基于不同化学计量学方法的土壤重金属激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析研究

工业的发展及城市化进程的深入,造成大量耕地土壤遭受重金属污染,土壤重金属元素的准确检测对制定土壤重金属防治决策提供有效参考。本研究应用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)结合化学计量学方法对土壤中的铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)元素进行定量分析。根据土壤重金属污染的不同程度,人为制作了含有Pb和Cd元素的15个浓度梯度的土壤样本,并采集各个样本的LIBS谱线。采用剔除异常光谱和数据归一化来减少试验误差和噪声。综合土壤LIBS发射谱线中Pb和Cd元素谱峰信息以及美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)的标准原子光谱数据库,选取了Pb,Cd元素的分析谱线与分析谱线区间,对比分析基于多元线性回归(MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)和反向传播人工神经网络(BP-ANN)算法,建立分析谱线区间与对应Pb和Cd元素浓度之间的定量回归模型。结果表明,非线性的LS-SVM和BP-ANN的模型的预测性能优于线性MLR和PLSR模型,这可能是因为非线性模型能够通过自适应较好地解决土壤基体效应的影响。研究表明,LIBS技术结合多元化学计量学方法能够为土壤重金属准确检测提供新的分析手段,为制定农业土壤重金属防治决策提供有效的理论基础。     

激光击穿光谱技术监测固土过程中阳离子交换

为了实时探测离子土固化剂(ISS)在固土过程中的阳离子交换量(CEC),采用激光击穿光谱技术(LIBS),对ISS处理后的土壤溶液中的K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Si这6种离子含量进行探测。分别对由不同配比(1∶100、1∶200和1∶300)的ISS处理过的高岭土、膨胀土、红粘土等5种标准土壤进行了研究,结果表明:同一土壤中的各种离子随ISS配比的变化趋势各不相同;不同土壤与ISS作用的效果各不相同;ISS的配比并非越高越好。这些工作为ISS固化机理的研究提供实验依据,而利用激光击穿光谱技术进行探测的方式为ISS固化机理的研究提供了新的思路。     

激光诱导击穿光谱自吸收效应校正方法的研究进展

激光诱导击穿光谱作为一种新型的物质成分检测技术,具有快速、实时、微损、原位、多元素同时分析等优势,目前在环境监测,食品安全,选矿冶金,生物医疗,太空探测等多个领域都具有广泛应用.然而,由于元素谱线的自吸收效应,使得激光诱导击穿光谱谱线强度降低,严重时甚至会使特征谱线峰型产生凹陷(即自蚀现象),定标曲线变弯曲,导致该...     

基于原子和分子谱线分析的LIBS快速测量CO_2

作为温室气体的主要成分,CO_2的排放控制有利于应对全球气候变暖以及生态环境变化,对CO_2的快速检测具有重要意义。目前检测CO_2的方法有滴定法,电化学法,气相色谱法,红外吸收光谱法等,但对应用于工业现场的在线监测还存在着不足。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)具有远程测量,无需或仅需简单预处理,多组分同步测量等优点,本文提出将其应用于CO_2在线监测,期望发展适用于工业过程碳排放的在线监测技术。利用质量流量控制器控制纯度为99.99%的CO_2和N2配比形成不同CO_2浓度的混合气体模拟烟气环境,经过混气瓶充分混合后送入密封样品池进行LIBS测量实验。研究不同延迟时间下C247.86nm和CN38.34nm谱线的演化规律,验证了等离子体形成过程中存在部分CO_2分子解离反应生成CN分子,在CO_2定量分析时应考虑CN分子谱线的影响,并获得同步测量C原子和分子谱线的最佳延迟时间为800ns。在此基础上,由于等离子体演化过程中,各种信息相互影响,分析指标与多个测量参数存在关系,综合考虑C原子、CN碎片及修正高浓度影响下的自吸收效应,采用多元回归分析方法建立了CO_2定量分析曲线,其拟合度R~2和斜率分别达到了0.978和0.981,结果表明相比单个指标直接定标,该方法提高了定量分析模型的可靠性,验证了LIBS技术快速测量CO_2的可行性。     

Feasibility of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Study of the Temporal Distribution of Trace Elements Trapped in Snow Collected from Greater Himalayan Range

The potential merit of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been demonstrated for detection and quantification of trace pollutants trapped in snow/ice samples. In this technique, a high-power pulsed laser beam from Nd:YAG Laser (Model no. Surelite III-10, Continuum, Santa Clara, CA, USA) is focused on the surface of the target to generate plasma. The characteristic emissions from laser-generated plasma are collected and recorded by a fiber-coupled LIBS 2000+ (Ocean Optics, Santa Clara, CA, USA) spectrometer. The fingerprint of the constituents present in the sample is obtained by analyzing the spectral lines by using OOI LIBS software. Reliable detection of several elements like Zn, Al, Mg, Fe, Ca, C, N, H, and O in snow/ice samples collected from different locations (elevation) of Manali and several snow samples collected from the Greater Himalayan region (from a cold lab in Manali, India) in different months has been demonstrated. The calibration curve approach has been adopted for the quantitative analysis of these elements like Zn, Al, Fe, and Mg. Our results clearly demonstrate that the level of contamination is higher in those samples that were collected in the month of January in comparison to those collected in February and March.     

利用激光诱导击穿光谱原位在线检测褐煤及煤烟

褐煤是我国现阶段的主要用煤,但因为其较低的煤化程度,使用时会产生污染环境的二氧化碳和黑灰,而且烟尘中含有的金属离子会危害人体健康,所以开展对褐煤烟尘的研究非常有意义.而激光诱导击穿光谱技术(L IBS)具有快速、多元素同时分析的特点,适合用于煤烟的原位在线探测.实验制备了含铅浓度不同的三种褐煤样本(O,H,L),其中O...     

应用激光诱导击穿光谱对土壤中多元素同时定量分析

土壤元素的丰缺是对土壤养分检测、农业按需种植和科学施肥的依据,是精准农业农情信息感知技术检测的关键点,更为农业生态、高效和优质生产提供理论指导。该研究运用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术结合定标曲线法和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法对土壤中的Al,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na和K多种元素同时进行定量分析。利用LIBS检测仪获取了五种标准土壤样品(国家编号： GBW07446,GBW07447,GBW07454,GBW07455和GBW07456)的LIBS数据之后,将每种土壤的多条谱线平均处理来消除试验误差。通过分析所获取的土壤LIBS谱线信息,选取了Al,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na和K元素的特征分析谱线和分析光谱区间,并利用谱线的峰值信息和分析光谱区间内的单个或多个谱峰的积分信息(峰面积)与对应元素浓度拟合并建立定标曲线。结果表明,基于谱峰的峰面积建立的定标曲线的线性关系优于利用峰值信息建立的定标曲线(Fe除外)。同时,针对所选的分析光谱区间和元素的浓度信息,运用PLSR建立定量分析模型,其结果明显要优于定标曲线的分析精度,这也表明LIBS技术结合化学计量学分析在未来光谱化学分析领域有很大应用前景。研究的结果不仅为现代农业的土壤养分空间分布检测和农田精准施肥技术的应用起指导作用,还为田间使用的便携式LIBS土壤检测仪的开发奠定了理论基础。     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术对土壤中重金属元素Cr的定量分析

为促进LIBS技术在土壤微量重金属元素检测中的应用,提高特征谱线的光谱强度和信背比,对实验参数进行优化,并对Cr元素进行分析.首先对激光器激发能量、样品距透镜距离和光谱仪采集延时等实验参数进行优化.对比激光器能量从60 m J到110 m J的谱线强度和信背比,当选用90 m J的激发能量时可以得到最佳实验结果.其次,...     

激光诱导击穿光谱对污染鱼体内重金属元素分布与含量的分析

环境污染可造成生物体的中毒、病变及死亡。生物体各组织对污染物质的吸收、积累情况是不同的。生物体各组织对污染物质重金属元素的吸收是生物医学中的一项重要研究。采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)方法对受污染的鱼体各组织进行了重金属元素定量分析。实验中得到了一组探测鱼类组织元素成份的LIBS最佳条件,拟合了Pb和Ba元素的定标曲线并通过外标法测定了重金属含量。实验结果表明,鱼体中肝脏及口腮等部位有重金属积累,而在鱼肉中重金属含量极低。所提出的方法可用于生物体受污染影响的评估研究, 在生物医学领域有重要推广价值。     

复混肥中磷元素的激光诱导击穿光谱多元线性定量分析

复混肥成分的快速、原位检测对化肥的生产过程、产品质量控制具有重要的意义。在化肥企业生产中,实验室进行分析,检测时间长,无法实现线上检测。与复混肥成分现有检测方法相比,激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)检测时间只需几分钟、一次测量可完成复混肥成分检测、几乎无需样品预处理,将该技术用于复混肥成分快速、现场检测非常合适。搭建LIBS系统, 激光器(100 mJ, 1 064 nm, 1 Hz)输出的激光束经45°反射镜由水平转为垂直方向,经焦距为40 mm的透镜聚焦至旋转台上的复混肥样品表面,产生激光等离子体。激光器的调Q信号控制光纤光谱仪(Avantes, 195～500 nm)采集信号,设置光谱延迟时间为1.28 μs,采集时间为1.05 ms,最终获取复混肥样品LIBS光谱。20个复混肥样品由安徽徽隆集团提供,磷元素的参考值由企业采用国家标准方法测量。将复混肥样品粉碎过筛取3 g,采用压片机在8 MPa下压制成形。实验中,使用小型风扇吹扫复混肥样品表面,形成稳定气流,每个样品重复测量10次,每次测量平均20个脉冲,以减小样品不均匀性。其中,15个样品用于定标回归模型的建立,五个样品用于检验定标模型的适用性。复混肥是一种成分复杂的混合物,其中氮、磷、钾均以化合物存在。传统的LIBS定量方法是基于待测元素单条谱线强度,未考虑其他元素影响,降低了定量结果的准确性。将LIBS技术和多元线性回归法结合用于分析复混肥中磷元素浓度。选取磷元素的三条特征谱线即213.6,214.9和215.4 nm。磷矿中硅元素含量基本不变,且硅元素在磷的谱线附近存在多条谱线,如212.4,220.8,221.1和221.7 nm。分别采用一元、二元、三元和四元线性回归法建立校准曲线。结果表明,采用P Ⅰ: 214.9 nm谱线强度作自变量建立一元线性回归,LIBS预测值与参考浓度的相关系数仅为0.083,无法满足磷元素的定量分析要求。当采用P Ⅰ: 214.9 nm谱线强度和三条特征谱线之和(P Ⅰ: 213.6, 214.9和215.4 nm)作自变量建立二元线性回归拟合时,相关系数提高到0.856,平均绝对误差由1.32%减小到0.16%。在二元线性回归中引入Si Ⅰ: 212.4 nm谱线强度,建立三元线性回归,相关系数为0.869。为进一步提高磷元素浓度测量的准确性,建立四元线性回归方程,将Si Ⅰ: 212.4,220.8,221.1和221.7 nm谱线强度之和作为自变量加入三元线性回归,相关系数提高到0.980,且15个定标样品的相对误差范围为0.06%～1.31%,而验证样品为0.13%～1.26%,这说明采用四元线性回归定标法可提高复混肥中磷元素浓度测量的准确性。     

LIBS结合单变量定标法对土壤中铅元素含量检测

重金属污染一直影响着人们的健康生活,如镉,铅和铜等的污染,故而土壤重金属的快速检测和如何预防,一直受各国学者关注和研究。传统土壤重金属检测方法（如原子吸收光谱法、X荧光光谱法等）样品预处理复杂,分析成本较高,易形成样品的二次污染,不能满足快速分析的要求。激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）是一种典型的原子发射光谱,它是基于分析物质中原子和离子受激发而发射的特征谱线信息,进而研究物质成分的分析方法。LIBS技术能够快速检测任何状态（固、液和气态）物质元素的成分和含量,被看作是未来化学检测和快速绿色分析领域的新兴技术。LIBS技术具有对样本简单预处理（或不需要处理）、多元素同步分析、远距离测量、适用性广等优势,被广泛用于生活生产的各个领域,已成为近年来国内外学者广泛关注和研究的热点之一。在农业信息快速感知的大背景下,以激光诱导击穿光谱技术为技术手段,以土壤重金属铅元素为研究对象,运用理论分析和数学建模相结合,建立了多种基于单变量定标曲线的土壤重金属铅检测模型,并进行了模型验证。自制15个已知的铅元素浓度梯度的谱线土壤样本,在获取了土壤LIBS数据之后,对其进行预处理对比,建立了基于谱峰强度、谱峰积分、洛伦兹拟合强度三种定标曲线模型,对土壤中铅元素含量进行定量分析,得出基于三种定标曲线模型对土壤中铅元素含量的预测决定系数R2分别为0.918 0,0.910 1和0.914 3,三种定标曲线分析方法的预测结果都较好,说明了LIBS结合单变量定标曲线法对土壤中铅含量的检测可靠性高。最后选取部分样本数据进行验证,结果较好。研究结果为研发便携式农田土壤污染物检测技术与装备提供技术支撑,也为农田精准管理和科学施肥奠定基础。     

激光诱导击穿光谱与拉曼光谱技术在危险物检测中的研究进展

炸药、生物及化学危险物检测在反恐和公共安全领域具有重要应用价值,也是目前亟需解决的问题。激光诱导击穿光谱技术利用高能激光脉冲诱导材料产生等离子体,通过探测等离子体辐射光谱从而分析其组成成分。拉曼光谱技术是基于非弹性光散射的一种光谱检测方法,可以反映分子的振动信息。由于它们都具有快速和非接触遥测的优点,成为最有发展潜力和应用前景的危险物检测技术。介绍了激光诱导击穿光谱、拉曼光谱以及二者联合探测技术在危险物检测中的国内外发展现状,并对各自的优缺点进行了分析。激光诱导击穿光谱信号强、实时性好,但重复性差、基底效应影响显著,在判别组成元素相同而分子结构不同的危险物和干扰物时面临巨大挑战。拉曼光谱能够提供被测物的分子信息,适合于鉴别有机危险物,但信号弱、受荧光干扰大、检测低浓度样品及分析混合物的能力弱,外场使用时受周围杂散光以及环境变化的影响大。将这两种光谱探测技术相融合,发挥各自的优点,可以有效地提高探测危险物的准确度。但两种光谱联合探测系统结构和数据处理复杂,成本高,还有许多技术难点亟需解决。文章最后,对危险物激光诱导击穿光谱和拉曼光谱研究的前景进行了展望。     

基于主成分分析和人工神经网络的激光诱导击穿光谱塑料分类识别方法研究

研究了人工神经网络在激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)塑料分类识别方面的应用。选用七种常见的塑料作为实验样品,获得每种样品的170组LIBS光谱数据,利用主成分分析获得前五个主成分的得分矩阵。用每种塑料样品的130组光谱数据的主成分得分矩阵作为训练集,建立反向传播(BP)人工神经网络模型。将其余40组主成分得分作为测试数据输入训练好的模型进行分类识别,其识别准确度达到97.5%。实验结果表明,通过采用主成分分析与BP人工神经网络相结合的方法,可以很好地进行塑料激光诱导击穿光谱的分类识别,对塑料的回收利用有重要价值。     

Recent progress on the application of LIBS for metallurgical online analysis in China

Recent progress on the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for metallurgical analysis particularly achieved by Chinese research community is briefly reviewed in this article. The content is mainly focused on the progress in experimental research and calibration methods toward LIBS applications for metallurgical online analysis over the past few years. Different experiment setups such as single-pulse and double-pulses LIBS schematics are introduced. Various calibration methods for different metallic samples are presented. Quantitative results reported in the literature and obtained in the analysis of various samples with different calibration methods are summarized. At the last section of this article, the difficulties of LIBS application for molten metal analysis in a furnace are discussed.     

激光诱导击穿光谱烟叶Cu谱线等离子体参数及定量分析

农业领域中对植株元素的快速检测和实时监控十分重要。采用Nd∶YAG激光器和中阶梯ICCD光栅光谱仪获取金属元素Cu等离子体谱线。为研究激光诱导击穿光谱(laser induced break-down spectroscopy,LIBS)金属元素Cu定量分析的标定曲线和等离子体参数,制备Cu含量范围为8.59～156.35 μg·g-1烟叶样品进行实验。实验结果表明烟叶中金属元素Cu特征谱线324.75 nm处干扰小、谱线明显。烟叶样品受激发产生等离子体温度为39 458.94 K,Cu等离子体电子密度为0.74×1016,谱线强度和样品浓度建立的标定曲线相关系数r为0.98,平均相对标准偏差RSD(relative standard deviation)为2.59%,Cu含量理论最低检测限为7.72 μg·g-1,谱线信噪比(SNR)为7.86。激光诱导击穿光谱方法可以应用于卷烟生产线在线检测金属元素Cu含量和监测烟叶中金属元素Cu对烟草生长的影响。     

Review of Laser-Induced Plasma,Its Mechanism,and Application to Quantitative Analysis of Hydrogen and Deuterium

Abstract

A comprehensive review of important progress achieved over the last 30 years regarding knowledge of laser-induced plasmas generated by CO₂ and Nd:YAG lasers in a variety of ambient gases is presented in this article, as well as research results on the extension of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for quantitative analysis of light elements, especially hydrogen and deuterium. First, the formation of shock wave–induced expanding secondary plasma in low-pressure ambient gases is discussed along with the dynamic characteristics of the secondary plasma expansion process. The unique advantages of low-pressure gas plasma are explained in relation to the successful detection of the sharp H and D emission lines. The experimental results using helium ambient gas are presented with emphasis on the role of He gas plasma in introducing an additional delayed excitation mechanism involving the helium metastable excited state, which resulted in the complete resolution of H and D emission lines, separated by only 0.18 nm. The development of a laser precleaning treatment and special double-pulse techniques further produced a linear calibration line with zero intercept applicable to quantitative H and D analyses of zircaloy sample, with either low- or high-pressure ambient He gas. More recent use of a transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO₂ laser in place of an Nd:YAG laser has demonstrated the much desired larger excited helium plasma and thereby resulted in significant emission enhancement and improved detection sensitivity.     

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Comparative Quantitative Analysis of Betel Leaves from Pakistan

Laser induced breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for the elemental analysis and exposure of the heavy metals in betel leaves in air. Pulsed Nd∶YAG (1064 nm) in conjunction with a suitable detector (LIBS 2000+, Ocean Optics, Inc) having the optical resolution of 0.06 nm was used to record the emission spectra from 220 to 720 nm. Elements like Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, P, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn were found to present in the samples. The relative abundances of the observed elements were calculated through standard calibration curve method, integrated intensity ratio method, and weight percentage LIBS approach. LIBS findings were validated by comparing its results with the results obtained using a typical analytical technique of Inductively Coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Limit of detection (LOD) of the LIBS system was also estimated for heavy metals. The experience gain through this work implies that LIBS could be highly applicable for testing the quality and purity of food products.     

基于电极富集的水体重金属LIBS检测灵敏度研究

为了提高水体重金属LIBS检测的灵敏度以及降低元素检测限,采用LIBS结合铝电极富集方法对水体中的重金属Pb, Cd, Ni进行了分析。研究并优化了电极富集方法中关键参数—富集电压U,分析了LIBS特征谱线的光谱强度与富集电压大小之间的关系,得出重金属元素特征光强随着富集电压先增加后减小,在1.2 V处光谱强度达到最大值,选择了最优富集电压值为1.2 V。研究了Pb,Cd,Ni三种重金属元素的光谱稳定性,其特征谱线光谱强度的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为5.98％,4.25,％和5.27％,说明该实验方法得到的谱线具有较高的稳定性。在0～ 0.13 mg·L-1范围内配制系列样品进行实验并对元素进行定量分析,得到Pb,Cd,Ni三种重金属元素的检测限分别为1.2,3.1和1.7 ppb。结果表明：LIBS结合铝电极富集方法能够有效地提高特征谱线的稳定性以及降低元素的检测限,为提高水体重金属LIBS的检测灵敏度和分析能力提供了方法支持。     

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy applied to the characterization of rock by support vector machine combined with principal component analysis

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) is a versatile tool for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.In this paper,LIBS combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and support vector machine(SVM) is applied to rock analysis.Fourteen emission lines including Fe,Mg,Ca,Al,Si,and Ti are selected as analysis lines.A good accuracy(91.38% for the real rock) is achieved by using SVM to analyze the spectroscopic peak area data which are processed by PCA.It can not only reduce the noise and dimensionality which contributes to improving the efficiency of the program,but also solve the problem of linear inseparability by combining PCA and SVM.By this method,the ability of LIBS to classify rock is validated.     

Analytical Assessments of Gallstones and Urinary Stones: A Comprehensive Review of the Development from Laser to LIBS

Abstract

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique capable of fast multi-elemental analysis of various kinds of materials (solid, liquids, and gases) and its applications are growing rapidly and continue to extend to include a broad variety of biological materials. Its application is suited particularly for urinary stones and gallstones bulk analysis and microanalysis because investigation of the spatial distribution of matrix and trace elements can help to explain their emergence and growth. Therefore, we review the application of LIBS for the analysis of different kinds of gallstones and urinary stones. In brief, we also describe the history, fundamentals, advantages, and disadvantages of LIBS and its potential for spectrochemical analysis of gallstones and kidney stones. We also emphasize the applications of different kinds of lasers in urology, particularly the laser ablation of gallstones and urinary stones and its recent progress. We also summarize and compare the analytical figures of merits of analytical techniques that are commonly used to characterize and/or analyze stones.