface area with a decrease in the fuel particle size. As shown in cold (without ignition) experiments, the powdered fuel was partially accumulated in the inert porous packing, which led to the pressure buildup in the reactor. In gasification experiments with ignition, the powdered fuel was not accumulated in the reactor if the temperature in the fuel feeding zone was no less than 500°С. In this case, the linear velocity of the gas increased owing to thermal expansion, and this velocity was sufficient for the coal particles fed to the reactor to be entrained by the flow.     

Gas/Solid Reactions with Acetone

Gas/solid reactions of acetone vapor with neutral organic compounds, salts, or host crystals with strict exclusion of solvents are reported. This gas/solid technique largely avoids waste formation and saves resources. Starting hydrochlorides or hydrobromides are also synthesized by gas/solid techniques. Dihydrohalides of o-phenylenediamines give 1,5-benzodiazepines 3 , aromatic and aliphatic 1,2-aminothiols (o-aminothiophenol, penicillamines, cysteine) yield five-membered thiazolines and thiazolidines 7, 9, 11, 13. Virtually all carbonyl reagents of the primary amino type 14 give quantitatively the imino derivatives 15 and water. Salt formation may be helpful for increasing melting points and sometimes reactivity as in 8, 10 , and 12 if surface passivation has to be overcome. In the case of solid 14 the free bases react equally well. Acetone ( 2 ) may be quantitatively removed from exhaust gases by using hydroxylaminium phosphate with formation of free acetone oxime at high flow rates. Inclusion of acetone into various hosts ( 17-20 , but not 16 ) is more efficient by imbibition from the gas phase than by crystallization from acetone as the solvent. This advantage may be utilized for gas separations. Some further gases (vapors) coexist in imbibed clathrates whereas others do not. The mechanisms of the gas/solid reactions are elucidated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Phase rebuildings involve anisotropic movements of molecules over large distances and the formation of characteristic features. In some cases surface hydrates catalyze the gas/solid reaction. Solid-state mechanisms for imbibition from the gas phase into host crystals with formation of clathrates are similar in nature to those of the covalent reactions. These results are correlated with known X-ray crystal structures where available.     

Gasification of Municipal Solid Wastes in Plasma Arc Medium

Many thermal processes have been developed in order to eliminate the municipal solid wastes or produce energy from them. These processes include a wide range of applications from the simplest burning system to plasma gasification. Plasma gasification is based on re-forming of molecules after all molecules convert to smaller molecules or atoms at high temperatures. In this work, the production of fuel gas is aimed by plasma gasification of municipal solid wastes in high temperatures. Because of this, a plasma reactor of the capacity of 10 kg h^?1 was designed which can gasify municipal solid wastes. Plasma gasification with and without steam and oxygen was performed in temperatures of 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 °C in the reactor. A gas mixture containing methane, ethane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and monoxide, whose content varies with temperature, was obtained. It was found that plasma gasification (or plasma pyrolysis, PG), plasma gasification with oxygen (PGO) and plasma gasification with steam (PGS) were more prone to CO formation. A gas product which was consisted of 95% CO between 1200 and 1400 °C was produced. It was observed that a gas with high energy capacity may be produced by feeding oxygen and steam into the entrance of the high temperature region of the reactor.

     

中国无烟煤焦气化活性的研究——水蒸气与二氧化碳气化活性的比较

在常压和920℃~1050℃下，采用热重方法，进行了六种中国典型无烟煤焦水蒸气与二氧化碳气化活性比较的研究。结果表明，无烟煤焦与水蒸气气化反应的活性与无烟煤的煤化程度相对应，无烟煤煤化程度越高，水蒸气气化反应活性越小。无烟煤焦与二氧化碳气化反应的活性与煤中矿物质的催化作用有密切关系，煤中矿物质的催化作用越大，二氧化碳气化反应活性越大。无烟煤焦与二氧化碳气化反应活性明显小于与水蒸气气化反应活性，后者比前者大10倍左右。初步探讨了无烟煤焦与水蒸气和二氧化碳的气化机理。     

宁东煤煤焦-CO2气化反应特性的原位研究

以典型宁东煤-梅花井烟煤和羊场湾烟煤焦为气化样品,并与典型气化用煤-神府烟煤焦对比,采用热重分析仪及高温热台-光学显微镜联用系统原位研究煤焦气化反应活性,并结合焦样理化结构特性的系统表征对其进行关联解释。结果表明,在相同气化温度下,三种煤焦的气化反应活性大小顺序为：羊场湾烟煤焦 > 梅花井烟煤焦 > 神府烟煤焦。由高温热台实验原位研究可知,随着煤焦-CO₂反应的进行,大部分煤焦颗粒反应形式以颗粒收缩进行,到达反应中后期,反应由颗粒收缩转变为缩芯形式,并通过投射面积收缩率可发现,相同反应时间下,羊场湾烟煤焦的投射面积收缩率最大,其后依次为梅花井烟煤焦和神府烟煤焦。气化反应活性的差异主要归因于不同煤焦理化性质间的差异：羊场湾烟煤焦的比表面积、炭结构无序化程度和K、Na、Ca总含量最大,其后依次为梅花井烟煤焦和神府烟煤焦。     

多组分气体吸附平衡理论研究进展*

关于多组分气体吸附平衡理论的研究之所以重要,一是因为其在分离技术中的应用前景,二是因为其尚不成熟。本文对临界温度以下多组分气体吸附平衡理论研究的进展、各种数学模型的特点及适用范围作了评述,并探讨了含超临界值组分的气体吸附平衡理论所面临的问题及其研究方向。     

解耦双回路气化系统中生物质催化水蒸气气化制富氢气体

为强化生物质气化过程中焦油转化和氢气富集,提出了一种新型解耦双回路气化系统(DDLG) 。该气化系统将气化过程解耦为燃料气化、焦油重整和半焦燃烧三个子过程,分别发生于三个独立的反应器,即气化反应器、重整反应器和燃烧反应器。其中,气化反应器和重整反应器并行布置,分别与燃烧反应器相连,形成两个平行的且可独立控制的双循环回路。以松木屑为原料及兼作为原位焦油重整催化剂的煅烧橄榄石为循环固体热载体,考察了反应条件对 DDLG 中松木屑气化性能的影响。结果表明,重整反应器从气化反应器中解耦,并辅以橄榄石催化剂,可实现焦油高效转化脱除。如气化反应器700℃、重整反应器 850℃和水蒸气与原料中碳的质量比(S/C) 1.2 反应条件下,产品气中焦油含量降低至13.9g /m~3,气体产率和H_2分别达到1.0m~3 /kg,和38.8%。     

Mechanochemistry of Gaseous Reactants

In recent years, the application of mechanical energy to chemical systems has repeatedly proven beneficial to facilitate chemical transformations in various areas in chemistry. Today, a systematic body of evidence indicates that mechanochemistry holds great promise to become a game‐changer in chemical synthesis. Not only does mechanochemistry permit access to products that are inaccessible by established means (e.g. purely thermal activation), mechanochemical reactions often outperform their solution‐based counterparts in terms of sustainability. Most mechanochemical reactions carried out by ball milling techniques involve transformations of solids and liquids, but the number of mechanochemical reactions with gaseous reactants is increasing. The aim of this Minireview is to provide an overview of recent chemical reactions involving gaseous samples by ball milling techniques and to highlight advances in ball milling technology for the safe handling of gaseous reagents. Examples of reactions proceeding at the interface of solid–/liquid–/gas–gas systems that led to significant improvements in reactivity or selectivity will also be highlighted.     

液相分散程度对气/液/固多相体系腐蚀行为的影响

本文提出用三相线界面区参数描述液相分散程度,研究了三相线界面区阴极过程特征,建立三相线界面区阴极过程模型.并探讨了液相覆盖区阴极极限电流和三相线区状态的相关性,证实了模型计算与实验数据一致性.进而用三相线界面区阴极过程模型分析液相分散程度对大气以及砂土体系腐蚀行为的影响.     

全氟甲基乙烯基醚和其它含氟单体乳液共聚合的竞聚率测定

分别通过气相色谱法测定了全氟甲基乙烯基醚 (PMVE)与偏氟乙烯 (VDF)以及PMVE与四氟乙烯(TFE)二元乳液共聚反应中的气相单体组成和共聚物组成 ,然后用非线性回归法 (RREVM )计算得TFE PMVE及VDF PMVE乳液共聚合反应的表观竞聚率分别为γTFE =3 89和γPMVE =0 0 5以及γVDF =1 0 6和γPMVE =0 11.结合已经测定的TFE VDF二元乳液共聚的表观竞聚率 ,计算了由VDF TFE PMVE三元乳液共聚合反应合成的共聚物组成 ,后者与由1 9F NMR实测的共聚物组成吻合     

负载碳酸钠煤焦催化气化反应特性研究

基于热重分析仪开展负载碳酸钠神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤煤焦气化实验,并借助扫描电子显微镜和孔结构及比表面积分析仪表征焦样孔结构及表观结构变化,考察了反应温度(650-800℃)、气化剂(水蒸气、二氧化碳)及碳酸钠负载量(钠离子负载量2.2%、4.4%、6.6%,质量分数)对神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤焦样气化反应活性的影响。结果表明,碳酸钠有利于促进神府/遵义煤热解过程孔隙结构的发展。在二氧化碳气氛下,适宜催化剂负载量使神府烟煤反应活性提高,过多负载催化剂堵塞煤焦内部孔隙结构,使得气化反应活性降低,遵义无烟煤反应活性随负载量增加而提高,两者反应活性均随温度升高而提高。在水蒸气气氛下,神府烟煤/遵义无烟煤在一定条件下反应活性随催化剂负载量增大、温度升高而提高。碳酸钠的添加能够在保证气化反应性的前提下降低气化反应温度和活化能。     

Kinetic models comparison for steam gasification of different nature fuel chars

The reactivity in steam of five different types of solid fuels (two coals, two types of biomass and a petcoke) has been studied. The fuel chars were obtained by pyrolysis in a fixed-bed reactor at a temperature of 1373 K for 30 min. The gasification tests were carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) at different temperatures and steam concentrations. The reactivity study was conducted in the kinetically controlled regime and three representative gas-solid models, volumetric model (VM), grain model (GM) and random pore model (RPM), were applied in order to describe the reactive behaviour of the chars during steam gasification. The kinetic parameters of these models were derived and the ability of the models to predict conversion and char reactivity during gasification was assessed. The best model for describing the behaviour of the samples was the RPM. The effect of the partial pressure of steam in gasification was studied, and the reaction order with respect to steam was determined. The reactivity of the chars was compared by means of a reactivity index. Biomass exhibited a higher reactivity than coals and petcoke. However, significant differences in reactivity were observed between the two types of biomass used, which could be due to catalytic effects.     

Hydrogen bonding in 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol within the polarizable continuum model

Intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding of 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol in a series of solvents and in solid phase has been investigated by means of mid-IR spectroscopy and DFT reaction field calculations. The polarizable continuum model has been used to estimate the relative stability of isomers differing in the positions of the hydroxyl groups. The height of the potential barriers between them was also calculated and the corresponding transition states characterized. In hydrogen bond nonaccepting solvents, the isomer preference does not change relative to the gas phase, although the less stable isomers are more probable in solvents of higher relative permittivity. In hydrogen bond forming solvents, the least stable isomer is most probably prevalent due to the additional stabilization through intermolecular hydrogen bonds with solvent molecules. A detailed vibrational analysis revealed the spectral regions specific to the OH vibrations with the observed solvent effects concerning the redistribution of vibrational intensities rather than wavenumber shifts.     

新型色谱固定相炭化树脂色谱分离性能的研究

高分子树脂裂解后的余炭骨架,即炭化树脂,具有较优良的色谱分离性能和分离特点.考查了炭化树脂作为色谱固定相的物理特性、吸附特性和表面稳定性.     

高温下渣熔融对煤焦-CO2气化反应特性的影响

在STA449F3型热天平上采用等温热重法研究了加入不同比例粗渣的煤焦在反应温度900～1380 ℃的气化反应性。利用热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC)对煤焦的热行为进行分析,主要考察了加入不同比例粗渣、反应温度对煤焦反应性的影响。结果表明,煤焦-CO₂反应过程中,气化反应性和碳转化率可根据煤灰熔融流动温度分为相对低温段和高温段。在低温段,加入粗渣增加了煤焦的气化反应性和碳转化率;在高温段,加入粗渣会减小煤焦的碳转化率,并当粗渣加入量超过一定比例时,会降低煤焦的气化反应性。气化初期反应速率可根据粗渣熔融流动温度分为低温区域的化学反应控制和高温区域的扩散控制。     

褐煤催化加氢气化实验研究

在加压固定床反应器中研究了碱金属K对褐煤加氢气化的催化作用,考察了温度、压力和催化剂添加量对褐煤加氢气化反应性能的影响。结果表明,碱金属K对褐煤加氢气化具有良好的催化效果,气化反应的碳转化率约为95%,产品气中甲烷的质量分数可达89%;升高温度、提高压力和增加催化剂添加量均能明显提高气化反应性能,催化剂的饱和添加量约为15%。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和气体吸附/脱附分析,对不同催化剂添加量煤样的表面形态和孔结构进行分析,发现比表面积和孔容积随K添加量的增加先减少后增大。     

Decontamination of VX, GD, and HD on a surface using modified vaporized hydrogen peroxide

Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) has proven efficacy for biological decontamination and is a common gaseous sterilant widely used by industry. Regarding chemical warfare agent decontamination, VHP is also effective against HD and VX, but not GD. Simple addition of ammonia gas to VHP affords reactivity toward GD, while maintaining efficacy for HD (and bioagents) and further enhancing efficacy for VX. Thus, modified VHP is a broad-spectrum CB decontaminant suitable for fumigant-type decontamination scenarios, i.e., building, aircraft, and vehicle interiors and sensitive equipment. Finally, as an interesting aside to the current study, commercial ammonia-containing cleaners are also shown to be effective surface decontaminants for GD, but not for VX or HD.     

煤中负载氢氧化钙对催化气化和甲烷化反应的影响

以不连沟次烟煤为研究对象,在加压固定床中研究Ca(OH)_2对煤气化及负载Ca(OH)_2煤热解半焦的甲烷化反应活性。结果表明,煤中添加Ca(OH)_2能够明显促进气化反应的进行和甲烷的生成,随着气化温度的升高和负载量的增加,碳转化率增加,但负载量存在饱和点。不同的催化剂负载方式对Ca的分散有一定的影响,进而影响其催化性能。含有Ca的半焦能够明显促进甲烷化的进行,出口气甲烷含量随甲烷化温度和催化剂负载量的升高而增强。采用红外光谱分析揭示了煤负载Ca(OH)_2的离子交换机理和扩散过程,这一过程影响煤气化反应性能。     

A simple method for the trace determination of methanol, ethanol, acetone and pentane in human breath and in the ambient air by preconcentration on solid sorbents followed by gas chromatography

A simple technique has been developed for preconcentration of gaseous trace organic compounds on solid sorbents, followed by gas chromatography. The sorbent is packed in a cartridge from a syringe needle placed in the gas chromatographic injector and the analytes previously adsorbed are thermally desorbed at the injector temperature and then directly swept by the carrier gas into the column. The system has been tested for a charcoal-based adsorbent and silica gel, with pentane, methanol, ethanol and acetone as the model analytes. The procedure is rapid, the detection limits vary from a few nmol l(-1) to values below 0.1 nmol l(-1) (i.e., a few ppb), the linear dynamic range amounts to at least five concentration decades and a typical relative standard deviation is 10% at the nmol l(-1) concentrations. It has been shown that the method is readily applicable to determination of instantaneous concentrations of the analytes in natural and industrial atmosphere and to their monitoring in human breath which is important for medical and hygienic practice. In general, the procedure is applicable to low-molecular volatile organic compounds.