三维荧光光谱结合组合算法在环境污染监测中的应用：油种鉴别与定量分析（英文）

针对油类污染物成分复杂,光谱重叠难以识别的问题,提出采用三维荧光光谱结合组合算法对油类污染物进行了定性和定量分析。荧光光谱中存在的瑞利散射对三维荧光光谱检测有较大影响,提出了缺损数据修复-主成分分析(MDR-PCA)方法对矿物油三维荧光光谱的瑞利散射进行处理,原理是单个荧光光谱激发发射矩阵符合双线性,可用主成分分析(PCA)法来解析。MDR-PCA法首先将荧光数据中的散射干扰数据全部扣除,之后利用主成分分析(PCA)迭代过程对扣除数据进行重构修复后补全数据。该方法在消除散射干扰的同时充分利用了荧光物质光谱矩阵中的有效信息。利用不同浓度的矿物油的激发-发射荧光光谱构建了三维数据。样品数据来源于柴油、汽油和煤油三种溶质的四氯化碳溶液。常用于三维荧光光谱数据分析的三线性分解算法有平行因子分析(PARAFAC)、交替三线性分解(ATLD)和自加权交替三线性分解算法(SWATLD)等。PARAFAC基于严格意义上的最小二乘原则,具有抗噪声强、模型稳定、微小预期误差等优点,可以实现三维数据阵列的最佳拟合,但该算法收敛速度较慢,对组分数敏感。ATLD算法通过提取对角主元和切尾奇异值求解广义逆,极大提高了收敛速度并降低了对组分数的敏感度,从而实现三线性分解。然而,取对角元时易使ATLD方法对噪声敏感。SWATLD算法既继承了对组分数不敏感、收敛速度快等优点,又降低了噪声水平的影响。但是在抗共线程度方面, SWATLD算法在抵抗共线性程度方面的能力较ATLD略有降低。基于此,论文根据三线性分解算法迭代过程中损失函数的变化,对迭代过程进行划分,提出了三线性迭代方法的组合算法(algorithm combination methodology, ACM)—将ATLD, SWATLD与PARAFAC组合在一起,充分发挥各算法的优点,实现二阶校正算法的优势互补。采用ACM算法对两组分及三组分矿物油样品的三维荧光光谱数据进行解析,并对三种矿物油的回收率进行了计算。柴油的回收率为97.08%,汽油的回收率为97.34%,煤油的回收率为97.25%。解析光谱和回收率表明, ACM算法能够实现油类污染物的种类识别及浓度测量。     

三维荧光光谱结合交替惩罚三线性分解同时对水中三种酚类测定

酚类化合物对动植物机理有着严重危害,利用三维荧光光谱结合交替惩罚三线性分解（APTLD）算法,完成了不含干扰物和干扰物共存时激发-发射荧光光谱重叠严重的麝香草酚、对苯二酚和苯酚的直接快速准确定性、定量分析。研究了温度对三种酚类化合物荧光强度的影响。对扫描所得激发-发射矩阵信号（EEM）进行二次去散射和光谱校正预处理,最大程度保留了原光谱信息,避免光谱严重失真。将APTLD算法与平行因子（PARAFAC）和交替三线性分解（ATLD）算法进行对比,突显该算法的优势。实验得出,APTLD算法能够较好的解析荧光光谱数据的重叠峰,分别得到三种目标分析物的荧光光谱,实现快速定性分析;定量分析时平均回收率为（97.4±4.5）%~（103.1±3.0）%;预测均方根误差（RMSEP）低于1.664×10-2 μg·mL-1,且检测限低于国家标准;处理过程简洁快速,为水环境中酚类化合物实现现场检测和在线实时监测提供了有力依据。     

三维荧光光谱结合组合算法在环境污染监测中的应用:油种鉴别与定量分析

针对油类污染物成分复杂,光谱重叠难以识别的问题,提出采用三维荧光光谱结合组合算法对油类污染物进行了定性和定量分析。荧光光谱中存在的瑞利散射对三维荧光光谱检测有较大影响,提出了缺损数据修复-主成分分析（MDR-PCA）方法对矿物油三维荧光光谱的瑞利散射进行处理,原理是单个荧光光谱激发发射矩阵符合双线性,可用主成分分析（PCA）法来解析。MDR-PCA法首先将荧光数据中的散射干扰数据全部扣除,之后利用主成分分析（PCA）迭代过程对扣除数据进行重构修复后补全数据。该方法在消除散射干扰的同时充分利用了荧光物质光谱矩阵中的有效信息。利用不同浓度的矿物油的激发-发射荧光光谱构建了三维数据。样品数据来源于柴油、汽油和煤油三种溶质的四氯化碳溶液。常用于三维荧光光谱数据分析的三线性分解算法有平行因子分析（PARAFAC）、交替三线性分解（ATLD）和自加权交替三线性分解算法（SWATLD）等。PARAFAC基于严格意义上的最小二乘原则,具有抗噪声强、模型稳定、微小预期误差等优点,可以实现三维数据阵列的最佳拟合,但该算法收敛速度较慢,对组分数敏感。ATLD算法通过提取对角主元和切尾奇异值求解广义逆,极大提高了收敛速度并降低了对组分数的敏感度,从而实现三线性分解。然而,取对角元时易使ATLD方法对噪声敏感。SWATLD算法既继承了对组分数不敏感、收敛速度快等优点,又降低了噪声水平的影响。但是在抗共线程度方面,SWATLD算法在抵抗共线性程度方面的能力较ATLD略有降低。基于此,论文根据三线性分解算法迭代过程中损失函数的变化,对迭代过程进行划分,提出了三线性迭代方法的组合算法（algorithm combination methodology, ACM）—将ATLD, SWATLD与PARAFAC组合在一起,充分发挥各算法的优点,实现二阶校正算法的优势互补。采用ACM算法对两组分及三组分矿物油样品的三维荧光光谱数据进行解析,并对三种矿物油的回收率进行了计算。柴油的回收率为97.08%,汽油的回收率为97.34%,煤油的回收率为97.25%。解析光谱和回收率表明,ACM算法能够实现油类污染物的种类识别及浓度测量。     

基于偏最小二乘回归的藻类荧光光谱特征波长选取

针对藻类荧光光谱解析中常见的信息冗余和光谱相关性问题,基于偏最小二乘(PLS)的方法,提出了区间蒙特卡罗偏最小二乘(IMC-PLS)方法,有效地解决了特征波长的选取问题。根据特征色素荧光峰位置预选出特征区域,综合利用了此特征区域内单个波段的信息和不同的随机波段组合对于模型的贡献,基于荧光光谱的三线性特点,联合了发射波长和激发波长的信息。研究结果表明,与无信息变量消除算法(UVE)相比,IMC-PLS反演4种藻类浓度得到的平均相对标准偏差分别降低了0%、34.3%、55.9%、30.5%,选择出的特征波长数和运算时间分别减少了80.1%、81.3%,IMC-PLS方法有效地解决了实时监测问题,也为离散三维荧光光谱仪器的研制提供了理论支持。     

荧光光谱法结合BLLS/RBL用于快速检测水中喹诺酮类抗生素

为了快速检测水环境中的喹诺酮类抗生素,将三维荧光光谱法结合双线性最小二乘/残差双线性算法(BLLS/RBL),用于检测水中的氟甲喹(FLU)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和左氧氟沙星(LVFX)。该方法不仅可以准确解析出光谱重叠现象严重的三种抗生素,而且与平行因子方法(PARAFAC)相比,可以得出更可靠的定量预测结果。BLLS/RBL预测的FLU、ENR和LVFX的平均回收率分别为98.46%、99.10%、101.69%,均方根误差(RMSE)为4.33、0.33、0.26μg·L~(-1),灵敏度(SEN)为2.8×10~3、3.5×10~4、5.5×10~4,检测限(LOD)为0.72、0.06、0.03μg·L~(-1)。实验结果表明,三维荧光光谱结合BLLS/RBL是一种可靠的水中喹诺酮类抗生素的检测方法。     

基于三维荧光光谱技术结合交替加权残差约束四线性分解的不同盐度条件下混合油液检测

石油作为一种重要的化石能源,是人类社会生产活动中不可缺少的一部分。石油在被人们开采、使用的过程中不可避免地会发生泄漏,泄漏的石油会给生态环境带来严重的威胁。因此,在石油泄漏后需要及时对其进行处理,而其前提是能够准确识别石油种类。由于石油中多种物质具有荧光特性,因此应用荧光光谱法可对石油进行有效检测。但石油所含组分较多,使得其光谱信息重叠严重,识别困难。而三阶校正方法具有"三阶优势",可以分辨高共线性、高噪声水平下的数据。其中,三阶校正中的交替加权残差约束四线性分解(AWRCQLD)算法具有收敛速度快、对组分数不敏感等优点;因此,利用三维荧光光谱技术结合AWRCQLD算法,对混合油液进行检测。首先,配制3种盐度条件下的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)溶剂;并在每种盐度条件下分别将航空煤油和润滑油按照不同浓度比混合,最终得到24个校正样本和9个预测样本。然后,使用FLS920荧光光谱仪对实验样本进行光谱数据采集。其次,使用扣除空白法去除光谱中的散射,并通过核一致诊断法判断混合油中的组分数。最后,用AWRCQLD算法对四维光谱矩阵进行解析。研究结果表明,在0～20盐度范围内,随着盐度的增加,航空煤油的荧光强度先减小后增大,润滑油的荧光强度先增大后减小;混合油解析光谱曲线分别与航空煤油及润滑油的实际光谱曲线重合度良好;经AWRCQLD算法解析后得到的航空煤油的回收率范围为100.2%～109%,均方根误差为0.002 1 mg·mL~(-1);润滑油的回收率范围为91.8%～109.3%,均方根误差为0.004 8 mg·mL~(-1)。通过引入盐度作为新一维度的数据,从而将三维光谱数据阵扩展到相应的四维光谱数据阵。并利用AWRCQLD算法对四维光谱数据阵进行了解析,实现了在不同盐度条件下对混合油的定性和定量分析。同时,为不同盐度条件下的混合油液检测提供了参考。     

一种多用户上行放大转发中继系统中快速收敛的信道估计方法

针对传统交替最小二乘算法存在的收敛缓慢问题,本文在多用户上行放大转发中继系统中基于Levenberg Marquardt(LM)算法,提出了一种能够快速收敛的信道估计方法,实现了用户-中继信道和中继-基站信道的独立估计.在基站,通过对中继多次放大转发的信号进行建模,构造出具有平行因子结构的三维信号张量模型,并采用LM算法对该模型进行拟合,从而得到系统中两跳链路的信道状态信息.理论分析与仿真结果表明,与已有二线性交替最小二乘方法相比,所提方法具有近乎相同的估计精度;当中继放大因子矩阵为随机矩阵或者包含近似共线性相关列时,所提方法具有更快的收敛速度.     

基于tri-PLS模型的油类混合物三维荧光光谱及其成分的研究

提出了一种光谱重叠的多种矿物油混合物组分含量测定的新方法。将偏最小二乘方法(PLS)推广至三维扩展(tri-PLS),不需要解决特征值问题。利用该方法对柴油、汽油和煤油混合物的三维荧光光谱进行研究,根据样本序列、激发波长、发射波长构造出三维数据矩阵,结合浓度矩阵应用tri-PLS法建立校正模型,对实验样本进行预测,实验结果表明tri-PLS方法的建模精度比常用的平行因子法优越。     

基于快速层次交替最小二乘非负张量Tucker分解的干涉高光谱图像光谱信息压缩方法

提出一种基于快速层次交替最小二乘非负张量Tucker分解的高光谱图像光谱信息压缩算法。首先,将干涉高光谱图像光程差方向的三维信息采用三维光程差方向提升小波变换(3D OPT-LDWT)进行分解,将三维小波子带系数看作三阶非负张量,采用快速层次交替最小二乘非负张量Tucker分解(FHALS-NTD)算法对进行分解,得到核心张量和模式矩阵。对每个模式矩阵进行量化,对核心张量采用比特平面重要系数编码算法进行编码,得出最终的压缩码流。结果表明,此压缩算法可以稳定可靠地工作。与传统压缩算法比较,平均信噪比提高了1.23 dB。有效的提高了干涉高光谱图像压缩性能。     

基于温度变量的四维荧光光谱的石油类污染物测定

三维荧光光谱结合多元校正分析对石油类污染物复杂多组分体系测定方法多谱图混叠,且易受到空白荧光和干扰物荧光影响降低了测定准确性。提出在三维荧光光谱中增加一维温度信息构造激发波长-发射波长-温度-样品（EEM-temperature data array）的四维荧光光谱数据阵列,应用四线性成分模型建立高维荧光光谱定性定量分析的方法。实验证明在15～25 ℃温度范围内,矿物油荧光光谱轮廓形状不随温度变化,而其强度随温度线性变化,满足四线性要求,这为构建四维荧光光谱发展高维数据的三阶校正提取更丰富的有效信息提供了可能。三阶校正不仅可以在干扰物共存的情况下对感兴趣组份进行定量测定,即具有“二阶优势”,还具有更高的选择性和灵敏性,可以对高共线性和背景干扰的重叠光谱表现更好的解析能力,即“三阶优势”。对0#柴油、97#汽油和机油为混合油待测组分,腐殖酸为水体干扰组分组成的复杂体系污染油样品为进行实验,得到的三维荧光光谱利用平行因子（PARAFAC）算法和交替惩罚三线性分解（APTLD）算法进行二阶校正分析,将三维荧光光谱在温度方向上堆叠构成增加温度维度的四维荧光光谱数阵,并将其利用四维平行因子算法（4-PARAFAC）和交替惩罚四线性分解（APQLD）算法进行三阶校正分析,比较,0#柴油、97#汽油和机油的预测结果表明增加了影响荧光光谱的温度因素构造的四维荧光光谱提高了有效信息提取能力,四维荧光光谱结合高阶校正算法能提高油种光谱识别和浓度精确检测,较传统的三维荧光光谱分析提高了回收率（recovery rate）和预测均方根误差（root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP）,有利于石油类污染物的有效,准确,实时,绿色环保检测。同时指出了4-PARAFAC和APQLD算法各自的特点及其不同适用环境,为油类污染物检测具体情况提供算法选择依据。引入温度参量的四维荧光光谱结合三阶校正算法的检测技术较三维荧光光谱技术,在组分光谱定性分辨和浓度定量检测方面能对复杂体系油类污染物实现快速有效,绿色无污染地检测,实现“数学分离”更有效代替“化学分离”。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.