大学化学实验教学探索

从培养高素质化学创新型人才出发,对当今大学化学实验教学的课程体系设置、实验内容选择及教学方法手段等方面进行了分析和探讨,并据此提出大学化学实验教学改革应该朝着综合化、发展化、生活化以及绿色化的方向进行。     

基于交叉优势特色学科的大学化学创新实验教学体系构建与实践*

以大学化学与农林优势学科交叉融合为教学改革任务,构建“基础+模块”的大学化学实验创新教学体系,分别开展“项目式”教学、“科教融合”教学、“产学研”教学、“混合式”教学、“虚实结合”教学等五位一体的实验教学实践,并建立化学创新实验课程评价新体系。本化学创新实验教学体系改革明显提高了学生的实践动手能力与综合素质,为深入开展化学基础学科与农林优势学科交叉融合教学奠定一定基础。     

大学化学实验教学改革的基本问题和措施初探

对过去10多年我国高等学校化学及相关专业的化学实验教学改革的主要工作和重要成果进行了总结,对当前依然存在的一些主要困难和问题及其原因进行了分析,并就我国今后大学化学实验教学改革和实验教学建设的重点和措施达成的一些共识进行了介绍。     

改革测评方法提高大学化学实验教学质量

针对大学化学实验教学的现状、存在的主要问题,通过改革测量评价方法,提高化学实验教学水平和教学质量。     

研究型大学本科化学实验教学体系改革与创新

结合研究型大学创新化学实验教学体系的实践,从阐述实验教学的创新理念出发,介绍构建三平台化学实验教学课程体系、更新教学内容、加强科研与实验教学相互促进、改进教学方法和教学手段的创新特色,展示了改革取得的成果。     

线上线下混合式实验教学模式的改革与探索

大学化学实验课程是培养材料、化学、化工等专业人才应用基本操作和理论解决实际问题的综合性实践训练环节。文章探讨了当前大学化学实验发展由于受到仪器设备大型化、专业化、成本大、更新快等因素限制出现瓶颈,设计了线上线下混合实验教学模式,进行相应的软硬件建设,并开展线上线下混合式实验教学模式的改革与探索。该教学模式具有良好的教学效果,并且可复制可推广,为创新人才的培养和实验教学的创新提供了有益的借鉴。     

大学化学实验教学中构建绿色化学思维的探索与实践

依据绿色化学的基本原理,分析了在大学化学实验教学中构建绿色化学思维的重要性与必要性。结合多年的教学实践,从实验教学理念、教学内容和教学管理三方面,探研了在大学化学实验教学过程中构建绿色化学思维的途径;并从实验教学内容绿色化的角度,重点探讨了如何在大学化学实验教学过程中构建绿色化学思维。     

大学化学实验课程体系的改革与实践

结合扬州大学实验教学改革的现状,阐述了“三层次、多模块”的大学化学实验课程体系构建的思路和框架,以及该课程体系的运行模式。     

分析化学实验教学改革与实践

在教学实践中对分析化学实验教学进行了改革与探索。从提高学生基本素质、基本技能、综合实验能力出发,探索培养具有创新性的高素质、高质量社会需要人才的教学方式与方法。     

高师"化学实验教学研究"课程的改革与实践

从培养中学化学创新师资的角度,对高师“化学实验教学研究”课程的教学内容、组织方式以及学法和教法进行了改革与实践。结果表明,改革后的该课程有利干探究性、创新性师资的培养和化学实验教学能力的提高。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.