Efficient One-Pot,Four-Component Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole-Linked Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans

A one-pot procedure has been developed for the synthesis of (1,2,3-triazolyl) methoxyphenyl tetrahydro-5-oxo-4H-chromene derivatives by concurrent reaction of aryloxy propargylated aldehydes, various azides, active methylene compounds, and 1,3-cyclohexanediones using catalytic amounts of Cu(OAc)₂ / sodium ascorbate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate in aqueous ethanol media. Excellent conversion of starting materials was achieved to the desired (1,2,3-triazolyl) methoxyphenyl tetrahydro-5-oxo-4H-chromene products.     

由1,1-二溴烯烃一锅法合成1,4-二取代-1,2,3-三氮唑

以1,1-二溴乙烯和芳基叠氮化合物为原料,碘化亚铜为催化剂,室温下通过一锅法合成了1,4-二取代-1,2,3-三氮唑衍生物。考察了催化剂用量、反应溶剂、反应温度对产品收率的影响。通过IR,MS,_¹H NMR及_¹³C NMR等对目标产物结构进行确证,并提出了可能的反应机理。该合成方法具有环境友好、条件温和、操作简单、收率高等特点。     

Advances in the Synthesis of Fused 1,2,3-Triazoles via a MCR-Intramolecular Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Approach

The present review narrates several reports which deal with the synthesis of fused 1,2,3-triazole containing scaffolds following a sequential multicomponent reaction (MCR)—intramolecular azide-alkyne cycloaddition (IAAC) approach. The reviewed reactions were cleverly designed so as to incorporate azide and alkyne functionalities in the MCR product which was then subjected to IAAC. The review is divided into two sections based on the number of components in the multicomponent reaction. We have aimed at a critical discussion and also have highlighted either advantages or disadvantages of each methodology.     

Copper Catalysis and Organocatalysis Showing the Way: Synthesis of Selenium‐Containing Highly Functionalized 1,2,3‐Triazoles

This article provides a comprehensive overview of reported methods ‐ particularly copper‐ and organocatalyzed reactions ‐ for the regioselective syntheses of selenium‐containing 1,2,3‐triazoles systems. These chemical entities are prevalent cores in biologically active compounds and functional materials. In view of their unique properties, substantial efforts have been paid for the design and development of practical approaches for the synthesis of these scaffolds.     

Synthesis of Biologically Relevant 1,2,3- and 1,3,4-Triazoles: From Classical Pathway to Green Chemistry

Green Chemistry has become in the last two decades an increasing part of research interest. Nonconventional «green» sources for chemical reactions include micro-wave, mechanical mixing, visible light and ultrasound. 1,2,3-triazoles have important applications in pharmaceutical chemistry while their 1,2,4 counterparts are developed to a lesser extent. In the review presented here we will focus on synthesis of 1,2,3 and 1,2,4-triazole systems by means of classical and « green chemistry » conditions involving ultrasound chemistry and mechanochemistry. The focus will be on compounds/scaffolds that possess biological/pharmacophoric properties. Finally, we will also present the formal cycloreversion of 1,2,3-triazole compounds under mechanical forces and its potential use in biological systems.     

Facile expeditious one-pot synthesis and antifungal evaluation of disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole with two amide linkages

A library of twenty five amide linked 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles have been prepared through a facile expeditious synthetic protocol involving Cu(I) mediated cyclization of N-(2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yl)aromatic amides and in situ generated 2-azido-N-substituted propanamides. Structures of newly synthesized compounds (5a–5y) were confirmed by analytical techniques, such as FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and HRMS. In vitro antifungal activity was also examined against two fungal strains Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by serial dilution method. The compounds 5?m and 5w exhibited appreciable potent activity.     

One-Pot Synthesis of 1-(E)-Phenylethenyl-1,2,3-Triazoles by Sequential Click-Elimination Reaction from 2-Azido-1-Phenyl-1-(Phenylseleno)Ethane

Abstract

A new convenient one-pot, two-step procedure involving sequential click chemistry and oxidation-elimination reaction for the preparation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles bearing 1-(E)-phenylethenyl group from 2-azido-1-phenyl-1-(phenylseleno)ethane is described. The prominent features of this protocol are mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, and good to high yields of products, as well as avoidance of the isolation of the selenated intermediate.

Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements for the following free supplemental files: Additional figures.     

Preparation of Novel 1,2,3-Triazoles and a Comparative Study Involving Two Recent Methods for 1,2,3-Triazole Synthesis

Abstract

The syntheses of three novel 1,2,3-triazoles and a comparative study involving two recent methods of 1,2,3-triazole synthesis by diazo group transfers to enaminones, 5,7-dinitro-3-diazo-isatine and mesyl azide, are described. It was observed that the former is the more general and promising method for the synthesis of any 1,2,3-triazole but, when both methods work the mesyl azide one generally gives better yields.     

Sono-Transition-Metal Catalysis of One-Pot Three-Step Synthesis of Glycosyl-1,2,3-triazoles

As a continuation of our studies directed at the development of straightforward and sustainable methodologies, we describe herein an original example of a combined effect of ultrasonic activation and iron–copper dual catalysis that allows an efficient and ecofriendly one-pot, three-step route to a new series of nucleoside-substituted triazoles. The reactions were carried out under both conventional and ultrasonic irradiation conditions.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file.     

Synthesis of 1-(R-Phenyl)-5-(R-Methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic Acids by One-Pot Tandem Reaction

Substituted 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acids were synthesized by a three-component reaction of arylazides, ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate, and either O- or S-nucleophiles in the presence of a base catalyst. The reaction most probably proceeded as a [3 + 2] cyclocondensation reaction between arylazide and ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate with the further nucleophilic substitution of chlorine in the chloromethyl group. Reaction optimization was performed to carry out the reaction with an O-nucleophile. Conditions were found under which diethyl 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate (the product of self-condensation of two molecules of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate with the further oxidation by azide) was obtained.     

NH-1,2,3-三唑合成进展

NH-1,2,3-三唑是一类具有重要生理活性的含氮杂环化合物, 是用途广泛的药物中间体. 通过N-烃基化反应, NH-1,2,3-三唑还可以区域选择性的合成各种2-取代-1,2,3-三唑类化合物, 因此是有价值的有机合成中间体. 鉴于NH-1,2,3-三唑在有机合成化学和药物化学中的潜在应用价值, 结合本课题组的研究工作, 对于NH-1,2,3-三唑的主要合成方法, 尤其是近十年来的合成研究进展进行了回顾和展望. 对一些典型的反应机理研究也进行了综述.     

Facile synthesis,characterization, and antimicrobial studies of some disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles with sulfonamide functionality

An expedient synthesis of some 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles (3a–3x) having sulfonamide functionality from various terminal alkynes and aromatic azides through Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition has been reported. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, high-resolution mass spectra and screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes (Gram-negative bacteria), Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger (fungi). Some of the synthesized compounds were found to exhibit good potency against above-tested microbial strains. Moreover, to study the binding interactions, docking simulation of broadly active compound 3x was also performed against E. coli dihydropteroate synthase enzyme.     

Regioselective Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies of 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives of Pyrimidine Nucleobases

1,2,3-triazoles are versatile building blocks with growing interest in medicinal chemistry. For this reason, organic chemistry focuses on the development of new synthetic pathways to obtain 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, especially with pyridine moieties. In this work, a novel series of 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles functionalized with pyrimidine nucleobases were prepared via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in a regioselective manner for the first time. The N1-propargyl nucleobases, used as an alkyne intermediate, were obtained in high yields (87–92%) with a new two-step procedure that selectively led to the monoalkylated compounds. Then, FeCl₃ was employed as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between different aryl and benzyl azides and the N1-propargyl nucleobases previously synthesized. This new protocol allows the synthesis of a series of new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives with good to excellent yields (82–92%). The ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) analysis showed good pharmacokinetic properties and no violations of Lipinsky’s rules, suggesting an appropriate drug likeness for these new compounds. Molecular docking simulations, conducted on different targets, revealed that two of these new hybrids could be potential ligands for viral and bacterial protein receptors such as human norovirus capsid protein, SARS-CoV-2 NSP13 helicase, and metallo-β-lactamase.     

Click Chemistry on Polymer Support: Synthesis of 1-Vinyl- and 1-Allyl-1,2,3-triazoles via Selenium Linker

Polystyrene-supported 2-azidoethyl phenyl selenide and 3-azidopropyl phenyl selenide reagents have been developed and applied to the traceless solid-phase organic synthesis of 1-vinyl- and 1-allyl-1,2,3-triazoles by CuI-mediated azide–alkyne cycloadditions and subsequent cleavage from the polymer support through oxidation–elimination reaction with 30% hydrogen peroxide. The advantages of this method include straightforward operation, good yield and purity of the products, and good stability and lack of odor for the reagents.     

硅烷偶联化壳聚糖负载CuBr高活性催化合成1,2,3-三唑化合物

以壳聚糖为原料,将其与N-(2-氨乙基)-3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(AAPTS)反应制得胺基功能化的壳聚糖(CS-AAPTS),然后将CS-AAPTS与Cu Br进行络合制备得到负载型催化剂(CS-Cu Br).通过FT-IR,TGA,XRD以及EDX等分析方法对CS-Cu Br催化剂进行表征.结合微波辐射技术以及一锅法合成策略,以CS-Cu Br为催化剂催化有机炔、卤代烷以及Na N3之间的环加成反应制备1,2,3-三唑.结果表明,CS-Cu Br具有良好的催化性能,微波辐射功率为480W,温度为70℃条件下,可快速合成出1,2,3-三唑类化合物.CS-Cu Br易回收和重复使用,重复使用4次后仍可保持良好收率.初步放大实验表明,1,2,3-三唑类化合物能够以94%的收率以十数克规模制备.     

ZrCl4-Catalyzed C-O Bond to C-N Bond Formation: Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles and Their Biological Evaluation

A simple and efficient protocol was developed for the synthesis of aryl azides directly from aryl carbinols using ZrCl₄ as a Lewis acid catalyst. The azides were converted to novel triazoles under click reaction conditions, which were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against various strains.     

One-pot facile synthesis,crystal structure and antifungal activity of 1,2,3-triazoles bridged with amine-amide functionalities

A library of twenty five 1,2,3-triazoles bridged with amine-amide functionalities have been synthesized from reaction of N-substituted(prop-2-yn-1-yl)amines (2a–2e), 2-bromo-N-arylacetamides (4a–4e) and sodium azide through copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and HRMS techniques. The structures of synthesized 5a (CCDC 1569245) and 5h (CCDC 1569249) were also confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Antifungal evaluation of newly synthesized triazoles was carried out against – Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Biological screening of synthesized 1,2,3-triazoles revealed moderate to good antifungal activity against tested strains.     

Mechanochemical Approach towards Multi-Functionalized 1,2,3-Triazoles and Anti-Seizure Drug Rufinamide Analogs Using Copper Beads

Highly regiospecific, copper-salt-free and neat conditions have been demonstrated for the 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reactions under mechanochemical conditions. A group of structurally challenging alkynes and heterocyclic derivatives was efficiently implemented to achieve highly functionalized 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in good to excellent yield by using the Cu beads without generation of unwanted byproducts. Furthermore, the high-speed ball milling (HSBM) strategy has also been extended to the synthesis of the commercially available pharmaceutical agent, Rufinamide, an antiepileptic drug (AED) and its analogues. The same strategy was also applied for the synthesis of the Cl-derivative of Rufinamide. Analysis of the single crystal XRD data of the triazole was also performed for the final structural confirmation. The Cu beads are easily recoverable from the reaction mixture and used for the further reactions without any special treatment.     

Towards functional fluorous surfactants. Synthesis of hydrophilic fluorous 1,2,3-triazolylmethyl ethers and di(1,2,3-triazolylmethyl) ethers

Copper(I)-accelerated Huisgen–Meldal dipolar cycloaddition reactions between polyfluoroalkyl azides and propargyl ethers of n-octanol and of triethyleneglycol monomethyl ether exhibited variation in yield of 1,2,3-triazol-4-ylmethyl ethers. Microwave acceleration, and in situ generation of the azides, provided improvements in yield and efficiency. In contrast, very good yields of equivalent fluorous triazoles were obtained from a range of n-alkyl azides with propargyl ethers of perfluorohexylethanol and of perfluoroheptylmethanol through conventional copper(I)-promoted reactions. Together, the resulting substances with systematic variations in polyfluoroalkyl and alkyl substituent length and position of substitution, and degree of oxygen content, make up small libraries of hybrid fluorous 1,2,3-triazol-4-ylmethyl ethers as candidates for study as hydrophilic fluorous surfactants. In addition, a pilot sample of di(1,2,3-triazol-4-ylmethyl) ethers with 1′-octyl-1-polyfluoroalkyl-substituents and 1′-nonyl-1-perfluorooctylethyl substituents were synthesised for the first time in an effort to develop more functional, fluorous surfactants.