Chemistry Education in China

Facilities in China for education and R&D in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering at universities and institutes are developing very rapidly, with some of these institutions, especially in Beijing and Shanghai, already having achieved an international level. They focus not only on basic research but also on hi‐tech R&D that serves the country's top priority: economic development.     

Modern analytical chemistry education in Europe at university level

Stimulated by the rapid growth of analytical chemistry in research and development, a discussion on the past, present and future role of analytical chemistry as part of the chemistry curricula at European universities is presented in this article. The present status of analytical chemistry curricula is described, based on a recent investigation of the Working Party on Analytical Chemistry (WPAC) of the Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS) at 229 European universities. The evaluation of the questionnaires has been done for all institutions together, as well as for the 119 institutions with a separate chair or department of analytical chemistry and the 110 institutions without such a separate chair. The distribution of teaching hours between the classical and modern fields is generally significantly better and more flexible to new developments (like chemometrics, environmental and material sciences) at institutions with an own chair of analytical chemistry. This survey is also a key to earlier reviews on education in analytical chemistry stimulated and published by WPAC-members.     

The Recent Status of Analytical Chemistry in Greece

The aim of this review is to present a very concise report of the research activities in the area of Analytical Chemistry performed in Greece during the last decade. Since, research in chemical analysis conducted by Greek scientific institutions covers a very large variety of analytical methodologies and techniques, it is found preferable to organize this review based on a separate presentation of the scientific activities of each Greek University or Scientific Institution, operating analytical laboratories or other divisions involved in analytical chemistry research.     

COS and C3S2: The discovery and chemistry of two important inorganic sulfur compounds

Although CO and CO₂ have been known since the dawn of chemistry and although CS₂ was discovered as early as 1796,¹ COS and C₃S₂ were not discovered until 1867 and 1893, respectively. This article considers the circumstances surrounding their discoveries as well as later reports on their chemistries. Both compounds were first prepared by Hungarian chemists, and both are of great theoretical and practical importance. The discovery and preparation of COS by Károly (Karl) Than is a beautiful example of logical chemical thinking, whereas the serendipitous discovery of C₃S₂ by Béla Lengyel is a case study in careful experimentation and keen observation. The sesquicentennial anniversary of the birth of Than, who is regarded as the founder of modern Hungarian chemistry, makes this article of timely significance. Since both he and his student Lengyel and their accomplishments have been neglected by English-speaking chemists and historians of chemistry, they are briefly discussed in this article.     

Julius Adolph Stöckhardt. Zum 200. Geburtstag

Julius Adolph Stoeckhardt, who was trained as a pharmacist and later worked as a chemist, left his marks in many fields. The intention of his action was the use of chemical knowledge in practice. Stoeckhardt was most important in helping to popularize agricultural chemistry, thanks to his endeavor agricultural experimental stations were established. He investigated fume gases and its influence on the forest and the toxicity of colors, carried out many chemical analyzes – also of rocks. He thought on methods of a successful teaching of natural science and fought for the recognition of chemistry as a common instrument for education. In memory of this scientist several institutions bear his name: e.g. a 1885 constructed laboratory building of the former Forest Academy in Tharandt, which in our days belongs to the Technical University of Dresden, Department of Forest, Geo‐ and Hydrosciences, a chemistry‐club for pupils in Chemnitz, who are interested in chemistry, a competition of pupils in Chemistry and an annual colloquium on environmental chemistry at Chemnitz Technical University.     

Analytical chemistry teaching in the USSR

The paper reviews the state of analytical chemistry teaching at Soviet higher educational establishments, discussing specifics of teaching techniques at various schools of higher learning, viz. universities and technological and non-chemical institutes. It describes the curricula and methods of continuous assessment. Particular attention is paid to the subject matter of courses in analytical chemistry and its future improvement, with special focus on problems related to training specialists in analytical chemistry at universities and other institutions of higher education. The paper also deals with facilities and opportunities offered for research projects, and finally touches on the problem of text books.     

Mass spectrometry in India

This review emphasizes the mass spectrometry research being performed at academic and established research institutions in India. It consists of three main parts covering the work done in organic, atomic and biological mass spectrometry. The review reveals that the use of mass spectrometry techniques started in the middle of the 20th century and was applied to research in the fields of organic, nuclear, geographical and atomic chemistry. Later, with the advent of soft and atmospheric ionization techniques it has been applied to pharmaceutical and biological research. In due course, several research centers with advanced mass spectrometry facilities have been established for specific areas of research such as gas-phase ion chemistry, ion-molecule reactions, proscribed chemicals, pesticide residues, pharmacokinetics, protein/peptide chemistry, nuclear chemistry, geochronological studies, archeology, petroleum industry, proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics. Day-by-day the mass spectrometry centers/facilities in India have attracted young students for their doctoral research and other advanced research applications.     

绿色化学的进展

绿色化学是一门从源头上阻止污染的化学,近年来这方面的研究主要是围绕化学反应,原料,催化剂,溶剂和产品的绿色化开展的。根据这条主线,评述了绿色化学的一些主要研究进展。最后介绍了我国绿色化学的活动。     

限域化学：碳基功能材料从基础研究到应用

限域化学研究的是对象在纳米尺度限域空间内的化学行为。限域空间内的化学环境不同于常规本体溶液,因而会出现许多奇特的现象,如反应选择性增强、活性增加、稳定性提高。本文结合笔者课题组近年来的工作,对限域化学领域碳基功能材料的限域策略,包括限域界面诱导、限域化学组装印刷及三维多孔受限体系作简要介绍,并阐述了其在催化、储能方面的应用。最后提出了限域化学未来发展面临的主要挑战,期望能为此领域研究提供参考。     

Content and Methodological Provision of the Basic Course of Analytical Chemistry

Russian standards in training conventional graduates and bachelors are considered. These standards determine the status and volume of analytical chemistry courses at different higher educational institutions. An analysis of the educational standards, standard curricula, and the aims of teaching analytical chemistry suggests the advisability of changing the content of the course, particularly at industrial (branch) higher educational institutions. The provision of the analytical chemistry course with special literature (manuals, textbooks), equipment, and computer software is considered.     

Ethical guidelines for publication in journals and reviews

EuCheMS—The European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences is a nonprofit association. Its objective is to promote cooperation in Europe between those nonprofit scientific and technical societies and professional institutions in the field of chemistry/chemical sciences whose membership consists largely of individual qualified chemists/chemical scientists and whose interests include the science and/or practice of chemistry/chemical sciences. It was founded in 1970 and currently has 50 member societies in 36 countries. Published in Russian Zhurnal in Analiticheskoi Khimii, 2007, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 441–444. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Introducing Field Environmental–Analytical Chemistry in the Quantitative Analysis Laboratory

Advances in instrumentation and technology now provide the ability to perform many quantitative determinations in the field. Additionally, the potential for sample degradation and analyte decomposition make it necessary to determine certain analytes (e.g., dissolved oxygen) in the field when conducting environmental analyses. Unfortunately, field environmental—analytical chemistry is not a substantial portion of the analytical chemistry curriculum at many institutions. Students in lower-level analytical chemistry courses are often non-chemistry science majors, particularly at institutions with small chemistry departments. We report here on an experiment in which field environmental-analytical chemistry is introduced in the quantitative analysis laboratory. In the context of a water quality assessment of a local river, students determine temperature, pH, ORP, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen at several points in the river. The experimental objective is to determine the potential effects local agricultural practices and treated wastewater discharge may be having on the water composition. The pedagogical objective is to expose these students to the difficulties involved in making analytical determinations in unfamiliar and/or disruptive settings.     

Twenty years of exceptional success: The molecular education and research consortium in undergraduate computational chemistry (MERCURY)

The molecular education and research consortium in undergraduate computational chemistry (MERCURY) consortium, established in 2000, has contributed greatly to the scientific development of faculty and undergraduates. The MERCURY faculty peer-reviewed publication rate from 2001 to 2019 of 1.7 papers/faculty/year is 3.4 times the rate of the physical science faculty at primarily undergraduate institutions. We have worked with over 1000 students on research projects since 2001, and 75% of our undergraduate research students have been under-represented in chemistry, either female or students of color. Approximately half of our alumni attend graduate school for the purpose of obtaining advanced degrees in STEM fields, and two-thirds are female and/or students of color. We have had more than 1600 attendees at 18 MERCURY conferences, including 111 invited speakers, 61 of whom have been female and/or faculty of color. In this paper, the research accomplishments, transformational outcomes, and scientific productivity of the MERCURY faculty are highlighted.     

2018~2020年国家自然科学基金委员会“材料化学与能源化学”领域项目申请和评审情况概述

本文总结了2018~2020年国家自然科学基金委员会化学科学部"材料化学与能源化学"学科项目申请和资助情况,以项目类型、申请年度、学科代码、科学问题属性、依托单位、申请人情况等对项目分布进行了统计分析,以供从事相关领域基础研究的科研人员参考.     

DARC系统——计算机化学的一个缩影

本文从化学结构的 DARC 码表述方法,结构-性质相关研究的 DARC-PELCO 方法,化学数据库和计算机辅助有机合成四个方面介绍了著名的法国计算机化学研究系统,即 DARC 系统。由于这四个方面包括了计算机化学最主要的研究领域,因此本文也就概要地介绍了计算机化学。     

Reaction Optimization for Greener Chemistry with a Comprehensive Spreadsheet Tool

Green chemistry places an emphasis on safer chemicals, waste reduction, and efficiency. Processes should be optimized with green chemistry at the forefront of decision making, embedded into research at the earliest stage. To assist in this endeavor, we present a spreadsheet that can be used to interpret reaction kinetics via Variable Time Normalization Analysis (VTNA), understand solvent effects with linear solvation energy relationships (LSER), and calculate solvent greenness. With this information, new reaction conditions can be explored in silico, calculating product conversions and green chemistry metrics prior to experiments. The application of this tool was validated with literature case studies. Reaction performance was predicted and then confirmed experimentally for examples of aza-Michael addition, Michael addition, and an amidation. The combined analytical package presented herein permits a thorough examination of chemical reactions, so that the variables that control reaction chemistry can be understood, optimized, and made greener for research and education purposes.     

If You Don't Have a Good Laboratory,Find a Good Volcano: Mount Vesuvius as a Natural Chemical Laboratory in Eighteenth-Century Italy

This essay that examines the role of the volcano as a chemical site in the late eighteenth century, as the “new chemistry” spread throughout the southern Italian Kingdom of Naples, resulting in lively debates. In Naples itself, these scientific debates were not confined to academies, courts, and urban spaces. In the absence of well-equipped chemical laboratories, Neapolitan scholars also carried out research on chemistry on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, a natural site that furnished them with all the tools and substances necessary for practising chemistry. By examining various Neapolitan publications on Vesuvius and the chemical reactions and products associated with its periodic eruptions, I argue that the volcano's presence contributed to a distinctive, local approach to chemical theory and practice. Several case studies examine the ways in which proximity to Vesuvius was exploited by Neapolitan scholars as they engaged with the new chemistry, including Giuseppe Vairo, Michele Ferrara, Francesco Semmola, and Emanuele Scotti.     

元素周期表与化学教育 ——纪念门捷列夫元素周期表发表150周年

元素周期表的发表是化学知识领域的里程碑,其在化学,尤其是无机化学的学习和研究中的贯穿指导作用和重要性为大家所共识。本文讨论了元素周期表在大学无机化学中的教育作用和开展方式,提出周期表的应用要将化学史与化学教育有机结合。在此基础上,展望周期表未来的发展。     

人工智能化学：变革研究范式,加速物质发现

化学科学领域的复杂性和海量数据为人工智能应用提供了契机。人工智能、机器学习、深度学习从海量数据中识别新的化合物,建立新的模型,提出新的理论,正在改变化学物质的发现、转化和功能研究范式,促进重大问题的解决。本文综述了近年来国际上人工智能在化学研究中的重要进展,分析了人工智能化学的主要发展态势。人工智能通过助力化学海量数据挖掘、实现化学实验室智能化和自动化、增强计算化学解决实际问题的能力,推动化学跨越式发展。