丙烯酰胺在炭黑表面接枝聚合研究

利用Ｃｅ＾４＋和羟甲基化炭黑组成的氧化还原引发体系，探讨了丙烯酰胺在炭黑表面的自由基水溶液接枝聚合机理。研究表明：单体浓度、硝酸浓度和铈盐用量直接影响丙烯酰胺在炭黑表面的接枝聚合，ＦＴＩ和ＴＥＭ分析证明：改性炭黑表面存在着聚丙烯酰胺。改性炭黑粒子的Ｚｅｔａ电位值与未改性炭黑粒子相同，但它与水组成的分散体具有极好的分散稳定性。     

乙烯基单体在炭黑表面上的接枝聚合

讨论了分别在铈离子体系，正丁基锂体系，过渡金属离子乙酰丙酮铜（Ⅱ）以及焦磷酸络锰（Ⅲ）体系的作用下，炭黑与乙烯基单体的接枝聚合．研究了引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应时间对接枝聚合反应的影响．利用ＦＴ ＩＲ分析确证了炭黑表面的接枝反应，利用ＴＥＭ表征了接枝炭黑的形态．结果表明，在所研究的多种炭黑表面接枝聚合体系中，正丁基锂体系的接枝率最高，可达２００％．而各种氧化还原体素的接枝率只能达到３０％左右．表面接枝后的炭黑在介质中的分散稳定性明显改善．     

尼龙66与甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚合的研究——DMA/硫酸铜引发体系

烯类单体与聚酰胺(尼龙)纤维接枝共聚合已有报道.Varma等人研究了Ce4+引发丙烯腈、丙烯酰胺分别与尼龙纤维的接枝共聚反应。Lenka发表了用P2O48-引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)与尼龙6纤维接枝共聚合的研究结果.Nayak等人报道了用乙酰丙酮锰为引发剂使MMA与尼龙6接枝共聚合.本文以二甲基苯胺(DMA)/硫酸铜为引发体系,用MMA接枝尼龙66纤维丝,研究了Cu2+浓度等因素对该接枝共聚反应的影响.     

采用巯基-BPO氧化还原引发体系实现GMA在硅胶微粒表面的高效接枝聚合

使用偶联剂γ-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPMS,KH-590),对微米级硅胶微粒进行了表面化学改性,制得了表面带有巯基的改性微粒MPMS-SiO2.使改性微粒MPMS-SiO2表面的巯基与溶液中的BPO构成氧化-还原引发体系,实现了油溶性单体甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)在硅胶微粒表面的引发接枝聚合,制得了接枝度为26g/100g的接枝微粒PGMA/SiO2.采用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及热重分析(TGA)等方法对接枝微粒PGMA/SiO2进行了表征。在此基础上,重点研究了主要因素对巯基-BPO体系引发GMA接枝聚合的影响.研究结果表明,巯基-BPO体系引发的接枝聚合,由于活性位点位于固体表面,因此也是一种表面引发接枝法。与在固体微粒表面引入可聚合双键的"穿过接枝"("grafting through")法相比,巯基-BPO引发体系可更有效地实现油溶性单体的接枝聚合.为制得高接枝度的接枝微粒PGMA/SiO2,适宜的温度为55℃,适宜的BPO用量为单体的1wt%左右,适宜的单体浓度为10 wt%。     

表面引发接枝聚合法制备凹凸棒土/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯杂化粒子的研究

将γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)接枝到凹凸棒土(AT)表面,制得表面键合伯氨基的改性粒子AT-APTES;通过AT-APTES表面的伯氨基和过硫酸铵(APS)构成氧化-还原引发体系,采用无皂乳液法实现甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)在AT表面接枝聚合,制得最高接枝率为29.4%的杂化粒子AT-g-PMMA;采用红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电镜(TEM)以及热失重分析(TGA)等方法对杂化粒子AT-g-PMMA进行了表征;研究了主要配方及工艺条件对表面引发接枝聚合接枝率的影响.结果表明,伯氨基-过硫酸铵引发体系可以有效引发MMA在AT表面接枝聚合,由于引发点位于AT表面,故接枝率较高.本研究体系适宜的温度为65℃,单体MMA用量为水质量的6%,APS用量为单体质量的1%,此工艺条件下可有效减小均聚反应对接枝聚合反应的影响.先接枝到AT表面的聚合物对后续的接枝聚合反应产生抑制作用,接枝率越高,抑制作用越大.     

构建芳叔胺-BPO氧化还原引发体系实现苯乙烯在硅胶微粒表面的高效接枝聚合

首先使用偶联剂γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(AMPS)对微米级硅胶微粒进行了表面改性,制得表面带有伯胺基的改性微粒SiO2-AMPS,接着使4-(二乙氨基)水杨醛(DEAS)与微球SiO2-AMPS发生席夫碱反应,制得表面含有芳叔胺基的改性微粒SiO2-DEAS.使改性微粒SiO2-DEAS表面的芳叔胺基团与溶液中的BPO构成氧化-还原引发体系,实现了油溶性单体苯乙烯(St)在硅胶微粒表面的引发接枝聚合,制得了高接枝度(27 g/100g)的接枝微粒SiO2-DEAS-g-PSt.采用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及热重分析(TGA)等方法对接枝微粒SiO2-DEAS-g-PSt进行了表征.在此基础上,重点研究了主要因素对芳叔胺-BPO体系引发St接枝聚合的影响.研究结果表明,与在固体微粒表面引入可聚合双键的"穿过接枝"(grafting through)法相比,芳叔胺-BPO体系引发的接枝聚合,由于活性位点位于载体表面,故具有高的接枝度,是油溶性单体的一种高效率的表面引发接枝法.为制得高接枝度的接枝微粒SiO2-DEAS-g-PSt,适宜的温度为50℃,适宜的BPO用量为单体的3 wt%左右,适宜的单体浓度为10 wt%.     

氨基-铈盐氧化还原体系引发对苯乙烯磺酸钠在硅胶微粒表面的接枝聚合

使用偶联剂γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(AMPS)对微米级硅胶微粒进行表面化学改性,将氨基引入硅胶微粒表面,构成氨基-Ce(Ⅳ)盐氧化-还原引发体系。研究了在其作用下对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)在硅胶微粒表面的接枝聚合,制得了具有较高接枝度(18g/100g)的接枝微粒PSSS/SiO2。采用FTIR、SEM及TGA等方法对接枝微粒进行表征。考察了对该表面引发接枝聚合体系接枝度影响的主要因素。结果表明,氨基-Ce(Ⅳ)盐体系可以有效地引发乙烯基单体在固体微粒表面的接枝聚合,氨基的质子化对产生自由基的引发步骤具有负影响;为提高PSSS的接枝度,引发剂溶液(铈盐+硫酸)宜采用滴加的方式加入;适宜的单体浓度为14(wt)%;接枝聚合宜在50℃下进行。接枝微粒PSSS/SiO2是一种功能复合微粒,凭借离子交换作用,对重金属离子和稀土离子均可产生强的吸附作用。     

炭黑接枝方法与接枝炭黑应用的研究进展

炭黑接枝是常用的炭黑表面改性方法。讨论了最新的炭黑接枝方法,主要包括二次接枝法、γ-射线辐射接枝、三氯乙酰基团与六羰基钼引发乙烯基单体聚合接枝,偶联接枝与聚合物交联及其它方法;并对接枝炭黑在新材料领域的臆用作了介绍。     

超声引发自由基聚合制备聚苯乙烯磺酸钠接枝炭黑

通过在超声环境下,单体苯乙烯磺酸钠发生自由基聚合,生成的聚合物长链自由基被炭黑表面捕获,制备聚合物接枝炭黑.借助红外光谱、热重、粒度、透射电镜和zeta电位分析对该接枝炭黑进行表征.同时研究超声条件对接枝率的影响.结果表明,单体聚合并接枝到炭黑表面,同时炭黑的附聚体和一些大的聚集体结构被超声破碎,平均粒径大为减小;在300W超声波输出功率下,反应1h后,接枝率达到12.8%并趋于稳定.由于接枝分子链上磺酸基的存在,接枝炭黑在水中的分散稳定性显著改善.     

构建巯基-Ce(Ⅳ)盐氧化还原引发体系实现丙烯腈在硅胶微粒表面的高效接枝聚合

使用偶联剂γ-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPMS,KH-590),对微米级硅胶微粒进行了表面化学改性,将巯基引入硅胶微粒表面(SiO2-MPMS),构成巯基-Ce(Ⅳ)盐氧化-还原引发体系,探索研究了丙烯腈在硅胶微粒表面的引发接枝聚合,制得了高接枝度(30 g/100g)的接枝微粒SiO2-MPMS-g-PAN.采用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及热重分析(TGA)等方法对接枝微粒SiO2-MPMS-g-PAN进行了表征.在此基础上,重点研究了主要因素对巯基-Ce(Ⅳ)盐体系引发AN接枝聚合的影响.研究结果表明,类似于羟基-Ce(Ⅳ)盐体系,巯基-Ce(Ⅳ)盐体系也可以有效地引发乙烯基单体在固体微粒表面接枝聚合.与在固体微粒表面引入可聚合双键的"grafting through"接枝聚合法相比,铈盐引发的接枝聚合,由于活性位点居于载体表面,故具有高的接枝度,是一种高效率的表面引发接枝法.为制得高接枝度的接枝微粒SiO2-MPMS-g-PAN,本研究体系适宜的酸浓度为0.25 mol/L;Ce(Ⅳ)盐浓度为5.0×10-3 mol/L;接枝聚合宜在50℃下进行.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。