A penetrating metal-organic framework based on N-heterocyclic carboxylic acid with sensing properties toward Cr(VI)/Fe(III) and nitrobenzene

Abstract

A luminescent metal-organic framework, [Cd(tmlb)(bbibp)]_n (1) (H₂tmlb?=?(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methylenebis(benzonic acid), bbibp?=?bis(benzoimidazo-1-ly)biphenyl), has been solvothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 exhibits two interpenetrating uninodal 4-connected 3-D frameworks with a (6⁵·8) topology. The luminescence studies reveal that the complex displays sensitive and selective luminescence sensing toward Cr(VI) (CrO₄^2? and Cr₂O₇^2?) anions, Fe(III) cation, and nitrobenzene. The potential quench mechanism was discussed.     

A stable Co(II)-based metal-organic framework with dual-functional pyrazolate-carboxylate ligand: Construction and CO2 selective adsorption and fixation

By taking the functional advantages of both pyrazolate and carboxylate ligands, a unique dual-functional pyrazolate-carboxylate ligand acid, 4-(3,6-di(pyrazol-4-yl)-9-carbazol-9-yl)benzoic acid (H₃PCBA) was designed and synthesized. Using it, a new Co(II)-based metal-organic framework (MOF), Co₃(PCBA)₂(H₂O)₂ (BUT-75) has been constructed. It revealed a (3,6)-connected net based on the 6-connected linear trinuclear metal node, and showed good chemical stability in a wide pH range from 3 to 12 at room temperature, as well as in boiling water. Due to the presence of rich exposed Co(II) sites in pores, BUT-75 presented high selective CO₂ adsorption capacity over N₂ at 298 K. Simultaneously, it demonstrated fine catalytic performance for the cycloaddition of CO₂ with epoxides into cyclic carbonates under ambient conditions. This work has not only enriched the MOF community through integrating diverse functionalities into one ligand but also contributed a versatile platform for CO₂ fixation, thereby pushing MOF chemistry forward by stability enhancement and application expansion.     

A zinc(II) metal-organic framework based on triazole and dicarboxylate ligands for selective adsorption of hexane isomers

A three-dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework {[Zn(2)(HBDC)(2)(dmtrz)(2)]·guest}(n) with pcu net has been solvothermally synthesized, which shows selective adsorption of linear and monobranched hexane isomers over a dibranched one.     

Crystal structures and luminescent properties of a cadmium(II) metal-organic framework based on tri(4-pyridylphenyl)amine

Abstract

A luminescent cadmium(II) metal-organic framework, [Cd(tppa)₂ (bpdc)₂]_n (1) (tppa?=?tri(4-pyridylphenyl)amine, bpdc =4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid), has been solvothermally synthesized by using Cd(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and a mixture of tppa and bpdc. Single crystal X-ray analysis reveals that 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and Pbcn space group. Its overall structure is a twofold interpenetrated framework, and it shows a porosity of 31.8% based on a calculation by PLATON and a 4-c type topological network with the point symbol of {6^5.8}. In addition, 1 may be exploited as WLED due to its ability to give off yellow light under ultraviolet excitation.     

A manganese(II) coordination polymer with a 3D porous structure: Synthesis,structure, and spectroscopic and magnetic behaviour

A manganese(II) complex with N,N′-bis(carboxymethyl)dithiooxamide (H₄GLYDTO), [Mn(H₂GLYDTO)(H₂O)₂]_n, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as by infrared, electronic and EPR spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The crystal and molecular structure of this complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The compound shows a 3D porous framework with alternate left- and right-handed helical channels where the manganese(II) ions have an octahedral environment. Variable temperature magnetic measurements reveal the existence of very weak antiferromagnetic interactions through the syn-anti carboxylate bridge, with an exchange parameter of J/k = −0.12 K.     

A new luminescent anionic metal–organic framework based on heterometallic zinc(II)–barium(II) for selective detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions in aqueous solution

Over the past two decades, the development of novel inorganic–organic hybrid porous crystalline materials or metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) using crystal engineering has provoked significant interest due to their potential applications as functional materials. In this context, luminescent MOFs as fluorescence sensors have recently received significant attention for the sensing of ionic species and small molecules. In this work, a new luminescent heterometallic zinc(II)–barium(II)‐based anionic metal–organic framework, namely poly[imidazolium [triaqua(μ₆‐benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylato)bariumtrizinc] tetrahydrate], {(C₃H₄N₂)[BaZn₃(C₉H₃O₆)₃(H₂O)₃]·4H₂O}_n ( 1 ), was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized. Compound 1 presents a three‐dimensional framework with an unprecedented (3,5)‐connected topology of the point symbol (3.9²).(3³.4².5.9³.10), and exhibits `turn‐off' luminescence responses for the Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in aqueous solution based on significantly different quenching mechanisms.     

A 3-D metal-organic framework constructed with cobalt(II), 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane (bpp) and 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (DNBA) with methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate (MDNBA) by in-situ synthesis as a guest

A new 3-D cobalt(II) mixed ligand, metal-organic framework {[Co₂(bpp)₂(DNBA)₄H₂O] ·?MDNBA} (1), (bpp =?1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane, DNBA =?3,5-dinitrobenzoate and MDNBA =?methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate) was synthesized in aqueous-methanol medium. X-ray structural analysis of 1 revealed that the dinuclear cobalt clusters interlinked by two μ-carboxylates and a μ ₂ water molecule, acting as a node, are connected to four other clusters through bridging bpp to generate an extended neutral 3-D network. MDNBA was in-situ synthesized and encapsulated in the framework as a guest molecule. Moreover, the fluorescence spectrum shows 1 exhibits blue fluorescent emission in the solid state at room temperature.     

Two zinc(II) complexes based on indole-3-acetic acid: crystal structures,fluorescence sensors,and ion exchange with mercury(II)

Two new coordination complexes, [Zn(IA)₂(phen)] (1) and [Zn(IA)₂(4,4′-bipy)] _n ?·?C₂H₅OH (2) (IAH?=?indole-3-acetic acid, phen?=?1,10-phenanthroline, 4,4′-bipy?=?4,4′-bipyridine), have been prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 is mononuclear and 2 presents a 1-D zigzag chain, in which 4,4′-bipy connects the Zn(II) ions. Both complexes show fluorescence emissions and exhibit fluorescence quenching when Hg²⁺ ions are present. ICP, EDS, and SEM experiments reveal that zinc in both complexes can be exchanged by toxic mercury ions.     

Synthesis and spectral studies on Co (II) and Ni (II) complexes with polyfunctional quinazoline-(3H)-4-ones

A series of complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with 2-(R)-3-(X)-substituted quinazoline-(3H)-4-ones, where R = methyl/phenyl and X = furalamino, uramino and thiouramino have been synthesised and characterised by analytical, conductivity, thermal and magnetic, infrared and electronic spectral data. Based on analytical and conductivity studies the stoichiometries of the complexes have been established. Conductivity data also show that all these complexes are non-electrolytes. Infrared spectral data indicate that all the ligands manifest neutral bidentate with both the metal ions. Geometries for the complexes have been proposed based on electronic spectral data. Various electronic spectral parameters have been calculated for all the complexes and relevant conclusions have been drawn with respect to the nature of bonds present in them.     

Molecular structure and spectroscopic studies on novel complexes of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid with Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions based on density functional theory

Novel Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) complexes of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (HCCA) were studied at experimental and theoretical levels. The complexes were characterised by elemental analyses, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and by magnetic susceptibility measurements. The binding modes of the ligand and the spin states of the metal complexes were established by means of molecular modelling of the complexes studied and calculation of their IR, NMR and absorption spectra at DFT(TDDFT)/B3LYP level. The experimental and calculated data verified high spin Ni(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) complexes and a bidentate binding through the carboxylic oxygen atoms (CCA2). The model calculations predicted pseudo octahedral trans-[M(CCA2)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] structures for the Zn(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes and a binuclear [Mn(2)(CCA2)(4)(H(2)O)(2)] structure. Experimental and calculated (1)H, (13)C NMR, IR and UV-Vis data were used to distinguish the two possible bidentate binding modes (CCA1 and CCA2) as well as mononuclear and binuclear structures of the metal complexes.     

Band gap,sorption properties and fluorescence sensing behaviour of a novel 1D→2D cathenane‐like cobalt(II)–organic framework

A novel hydrolytic stable Co^II–organic framework, namely poly[[bis(2‐amino‐4‐sulfonatobenzoato‐κO¹)tetraaquatris{μ‐1,4‐bis[(imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzene‐κ²N³:N^3′}dicobalt(II)] tetrahydrate], {[Co(C₇H₅NO₅S)(C₁₄H₁₄N₄)_1.5(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O}_n, ( 1 ), based on multifunctional 2‐amino‐5‐sulfobenzoic acid (H₂asba) and the auxiliary flexible ligand 1,4‐bis[(imidazol‐1‐yl)methyl]benzene (bix), was prepared using the solution evaporation method. The purity of ( 1 ) was confirmed by elemental analysis and powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Complex ( 1 ) shows a novel 1D→2D interpenetrating network, which is further extended into a 3D supramolecular framework with channels occupied by the lattice water molecules. The 2‐amino‐4‐sulfonatobenzoate (asba^2?) ligand adopts a monodentate coordination mode. The bix ligands exhibit gauche–gauche (GG) and trans–trans (TT) conformations. A detailed analysis of the solid‐state diffuse‐reflectance UV–Vis spectrum reveals that an indirect band gap exists in the complex. The band structure, the total density of states (TDOS) and the partial density of states (PDOS) were calculated using the CASTEP program. The calculated band gap (E_g) matches well with the experimental one. The complex exhibits a reversible dehydration–rehydration behaviour. Interestingly, gas sorption experiments demonstrate that the new fully anhydrous compound obtained by activating complex ( 1 ) at 400 K shows selective adsorption of CO₂ over N₂. Complex ( 1 ) retains excellent framework stability in a variety of solvents and manifests distinct solvent‐dependent fluorescence properties. Moreover, the complex shows multiresponsive fluorescence sensing for some nitroaromatics in aqueous medium.     

Molecular logic circuits and a security keypad lock based on a novel colorimetric azo receptor with dual detection ability for copper(II) and fluoride ions

A novel azoimine dye-based colorimetric chemosensor (1) has been designed and synthesised for dual recognition of copper(II) and fluoride ions in aqueous media. Significantly, the outstanding dual-ion recognition properties along with the excellent reversibility prompted us to consider 1 as an ideal candidate for fabrication of multiple logic circuits. According to the response profile of 1 towards Cu²⁺ and F^? inputs, we developed a unique tunable system integrated with one INHIBIT logic gate as well as one OR gate. Also, 1 behaved as a molecular keypad lock with sequential addition of Cu²⁺ and F^? inputs. In accession, a reversible ‘Write–Read–Erase–Read’ function with complementary ‘IMP/INH’ logic gate has been demonstrated through a feedback loop using F^? and trifluoroacetic acid as two chemical inputs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report where the symmetrical bis azo-azomethine dye has been exploited as a molecular keypad lock.     

Static and Dynamic Magnetic Properties of a Co(II)-Complex with N2O2 Donor Set – A Theoretical and Experimental Study

A representative Co(II) based single ion magnet (SIM) with N₂O₂ donor set and distorted pseudo-tetrahedral geometry has been synthesized and characterized to study the atomic and electronic structure. DC magnetometry results have been evaluated by means of a phenomenological Hamiltonian approach regarding zero field splitting (ZFS) parameters and compared with results from ab-initio multi-reference CASSCF (complete active space self-consistent field) calculations and qualitative ligand field theory (AILFT). Profound investigation of spin-lattice relaxation with the variation of temperature (from 1.8 to about 8 K) and magnetic field (at 14 different fields from zero up to 1 T) have been performed based on AC magnetometry. Under an applied dc magnetic field, spin-lattice relaxation occurs via a direct process with T² temperature dependence due to limited heat transfer at very low temperature and above 5 K relaxation by an Orbach process with an energy barrier of ≈80 K dominates.     

A biomimetic sensor based on specific receptor ETBD and Fe3O4@Au/MoS2/GN for signal enhancement shows highly selective electrochemical response to ultra-trace lead (II)

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - A lead-chelating ligand, 2,2′-((1E)-((4-((2-mercaptoethyl)thio)-1,2phenylene)bis(azany-lylidene))bis(methanylylide-ne))diphenol (ETBD), was...     

A DFT investigation on molecular structures of semicarbazone complexes with Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) and reaction energies of their complexation

The structure optimizations of 2-formylpyridine (H2FoPyS), 3-formylpyridine (H3FoPyS), and 4-formylpyridine (H4FoPyS) semicarbazone complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) were carried out using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory. The B3LYP/LANL2DZ-optimized geometry parameters for the H2FoPyS and H3FoPyS complexes show good agreement with their corresponding X-ray crystallographic data. Due to the X-ray crystallographic structures of the [Zn(H3FoPyS)₂]²⁺ complex and the H4FoPyS complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) and have not yet been observed, their B3LYP/LANL2DZ-optimized structures are therefore theoretically proposed. The reaction energies and thermodynamic properties of complexation for these complexes computed at the same level of theory are reported.     

New side chain ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymers based on (2S, 3S)-2-chloro-3-methylpentanoic acid: synthesis and phase behaviour

The synthesis of four new chiral mesogenic monomers (M₁–M₄) and side chain ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymers containing (2S, 3S)-2-chloro-3-methylpentanoate is described. The chemical structures and phase behaviour of the monomers and polymers obtained in this study were characterised by Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, polarising optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The selective reflection of light was investigated with ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis). Their structure–mesomorphism relationships were discussed. M₁ and P₁ all showed a chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase. M₂ and M₃ revealed a SmC* phase and cholesteric phase, while their corresponding polymers P₂ and P₃ revealed a SmC* phase and smectic A (SmA) phase. M₄ only exhibited a cholesteric phase, whereas the corresponding polymers P₄ showed a SmA phase. Moreover, the selective reflection of light shifted to the long-wavelength region at the SmC* phase range and to the short-wavelength region at the cholesteric range with increasing temperature, respectively. The results seemed to demonstrate that the tendency towards melting temperature (T_m), glass transition temperature (T_g), isotropic temperature (T_i) and mesophase range for the monomers and polymers increased by increasing the mesogenic core rigidity or the number of phenyl ring. The polymerisation effect could lead to higher liquid crystalline to isotropic phase transition temperature, wider mesophase range and more ordered smectic phase formed. In addition, all the obtained polymers had a very good thermal stability and the corresponding T_d increased by increasing the number of phenyl ring.     

Green and chemoselective oxidation of alcohols with hydrogen peroxide: A comparative study on Co(II) and Co(III) activity toward oxidation of alcohols

Two new cobalt (II) and cobalt (III) complexes of a terpyridine based ligand, (4′-(2-thienyl)-2,2′;6′,2″-terpyridine (L)), were synthesized. Each complex has two units of the tridentate ligand. The complexes were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods as well as CHN analysis. Moreover, their solid state structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The cobaltous complex has the formula [Co(L)₂](NO₃)₂·2CH₃OH·H₂O (1), whereas the cobaltic complex shows the formula [Co(L)₂](NO₃)₃·2CH₃OH (2). Both complexes were tested as homogenous catalysts for the oxidation of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols utilizing aqueous hydrogen peroxide in water media. The Co(II) complex showed more activity in comparison with its isostructural Co(III) species. The results show that the aromatic alcohols were oxidized with higher conversions and selectivity compared to the aliphatic substrates, possibly due to their conjugation systems which thermodynamically stabilized the carbonyl products.     

A fourfold interpenetrating cadmium(II) metal–organic framework based on 2,4,6‐tris(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine with reversible photochromic properties

2,4,6‐Tris(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tpt), as an organic molecule with an electron‐deficient nature, has attracted considerable interest because of its photoinduced electron transfer from neutral organic molecules to form stable anionic radicals. This makes it an excellent candidate as an organic linker in the construction of photochromic complexes. Such a photochromic three‐dimensional (3D) metal–organic framework (MOF) has been prepared using this ligand. Crystallization of tpt with Cd(NO₃)₂·4H₂O in an N,N‐dimethylacetamide–methanol mixed‐solvent system under solvothermal conditions afforded the 3D MOF poly[[bis(nitrato‐κ²O,O′)cadmium(II)]‐μ₃‐2,4,6‐tris(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐κ³N²:N⁴:N⁶], [Cd(NO₃)₂(C₁₈H₁₂N₆)]_n, which was characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The X‐ray diffraction crystal structure analysis reveals that the asymmetric unit contains one independent Cd^II cation, one tpt ligand and two coordinated NO₃^? anions. The Cd^II cations are connected by tpt ligands to generate a 3D framework. The single framework leaves voids that are filled by mutual interpenetration of three independent equivalent frameworks in a fourfold interpenetrating architecture. The compound shows a good thermal stability and exhibits a reversible photochromic behaviour, which may originate from the photoinduced electron‐transfer generation of radicals in the tpt ligand.     

A 2D Co(II) coordination polymer based on 1,3,5-tris(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene: photocatalytic properties and theoretical analysis

Abstract

A new 2D Co(II) based coordination polymer (CP), {[Co₂(tib)₂(NO₃)₃(H₂O)₂·NO₃]_n (1), has been synthesized using 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene (tib) ligand. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study indicates that 1 possesses an infinite 2D layer, which is further extended into a 3D supramolecular network via O–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions. Additionally, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of CP indicates its decomposition temperature was about 268?°C. The UV/Vis diffuse-reflection spectrum of 1 indicates its semiconducting nature on the basis of which the photocatalytic properties of 1 against photodecomposition of organic dyes have been studied. The possible mechanism associated with the photocatalytic activity of 1 against organic dyes is addressed using density of states (DOS) calculations.