Efficient multiple-beam Bragg acoustooptic diffraction with phase optimization of a multifrequency acoustic wave

The subject of investigation is the formation of a highly efficient multiple-beam diffraction field resulting from acoustooptic diffraction by a periodically modulated acoustic wave and acoustic signal composed of a set of independently generated equidistant frequency components. Conditions for minimization of optical losses associated with higher diffraction orders are analyzed. A highly efficient multiple-beam diffraction field is formed by optimizing the phases and amplitudes of signal independent components. A technique of acoustooptic measurements at a high laser radiation intensity is developed, and the basics of the theory are verified experimentally. An attempt to split the power of a laser beam propagating through an optical fiber into seven channels of equal intensities is realized with a net efficiency of 80%.     

多光束全息互连元件效率的理论分析

多光束全息互连元件往往需要大量的耦合波方程才能描述。本文通过分析记录时生成的互调制光栅的性质及其对衍射的影响,对问题进行适当的简化。通过解不同条件下的耦合波方程、分别给出了多光束全息图在各种不同情况下的衍射效率的近似解析表达式,展示了衍射效率与各实验参量之间的关系。为进一步研究多光束全息互连元件的性质、比较各种条件下的效率以及各参量对总体效率的影响,提供了方便。     

Mehrstrahlinterferenz und Eigenwellen im Parallelspiegel-Interferometer

Experiments with a Fabry Perot interferometer for microwaves (λ=3,2 cm) at oblique incidence show the importance of oscillation modes (well known from laser research) for the formation of multiple-beam interferences. A general formula is derived describing diffraction and multiple-beam interference in an interferometer with parallel mirrors of finite diameter. The formula is in quantitative agreement with the experimental results and includes as special cases the Fraunhofer diffraction at a slit and also the conventional multiple-beam interference (Fabry Perot rings).     

The tuning characteristics of optically pumped fir cavity laser

Based on the quantum mechanics theory of density matrix and the principle of multiple-beam interference, the tuning characteristics of optically pumped NH₃ FIR lasers were studied. A series of metallic mesh Fabry-Perot cavity lasers with sample tubes of 10cm, 20cm and 100cm in length were constructed and operated successfully, and the FIR laser spectra of the NH₃ cavity lasers pumped by a TEA-CO₂ laser were measured. Supported by the Natural Sciences Foundation of Guangdong Province, PRC     

S波段多注相对论速调管放大器的数值模拟

利用3维电磁场与粒子模拟软件对S波段多注相对论速调管放大器进行了分析设计和模拟计算。通过对谐振腔本征模的计算确定腔体的冷腔高频特性,采用3维的粒子模拟软件（PIC）模拟分析速调管各腔及整管的束波互作用过程。模拟结果表明:通过引入同轴谐振腔结构,使电子注不必集中在谐振腔中心通过,降低了电场不均性对束波互作用的不利影响;通过引入多电子注,电子在相对较低的轴向聚焦磁场下依然拥有较高的通过率,降低了速调管对聚焦磁场的要求。模拟中采用3个同轴谐振腔进行束波互作用,在输入电压700 kV、束流5.8 kA和聚焦磁场0.4 T的情况下,得到了功率1.4 GW的输出微波,效率为35%。     

Anisotropic acoustooptic modulator of nonpolarized light based on diffraction by a slow acoustic wave in a paratellurite crystal

The problem of anisotropic Bragg diffraction of nonpolarized light by a slow acoustic wave in a TeO₂ crystal is solved. Two independent acoustic waves are excited in the crystal. Nonpolarized light splits in the crystal into two orthogonally polarized eigenmodes, either diffracting by its associated acoustic beam. Conditions under which the angles of incidence and diffraction are the same for both diffraction processes are found. Depending on the acoustic frequency, the diffracted light at the exit from the crystal may be represented either by a single nonpolarized beam or by two orthogonally polarized beams with different directions and orthogonal polarizations. This may provide a high diffraction efficiency (up to 100%) for nonpolarized light in a TeO₂ crystal. Theoretical calculations are supported by experiments. Modulators capable of controlling a high-power laser operating at a wavelength of 1.06 μm are fabricated.     

DMNPAA有机光折变材料的性能研究

通过双波耦合实验证明在一种新的有机聚合物光折变材料中双波耦合增益系数超过吸收系数。１０５μｍ厚的样品衍射效率可达到８６％，光栅形成的响应时间达到１００ｍｓ量级，双波耦合增益系数超过了２００ｃｍ＾－１（１），并引入了一种新的方法分析了其光折变机理。     

Effective room-temperature broad-band recording of 3D dynamic holograms in CdF<Subscript>2</Subscript>:Ga crystals

Photochromic CdF₂:Ga crystals with bistable impurity centers were effectively used for the dynamic recording of holograms and readout over the visible and near IR spectral regions at spatial frequencies of up to 5000 mm^?1 at room temperature. The diffraction efficiency of the dynamic holograms was as high as 60% at maximum and exceeded 1% when the beams’ intensities were in the ratio 1:100. As one goes from the low temperatures (≤200 K) to 300 K, the peak diffraction efficiency of the dynamic holograms decreases approximately by a factor of 1.5, while the speed of their response and photosensitivity in the long-wavelength spectral region increases by more than an order of magnitude. For the sake of comparison, the dynamic holograms were recorded under the same conditions as the widely used electrooptical SBN crystals. Comparative analysis ascertained a unique combination of the useful features offered by CdF₂:Ga crystals in holography.     

基于严格耦合波理论的多层介质膜光栅衍射特性分析

基于严格耦合波理论建立了多层介质膜光栅的衍射机理模型,给出了TE波自准直条件下多层介质膜光栅衍射效率的表达式.以－1级衍射效率为评价函数,分析了表面浮雕结构分别为HfO₂和SiO₂材料的介质膜光栅获得衍射效率优于96%的结构参数.数值计算表明,顶层材料为HfO₂的介质膜光栅具有更宽的结构选择范围.最后分析了介质膜光栅的制备容差和允许的入射角度范围. 关键词： 衍射效率 多层介质膜光栅 严格耦合波理论     

Autocollimation reflection of light from the surface of corrugated waveguides with leaky modes

The diffraction of light by a corrugated surface of a layered structure is studied. It is shown that the excitation of waveguide modes in a layered structure substantially changes the diffraction efficiency of a corrugated structure. In the autocollimation regime, the diffraction efficiency of a grating with a moderate depth may reach 100%. An increased Q factor of leaky modes was found to be the condition of efficient interaction of light with a grating.     

LiNbO3:Fe晶体中调制双光束耦合衍射效率的测定

通过对LiNbO₃:Fe晶体中双光束耦合中的任一束光强进行低频调制,其衍射效率比无调制时提高两倍多(由30％提高到76％)。用运动光栅理论解释了这一实验结果。 关键词：     

Nonlinear diffraction in gratings based on polymer–dispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles

In this letter we report a simple technique to produce volume holographic gratings based on photopolymerizable composites containing TiO₂ nanoparticles. Diffraction gratings with high refractive index modulation amplitude (up to 1.25 × 10⁻²) have been formed due to the periodic distribution of high refractive index nanoparticles in a low refractive index polymer matrix. The diffraction efficiency increases strongly on increasing the nanoparticle concentration. Taking the mixture with 10 wt.% TiO₂ nanoparticles, gratings with high diffraction efficiency, low level of scattering and high transparency in the visible-wavelength range have been obtained. This will ultimately lead to different applications of diffractive optical elements based on nanocomposites. The dependence of the gratings’ diffraction efficiency on the intensity of probe laser pulses at 1064 nm has been explored. It is shown that the nonlinear response of the gratings is attributed mainly to the nonlinear properties of the TiO₂ nanoparticles embedded in the polymer matrix. The mechanism of the grating formation and the reasons for the nonlinear behavior of the diffraction efficiency are discussed.     

Mehrstrahlinterferenz und Beugung in abgeblendeten Parallelspiegel-Interferometern

The relations between multiple-beam interference and normal oscillation modes in a parallel-plate resonator are clarified in a preceeding paper. Based on experiments with cm-waves, here diffraction and shadowing effects are investigated for interferometers containing diaphragms before, between or behind the mirror-plates. It is shown, that the observed phenomena can be fully understood on the basis of the mode concept mentioned above.     

Photoinduced phenomena in amorphous As<Subscript>4</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript>Se<Subscript>3</Subscript>–Sn films

We investigate the kinetics of photodarkening and recording of holographic diffraction gratings in amorphous As₄S₃Se₃ thin-film structures doped with tin (Sn) in concentrations of 0–10 at %. It is established that an increase in the Sn concentration leads to a decrease in the photodarkening rate and degree. The photodarkening kinetics is approximated by a stretched exponential function. It is found that an increase in the Sn concentration leads to a decrease in the transmission (photodarkening) variation in the investigated As₄S₃Se₃–Sn films. It is determined that, in the recording of holographic diffraction gratings at a Sn concentration of 3–8 at %, the As₄S₃Se₃–Sn films exhibit the maximum sensitivity and diffraction efficiency of the recorded gratings. It is shown that the dependence of diffraction efficiency on the As₄S₃Se₃ film thickness has the maximum at a film thickness of 4 µm.     

Sonocatalytic degradation of a textile dye over Gd-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through sonochemical process

The present study was performed to sonochemically synthesize Gd_xZn_1 − xO (x = 0–0.1) nanoparticles for sonocatalysis of Acid Orange 7 (AO7) in an aqueous medium. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed proper synthesis of Gd-doped sonocatalyst. 5% Gd-doped ZnO nanoparticles with band gap of 2.8 eV exhibited the highest sonocatalytic decolorization efficiency of 90% at reaction time of 90 min. The effects of initial dye concentration and sonocatalyst dosage on decolorization efficiency were evaluated. In the presence of sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride the decolorization efficiency decreased from 90 to 78, 65 and 56%, respectively. Among various enhancers, the addition of potassium periodate improved the decolorization efficiency from 90 to 100%. The highest decolorization efficiency was obtained at pH value of 6.34 (90%). The decolorization efficiency decreased only 6% after 4 repeated runs. Therefore, Gd-doped ZnO nanoparticles can be used as a promising catalyst for degradation of organic pollutants with great reusability potential.     

Improving the efficiency of an acoustooptic modulator with a two-lobe directivity pattern by correcting the two-frequency electric signal

The feasibility of forming an efficient two-lobe directivity pattern at Bragg acoustooptic diffraction is theoretically substantiated for the first time. It is shown that the efficiency of diffraction into main beams can be increased by mixing the two-frequency signal with additional spectral components that correspond to the closest combination frequencies. Mixing is accomplished using an original electronic circuit designed for polynomial nonlinear correction of the control signal. Bragg diffraction by the corrected signal is studied experimentally in a high-efficiency paratellurite (TeO₂) modulator. Satisfactory agreement with the theory is obtained, and results of applied interest are obtained. In particular, the maximal overall efficiency of diffraction into two main beams is increased from 68 to 79%.     

Thin-film characterization by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and multiple beam interference

An overview is given of the application of two-beam and multiple-beam approach to grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) for single-crystal thin film characterization. Crystallographic orientation, lattice mismatch, order parameter, and phase of in-plane reflection for various thin film systems are determined by using conventional two-beam GIXD and resonance three-beam GIXD. The diffraction technique, analysis procedure, and theoretical consideration are also presented and discussed.     

Paraxial-domain diffractive elements with 100% efficiency based on polarization gratings

The concept of polarization freedom is employed to design diffraction gratings that are capable of transforming an electromagnetic plane wave into two or three diffraction orders with an arbitrary efficiency distribution among them, such that the combined efficiency of the signal orders is always equal to 100%. As a special case we consider paraxial-domain duplicators and triplicators with 100% efficiency, which is not possible for illumination by scalar waves: Diffractive elements that are capable of performing the required wave transformation must modulate the state of polarization of the incident field.     

Highly accurate film thickness measurement based on automatic fringe analysis

This paper describes an automated multiple-beam interferometry for measuring a calibrated step height of (27.00 ± 3.00) nm nominally. The fringes captured from the multiple-beam Fizeau–Tolansky interferometer were thinned by using a written program to obtain accurate measurement. We claim that multiple-beam interferometry based on automatic fringe thinning process can provide a real time solution for calibrating step heights precisely and with high accuracy. The uncertainty budget of the multiple-beam interferometry method due to incomplete parallelism of the incident beam and the inhomogeneity of the reflecting layers was calculated automatically with a written ray tracing program. The uncertainty budget in multiple-beam interferometry was estimated to be of the order of 3.00 nm.     

Synthesis of PANI/rGO composite as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium-polymer cells

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by an improved Hummers method and then reduced with NaBH₄; GO became rGO with regular layered structure. Polyaniline (PANI)/rGO composite was prepared by a adsorption double oxidant method with rGO as a template. Some physical characterization methods (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope) were used to analyze the morphology and crystallinity of the composite. The electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and rate capability. The first discharge specific capacity of the rPANI/rGO and PANI/rGO was 181.2 and 147.8 mAh/g. After 100 cycles, the capacity retention rate was still 90.2 and 88.9% separately, and the coulombic efficiency of batteries is close to 100%. These results demonstrate the composite has exciting potentials for the cathode material of lithium-ion battery.