Influence of Foam Apparent Viscosity and Viscoelasticity of Liquid Films on Foam Stability

The objective of this research work was to study the relationship among the apparent viscosity of bulk foam, the viscoelasticity of liquid films, and foam stability. Bulk foam tests showed that the drainage half-life of AOS foam was higher than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) foams. The results of foam apparent viscosity revealed that the foam apparent viscosity was related to foam quality rather than foam stability. Higher film viscoelasticity modulus could be assigned for α -olefin sulfonate (AOS) films than those for SDS and CTAB ones. The film conductivity tests indicated that AOS liquid films, compared with SDS and CTAB liquid films, could delay the liquid drainage speed under dynamic conditions. Compared with foam apparent viscosity, the viscoelasticity of liquid films appeared to be a key factor in foam stability.     

Comparative Study of Extensional Viscoelasticity Properties of Liquid Films and Stability of Bulk Foams

The extensional viscoelasticity modulus and conductivity of liquid films and stability of bulk foams were investigated respectively. The effects of sinusoidal exciting frequency, polymer type, and polymer concentration on liquid film viscoelasticity modulus were systematically discussed. Higher film viscoelasticity modulus could be assigned for FS01/MPAM film systems than for FS01/HPAM ones. The film conductivity result showed that FS01/HPAM or FS01/MPAM liquid film systems could delay the liquid drainage speed under dynamic conditions compared with FS01 ones. Bulk foam test based on Waring Blender method indicated that FS01/HPAM foam was more stable than FS01/MPAM. Compared with static bulk foam test, the extensional viscoelasticity and conductivity method could reflect the dynamic behavior of liquid films.     

表面活性剂疏水链长对高温下泡沫稳定性的影响

选用不同疏水链长的α-烯烃磺酸盐(AOS)形成泡沫, 分别用泡沫衰减法和泡沫岩芯封堵法测定不同温度下的泡沫稳定性, 并采用动态表面张力、界面流变、分子模拟等方法研究了表面活性剂在气/液界面的吸附行为和界面吸附层的性质, 分析了高温下泡沫的稳定机制. 实验结果表明, 在高温下, 极性头的“锚定作用”减弱, 表面活性剂疏水链难以在气液界面保持以直立状态吸附, 疏水链碳数大于20的表面活性剂分子难以分立吸附, 其疏水链相互交叉缠绕, 增强了泡沫膜的强度, 减缓了气体通过液膜的扩散, 形成的泡沫在高温下具有较好的稳定性.     

Experimental Validation of the Temperature-Resistant and Salt-Tolerant Xanthan Enhanced Foam for Enhancing Oil Recovery

Xanthan enhanced foam (XGF) is a newly developed chemical agent for enhanced oil recovery in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. In this paper, laboratory experiments were performed to characterize the morphology and foam properties of XGF, to study its performance under different temperature and different salinity conditions, respectively. Based on simulate reservoir formation conditions of Xidaliya field, a series of research on XGF were conducted. The experimental results showed that the scanning electron microscopy of XGF reflected a more viscoelastic and stable nature of the foam system. High temperature had a great adverse impact upon the stability of XGF, and the increase of salinity in the solution helped to improve the stability of foam. The foam stability increased remarkably when XG4 is added, and an increase in ambient pressure made enhancement of foam stability became more noticeable. In the presence of crude oil, Xanthan could enhance the stability of emulsions and was more favorable to stabilize foam. XG4 enhanced foam had dramatic properties for mobility controlling and oil displacement in the porous media.     

改性二氧化硅纳米颗粒提高二氧化碳泡沫稳定性的研究

通过纳米二氧化硅的硅烷化改性,使其在高矿化度盐水中可以稳定存在的前提下,研究了改性纳米颗粒与阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基氯化铵混合体系的溶液稳定性及协同稳定CO₂泡沫的效果.研究结果表明,无机盐离子对改性纳米颗粒与阳离子表面活性剂间的静电吸引力具有屏蔽作用,且矿化度越高,屏蔽效果越明显,从而混合溶液更易于在高盐水中稳定;纳米颗粒表面的活性剂吸附层受二者浓度的影响,进而影响了颗粒的亲/疏水性;当混合体系中的表面活性剂浓度低于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,混合溶液与CO₂的界面张力高于单独活性剂溶液,而当活性剂浓度高于CMC时,对CO₂-溶液界面张力几乎无影响,最低界面张力可降至6 mN/m左右;改性纳米颗粒的加入可以进一步提高CO₂体相泡沫半衰期一倍以上,但受二者浓度比例的影响;纳米颗粒的加入有效提高了多孔介质中泡沫的表观黏度,最大增幅由20 mPa·s增至55 mPa·s左右,泡沫黏度增加接近3倍,增强了CO₂泡沫驱的封堵作用.     

泡沫液膜的分子动力学模拟及泡沫析液机制的研究

采用分子动力学MD方法模拟表面活性剂稳定的泡沫液膜,通过分析表面活性剂头基与水分子的径向分布函数,分析泡沫液膜中水分子的状态,对结合水、捕获水进行定量;采用电导法测定不同表面活性剂稳定的泡沫的析液曲线,结合分子模拟结果,分析泡沫析液的微观机制,建立泡沫析液量随时间变化的物理模型,给出了模型参数的物理意义.     

Foam and Wetting Films from Aqueous Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Solutions: Electrostatic Stability1

Foam films and wetting films on quartz formed from aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are investigated in a wide range of surfactant concentrations in the presence of background electrolyte (5 × 10^–4 mol dm^–3 NaCl). Foam and wetting films are convenient models for the study of symmetric (free thin liquid films) and asymmetric (thin liquid films on solid substrate) films with the same air/solution interface. Microinterferometric methods of assessment of foam and wetting films are used which allow precise determination of the film thickness. Determined are the values of the potential ₀ of the diffuse electrical layer at the solution/air interface (applying the method of equilibrium foam films) and the potential ₁ at the solution/quartz interface (applying the method of capillary electrokinetics). These values are used to analyze the stability of the films studied in terms of the DLVO theory. A conclusion drawn is that both kinds of films studied are stabilized by electrostatic interaction forces. It is shown that with increasing CTAB concentration, a charge reversal occurs at both the solution/air and solution/quartz interfaces which determines the stability/instability conditions of the foam and wetting films. Concentration ranges where both kinds of films produce stable (equilibrium) films are found. There are also concentration ranges where the films either rupture or are metastable (quasi-equilibrium). The CTAB concentration ranges, which provide the formation of unstable (rupturing and metastable) and stable films, are different for symmetric (foam) and asymmetric (wetting) thin liquid films. It is only at high CTAB concentrations (higher that >2 × 10^–4 mol dm^–3) that both cases render formation of stable equilibrium films. These studies give direct experimental indications that the electrostatic interactions between identical or different interfaces can differ when the surfactant concentration is varied.     

Influence of Temperature,Concentration, and Gas/Liquid Ratios on the Gas-Mobility Reduction of Foams in Porous Media

The gas-mobility reduction capability of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate foams was studied in sandpacks as a function of temperature at different surfactant concentrations and gas/liquid ratios. Increasing the temperature decreased the gas mobility at a given surfactant concentration and gas/liquid ratio. At any given temperature, the gas-mobility reduction was not increased beyond a certain limit with increasing surfactant concentration. While increasing the gas/liquid ratio improved the gas-mobility reduction at 20°C, at higher temperatures the reduction capability decreased after reaching a maximum at a gas/liquid ratio of 9. All the foams became weak at temperatures of 150°C and higher.     

聚苯撑苯并二噻唑(PBT)的耐热性和液晶性研究

PBT溶于甲基磺酸(MSA)和多聚磷酸(PPA)等强酸溶剂中时能形成液晶。用TGA法测定了PBT在氮气和空气中的热分解温度,分别高达690℃和585℃。计算了PBT在氮气中的分解活化能为161 kJ/mol。测定了PBT-MSA体系液晶的退偏振光强度-温度谱和浓度-温度二元液晶区域相图,并发现8％的PBT-PPA体系表现出特殊的退偏光强度-温度特性。液晶和PBT固体的X-衍射图表明液晶状态下沉积的薄膜保持了液晶态的结构,固体小角光散射的H_v图表明非液晶态下沉积的PBT薄膜有球晶结构。     

低温配位-沉淀法合成疏水ZnO及提高泡沫稳定性的应用

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,25%氨水为配位剂,用NaOH做沉淀剂,十六烷基三甲溴化铵(CTAB)为改性剂制备了具有不同表面接触角的氧化锌微球。采用X射线衍射,扫描电镜和表面ζ电位技术对其进行了表征,并对合成过程中体系中的组分分布以及各组分对形貌的影响进行了分析。泡沫稳定性的实验结果表明:颗粒质量浓度为0.03%,接触角为52.9°的氧化锌颗粒具有对泡沫最强的稳定作用。同时对颗粒的疏水改性和提高泡沫性的机理进行了讨论。     

低温配位-沉淀法合成疏水ZnO及提高泡沫稳定性的应用

以Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O为原料,25%氨水为配位剂,用NaOH做沉淀剂,十六烷基三甲溴化铵(CTAB)为改性剂制备了具有不同表面接触角的氧化锌微球.采用X射线衍射,扫描电镜和表面ζ电位技术对其进行了表征,并对合成过程中体系中的组分分布以及各组分对形貌的影响进行了分析.泡沫稳定性的实验结果表明:颗粒质量浓度为0.03%,接触角为52.9°的氧化锌颗粒具有对泡沫最强的稳定作用.同时对颗粒的疏水改性和提高泡沫性的机理进行了讨论.     

A Surface Rheological Study of Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ether Carboxylic Salts and the Stability of Corresponding Foam

The dynamic dilational viscoelastic properties of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylic salts at the air-water interface were investigated by drop shape analysis method and their foam stability were measured by Bikerman Method. The influences of time, dilational frequency, and bulk concentration on surface dilational modulus and phase angle were expounded. The results show that the surfactant with the longest straight-chain shows the highest dilational modulus, which in agreement with the best foam stability. However, the foam stability of branched-alkyl chain surfactant cannot be explained in terms of film elasticity alone.     

纳米SiO2/HPAM/NaCl分散体系的稳定性、流变性及驱油性能研究

利用纳米粒度及Zeta电位分析仪、流变仪和悬滴法对纳米SiO_2/HPAM/NaCl体系60℃的稳定性、流变性及油水界面张力进行了研究。结果表明,HPAM的加入使SiO_2悬浮液的Zeta电位更负、粒径明显增加,静置10 d无明显浑浊现象。加入纳米SiO_2后,HPAM溶液的黏度增加,耐温、耐盐和耐剪切性能得到改善。对于质量分数为0.18%的HPAM溶液,SiO_2质量分数小于0.5%时,随SiO_2质量分数的增加,体系的黏度、储能模量和损耗模量增加,临界线性应变减小,蠕变回复能力增强;SiO_2质量分数大于0.5%时,出现了相反的现象;这是因为SiO_2质量分数不同时,HPAM在SiO_2表面的吸附量、吸附构型及两者之间形成的网状结构不同。纳米SiO_2的加入同时强化了HPAM降低油水界面张力的性能,加入质量分数为0.2%和0.5%的SiO_2后,HPAM的采收率分别提高了4.5%和6.0%。     

Effect of Interfacial Adsorption on the Stability of Thin Polymer Films in a Solvent-induced Process

The stability of ultrathin polymer films plays a crucial role in their technological applications. Here, we systematically investigated the influence of interfacial adsorption in physical aging and the stability of thin polymer films in the solvent-induced process. We further identify the stability mechanism from the theory of thin film stability. Our results show that the aging temperature and film thickness can strongly influence the stability of thin PS films in acetone vapor. Physical aging can greatly improve the stability of thin polymer films when the aging temperature T_(aging1)T_g. A thinner PS film more quickly reaches a stable state via physical aging. At short aging time, the formation of the adsorbed layer can reduce the polar interaction; however, it slightly influences the stability of thin polymer films in the solvent-induced process. At later aging stage,the conformational rearrangement of the polymer chains induced by the interfacial effect at the aging temperature T_(aging1) plays an important role in stabilizing the thin polymer films. However, at T_(aging2)T_g, the process of physical aging slightly influences the stability of the thin polymer films.The formation of the adsorbed layer at T_(aging2) can reduce the short-range polar interaction of the thin film system and cannot suppress the instability of thin polymer films in the solvent-induced process. These results provide further insight into the stable mechanism of thin polymer films in the solvent-induced process.     

Influence of the type of foam films and the type of surfactant on foam stability

The behaviour and the life time ( _p) of different types of foam films (thin liquid films, for which DLVO-theory is valid; common black films, Newton black films) have been studied as a function of external pressure (P), applied in the Plateau-Gibbs-borders of the foam. The foam stability and the course of thep/P-dependence are determined mainly by the type of the foam films. A criterion for estimation of foam stability is proposed on the base of the obtained experimental results.     

The Impact of Foaming Effect on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Foam Glasses with Molecular-Level Insights

Foaming effect strongly impacts the physical and mechanical properties of foam glass materials, but an understanding of its mechanism especially at the molecular level is still limited. In this study, the foaming effects of dextrin, a mixture of dextrin and carbon, and different carbon allotropes are investigated with respect to surface morphology as well as physical and mechanical properties, in which 1 wt.% carbon black is identified as an optimal choice for a well-balanced material property. More importantly, the different foaming effects are elucidated by all-atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with molecular-level insights into the structure–property relationships. The results show that smaller pores and more uniform pore structure benefit the mechanical properties of the foam glass samples. The foam glass samples show excellent chemical and thermal stability with 1 wt.% carbon as the foaming agent. Furthermore, the foaming effects of CaSO₄ and Na₂HPO₄ are investigated, which both create more uniform pore structures. This work may inspire more systematic approaches to control foaming effect for customized engineering needs by establishing molecular-level structure–property–process relationships, thereby, leading to efficient production of foam glass materials with desired foaming effects.     

Gemini表面活性剂/C12En混合体系的界面吸附、扩张粘弹与泡沫稳定性

用表面张力法研究了阳离子gemini表面活性剂乙基-1, 2-双(十二烷基二甲基溴化铵)(简写为12-2-12)和非离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚(C₁₂E_n,其中n = 4, 10, 23)混合体系在气液界面上的吸附行为;用扩张流变技术研究了吸附膜的扩张粘弹行为,实验数据用Lucassen-van den Tempel (LVT)模型进行拟合并根据模型得到了极限弹性值.最后研究了混合体系的泡沫行为,用泡沫塌陷到初始高度一半所对应的时间(t_1/2)来表征泡沫的稳定性.结果表明,所有的非离子表面活性剂C₁₂E_n均与12-2-12产生了吸引作用.在12-2-12浓度相同的情况下,混合吸附层中吸附分子的最小分子占据面积的顺序为12-2-12/C₁₂E₂₃ > 12-2-12/C₁₂E₁₀ > 12-2-12/C₁₂E₄,而极限弹性的顺序为ε_{0, fit}(12-2-12/C₁₂E₄) > ε_{0, fit}(12-2-12/C₁₂E₁₀) > ε_{0, fit}(12-2-12/C₁₂E₂₃).与单组分12-2-12形成的吸附膜相比,只有12-2-12/C₁₂E₄形成更加紧密的结构.具有较小亲水头基的非离子表面活性剂C₁₂E₄的加入,可增强12-2-12吸附膜的弹性,进而增强了对应体系泡沫的稳定性.     

胶质液体泡沫(CLA)的形成及其稳定性研究

以研究胶质液体泡沫(CLA)内部结构及其特性为最终目的, 对组成为十二烷基醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚(AEO-3)/正癸烷/十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/水的CLA体系形成过程和稳定动力学行为进行了电导率测定和光学显微观察. 通过上述两过程的电导率变化探明了CLA的形成和稳定性动力学行为, 并被光学显微照片所证实. 实验结果表明CLA的形成是一个低能量乳化过程, 经历了水相泡沫化→油相替代气泡乳化→CLA形成. 在整个乳化过程中, 没有发生相的转变现象, CLA呈O/W型乳状液. 其稳定性并不遵守一级动力学模型. 在常温下, 其电导率曲线呈直线关系; 当温度超过318.15 K时, 其电导率曲线近似于Langmuir等温线形. 并可用Sigmoidal模型σ_t=(σ₁－σ₂)/[1＋e^(t－t₀)/S] ＋σ₂较好的拟合, 式中, σ_t表示t 时的电导率值(μS/cm); t表示时间(min); σ₁, σ₂分别代表存储过程中电导率最小值和最大值(μS/cm); t₀对应于σ_t等于 1/2(σ₁＋σ₂)的时间t值(min); S描述了电导率曲线陡峭程度(min). 并提出了CLA的破乳过程包括液膜排液和液膜破裂两个阶段, 同时伴随有絮凝过程发生的稳定性机理.     

Foaming in aqueous solutions of zwitterionic surfactant: Effects of oil and salts

This paper reports a study on the stability of foams generated from the aqueous solutions of the zwitterionic surfactant, N-Dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, in presence of NaCl, CaCl₂ and AlCl₃. The effect of oil (i.e. n-hexane) on foam was also studied. The surface and interfacial tensions were measured. These tensions and the CMC decreased upon salt addition, signifying an increased adsorption of the surfactant molecules at the interface. The quantity of salt required for reducing the surface tension and CMC was in the sequence: NaCl > CaCl₂ > AlCl₃. The salts had a pronounced effect on the foaming characteristics, i.e. they reduced the initial foam volume. The effectiveness of salts in reducing the foam stability followed the sequence: AlCl₃ > CaCl₂ > NaCl. However, the foam collapse rate was reduced in the presence of salt. The presence of oil decreased the foam volume and reduced its stability. The entering, bridging, and spreading coefficients were calculated, which explained the stability of foams in presence of oil.     

P(VdF-HFP)-基离子液体复合聚合物电解质的阴极稳定性及热稳定性

以聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯P(VdF-HFP)聚合物为基体, 制备了含离子液体1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(EMIPF6)、用于锂离子电池的离子液体复合聚合物电解质[P(VdF-HFP)/LiPF₆/EMIPF₆/EC(碳酸乙烯酯)-PC(碳酸丙烯酯)]. 采用热重分析法以及燃烧实验测试了复合聚合物电解质的热稳定性. 离子电导率测试表明, 离子液体的存在显著改善了复合聚合物电解质的离子传输; 循环伏安测试表明, 添加剂EC和PC的加入提高了复合电解质的阴极稳定性, 制得的离子液体复合聚合物电解质在0.3-4.3 V 电压范围内稳定存在. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ 和LiCoO₂为电极材料、P(VdF-HFP)/LiPF₆/EMIPF₆/EC-PC 为电解质的半电池表现出优良的循环性能, 0.1C充放电倍率下, Li/LiCoO₂和Li/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂半电池的可逆容量分别为130和144 mAh·g^-1. 但EC、PC在一定程度上降低了离子液体复合聚合物电解质的热稳定性.