Methylation of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside with Dimethyl Carbonate

The approach presented in this study is the first for the hemisynthesis of methylated anthocyanins. It was possible to obtain cyanidin-3-O-glucoside derivatives with different degrees of methylation. Cautious identification of 4′-, 5-, and 7-OH monomethylated derivatives was also accomplished. The methylation agent used was the “green chemical” dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which is characterized by low human and ecological toxicity. The influence of the temperature, reaction time, and amount of the required diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en (DBU) catalyst on the formation of the products was examined. Compared to conventional synthesis methods for methylated flavonoids using DMC and DBU, the conditions identified in this study result in a reduction of reaction time, and an important side reaction, so-called carboxymethylation, was minimized by using higher amounts of catalyst.     

KBr催化剂上DMC与苯酚甲基化合成苯甲醚的反应机理研究

结合原位FT-IR,热力学分析及反应规律研究了KBr催化剂上碳酸二甲酯（DMC）氧位甲基化苯酚合成苯甲醚的反应机理。FT-IR显示KBr催化剂高于100℃活化苯酚生成酚盐,但至200℃也不活化DMC。共吸附的FT-IR及反应数据均显示苯甲醚高于150℃时生成。反应中检测到少量羰基甲氧基化产物苯基甲基碳酸酯（MPC）先于苯甲醚而生成,结合热力学计算及MPC分解转化的实验结果分析,生成MPC的反应是与生成苯甲醚的甲基化反应并行的可逆副反应。甲基化反应的机理为苯酚先被去质子化而形成酚盐,高于150℃时,酚盐的酚氧负离子亲核进攻DMC的甲基碳而生成苯甲醚。     

A convenient and safe O-methylation of flavonoids with dimethyl carbonate (DMC)

Dietary flavonoids exhibit beneficial health effects. Several epidemiological studies have focused on their biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular properties. More recently, these compounds have shown to be promising cancer chemopreventive agents in cell culture studies. In particular, O-methylated flavonoids exhibited a superior anticancer activity than the corresponding hydroxylated derivatives being more resistant to the hepatic metabolism and showing a higher intestinal absorption. In this communication we describe a convenient and efficient procedure in order to prepare a large panel of mono- and dimethylated flavonoids by using dimethyl carbonate (DMC), an ecofriendly and non toxic chemical, which plays the role of both solvent and reagent. In order to promote the methylation reaction under mild and practical conditions, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) was added in the solution; methylated flavonoids were isolated in high yields and with a high degree of purity. This methylation protocol avoids the use of hazardous and high toxic reagents (diazomethane, dimethyl sulfate, methyl iodide).     

Efficient conversion of 6-cyanopurines into 6-alkoxyformimidoylpurines

An extremely simple method for the selective synthesis of 9-aryl and 9-alkyl 6-alkoxy or 6-alkoxyformimidoylpurines from the corresponding 6-cyanopurines is described. The reaction is carried out with methanol or ethanol in the presence of DBU. At room temperature, nucleophilic attack by the primary alcohol occurs selectively on the cyano carbon atom, leading to 6-alkoxyformimidoylpurines in good yields. Heating the reaction mixture at a temperature greater than or equal to 78 degrees C leads to nucleophilic substitution of the substituent in the 6-position by the alkoxy group, generating the corresponding 6-alkoxypurines, also in excellent yields. The 6-alkoxyformimidoylpurines were used as intermediates in the synthesis of 6-carboxamidinopurines by reaction with methylamine (for 9-methylpurine 5a) or methyl ammonium chloride (for 9-arylpurines and 5b and 5c).     

Dimethyl carbonate as an ambident electrophile

[reaction: see text] The features of various anions having different soft/hard character (aliphatic and aromatic amines, alcohoxydes, phenoxides, thiolates) are compared with regard to nucleophilic substitutions on dimethyl carbonate (DMC), using different reaction conditions. Results are well in agreement with the Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) theory. Accordingly, the high selectivity of monomethylation of CH(2) acidic compounds and primary aromatic amines with DMC can be explained by two different subsequent reactions, which are due to the double electrophilic character of DMC. The first step consists of a hard-hard reaction and selectively produces a soft anion, which, in the second phase, selectively transforms into the final monomethylated product, via a soft-soft nucleophilic displacement (yield >99% at complete conversion, using DMC as solvent).     

Dual nucleophilic catalysis with DABCO for the N-methylation of indoles

DABCO is an extremely active catalyst for the methylation of indoles in conjunction with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). This green chemistry is highly effective and produces N-methylindoles in nearly quantitative yields. The reaction sequence consists of competing alkylation and acylation pathways and involves 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) dually as a nucleophilic catalyst, ultimately resulting in a single product: the N-methylated indole.     

抗高压药马西替坦的合成及工艺优化

以4-溴苯乙酸甲酯为起始原料,经碳负离子亲核取代、关环、氯代、氮负离子亲核取代、氧负离子亲核取代等6步反应制得抗高血压药马西替坦,并对合成工艺进行了优化。优化后的工艺使中间体的纯度得到了提高,操作更加简便,更有利于工业化生产。中间体和产物的结构均经~1H-NMR和ESI-MS确证。     

介孔硅铝材料上合成水杨酸甲酯的研究

与传统合成水杨酸甲酯的工艺不同,采用碳酸二甲酯(DMC)作为酯化试剂与水杨酸反应制备了水杨酸甲酯.反应所使用的催化剂是一系列不同硅铝比的介孔L硅铝化合物.结果表明,碳酸二甲酯是一种很好的酯化试剂,所合成的介孔硅铝化合物对此酯化反应是高效的催化剂.SA转化率可以达到98.6%,MS选择性可以达到77.0%,并且还发现水杨...     

Cascade Transformations of (2,2-Diaryl-3,3-dichloroaziridin-1-yl)acetates

Esters of (2,2-diaryl-3,3-dichloroaziridin-1-yl)acetic acid prepared from glycine derivatives under alkylation conditions afford esters of 2-[N-alkyl-N-(2,2-diaryl-1-cyanovinyl)amino]-3,3-diarylacrylic acid in 20-40% yield. The reaction resulting in these compounds proceeds through a cascade of 3-chloro-2-azadiene and ylide intermediates. 3-Chloro-2-azadienes originating from (2,2-diaryl-3,3-dichloroaziridin-1-yl)acetates react with primary and secondary amines at the carbon atom of imine group providing ketenimines which undergo ketenimine-nitrile rearrangement or fragmentation. The other bases (KOH, MeONa, DBU) effect dehydrochlorination of the mentioned 3-chloro-2-azadienes giving nitrile-ylides which are trapped by nucleophilic reagents. The 3-chloro-2-azadiene obtained from methyl (2,2-diaryl-3,3-dichloroaziridin-1-yl)acetate and DBU was relatively stable and was isolated as an individual compound. (2,2-diaryl-3,3-dichloroaziridin-1-yl)propionates behave as nonfunctionalized dichloroaziridines.     

The synthesis of imidazo[4,5-d]pyridines from a substituted imidazole and acyl or sulfonyl acetonitrile

1-Aryl-5-amino-4-cyanoformimidoyl imidazoles were reacted with acyl and sulfonyl acetonitriles, under mild experimental conditions, leading to imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-5-ones. A reaction intermediate could be isolated in the reaction with methyl cyanoacetate, under carefully controlled experimental conditions. This intermediate cyclized to imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-5-one, in the presence of DBU. Reaction between 5-amino-4-cyanoformimidoyl-1-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazole and acetylacetone, occurred by a different pathway to give a 6-carbamoylpurine.     

A Facile Synthesis of Pechmann Dyes

A facile synthesis of Pechmann dyes has been accomplished by the reaction of substituted N‐phenacyl‐4‐dimethylaminopyridinium halides with dimethyl maleate in the presence of DBU. Based on a related 4‐DMAP elimination product and an isolated monolactone intermediate a reaction mechanism has been proposed. The scope of this synthetic method is determined by the availability of α‐haloaroyl or heteroaroyl derivatives. DBU=1,8‐diazabicycloundec‐7‐ene, DMAP=4‐dimethylaminopyridine.     

Chemistry of the phosphinidene oxide ligand

Reaction of [Mo2Cp2(mu-H)(mu-PHR*)(CO)4] with DBU followed by O2 gives the first anionic phosphinidene oxide complex (H-DBU)[MoCp{P(O)R*}(CO)2] (1) (DBU = 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene; R* = 2,4,6-C6H2tBu3). This anion displays three different nucleophilic sites located at the O, P, and Mo atoms, as illustrated by the reactions reported. Thus, reaction of 1 with excess HBF4.OEt2 gave the fluorophosphide complex [MoCp(PFR*)(CO)2] via the hidroxophosphide intermediate [MoCp{PR*(OH)}(CO)2]. Related alkoxyphosphide compounds [MoCp{P(OR)R*}(CO)2] (R = Me, C(O)Ph) were prepared by reaction of 1 with [Me3O]BF4 and PhC(O)Cl, respectively, whereas reaction of 1 with MeI or C3H5Br gave the P,O-bound phosphinite complexes [MoCp(kappa2-OPRR*)(CO)2] (R = Me, C3H5). Metal-based electrophiles were found to bind at either O or Mo positions. Thus, reaction of 1 with [ZrCl2Cp2] gave the phosphinidene oxide bridged [MoCp{P(OZrClCp2)R*}(CO)2], whereas reaction with SnPh3Cl gave trans-[MoCp{P(O)R*}(CO)2(SnPh3)], an heterometallic complex having an intact terminal P(O)R* ligand.     

Reactions of triphenylphosphine with 2,3-dihalo-2-methylpropionic acids and their methyl esters

Triphenylphosphine reacts with 2,3-dichloro-2-methylpropionic acid and its ester along the dehydrochlorination pathway with the participation of the less labile hydrogen atom from the methyl group. The subsequent reaction of the unsaturated product with triphenylphosphine yields 2-carboxypropane- and 2-methoxycarbonylpropane-1,3-diylbis(triphenylphosphonium) dichlorides, respectively. The unusual course of dehydrochlorination may be due to easier electron density transfer from the C-H bond of the methyl group as compared to the chloromethyl group in the carbocationoid intermediate. With the bromine analogs, the reaction pathways are different. The ester reacts similarly to dibromopropionic acid and its derivatives, following the debromination scheme, whereas the free acid gives the product of double nucleophilic substitution.     

The First Reaction of Dimethoxycarbene with an Imine Moiety

The nucleophilic dimethoxycarbene (DMC; 2 ) generated by thermal decomposition of 2,5‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivative 1 in boiling toluene reacts smoothly with N‐(9H‐fluoren‐9‐ylidene)‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide ( 7b ) to yield carbonimidoate derivative 10 . A multi‐step reaction pathway, initiated by the attack of DMC onto the C?N bond and followed by the migration of the sulfonyl group (or via a sulfinate anion) is proposed to explain the formation of the final product. In contrast to the formal ketimine 7b , N‐benzylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide ( 7a ), a formal aldimine, does not react with DMC under comparable conditions.     

The carbenoid approach to peptide synthesis

A different approach to the synthesis of dipeptides is described based on the formation of the NHCHR1CONH-CHR2CO bond by carbenoid N-H insertion, rather than the formation of the peptide bond itself. Thus decomposition of triethyl diazophosphonoacetate catalysed by rhodium(II) acetate in the presence of N-protected amino acid amides 8 gives the phosphonates 9. Subsequent Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of 9 with aldehydes in the presence of DBU gives dehydro dipeptides 10. The reaction has been extended to a simple two-step procedure, without the isolation of the intermediate phosphonate, for conversion of a range of amino acid amides 11 into dehydro dipeptides 12 and to an N-methylamide 11 h, and for conversion of a dipeptide to tripeptide (13-->14). Direct conversion, by using methyl diazophenylacetate, of amino acid amides to phenylglycine-containing dipeptides 19 proceeds in good chemical yield, but with poor diastereoselectivity.     

A density functional theory study on mechanisms of [4 + 2] annulation of enal with α-methylene cycloalkanone catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene

Density functional theory was used to study the reaction mechanisms of the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation reaction between enal and α-methylene cycloalkanone for the formation of tricyclic benzopyran-2-one. The simulations suggest that the energy-favorable catalytic cycle includes five steps: (a) the nucleophilic addition of enal by NHC catalyst; (b) [1, 2]-proton transfer for the formation of Breslow intermediate; (c) [1, 4]-proton transfer for the formation of enolate intermediate; (d) the [4 + 2] cycloaddition process, product formation; and (e) catalyst regeneration. The proton transfer process was particularly designed in two independent ways, the direct proton transfer and the Brønsted acid DBU∙H⁺-mediated proton transfer. Our study reveals that [1, 2]-proton transfer process is the rate-determining step with the accessible energy barrier, which agrees with the experimental observation. Further analysis of the global reaction index confirmed that NHC was primary used as a Lewis base during the reaction processes. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis indicates that the introduction of the NHC catalyst facilitates the reaction to occur due to the narrower energy gap of FMO.     

铅化合物催化二氨基二苯甲烷与碳酸二甲酯反应机理的红外光谱研究

研究了Pb(OAc)₂·3H₂O催化二氨基二苯甲烷(MDA)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)反应合成二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)的稳定性和成分变化, 发现乙酸铅在反应过程中会形成含氨基配体的碱式碳酸铅, 该化合物对MDC的合成仍具有较高活性. 采用红外光谱结合原位控温液体池技术研究了其催化机理, 结果表明, 铅催化剂的配体对其催化活性起重要作用, 双齿配位方式向单体配位方式的转变是催化剂起作用的关键步骤; 并在此基础上提出了铅催化剂催化MDA与DMC反应的机理.     

Effective and recoverable homogeneous catalysts for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with ethanol: Lanthanide triflates

The catalytic activities of metal triflates were tested for the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with ethanol. It was found that yttrium triflate was the most efficient homogeneous catalyst. When the transesterification reaction was catalyzed by yttrium triflate at 76–80°C, 7 h, ethanol to DMC in 6: 1 molar ratio, 0.35 mol % of catalyst based on DMC, the conversion of DMC was 89.2%, the selectivities of diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) were 85.1 and 13.6%, respectively. Yttrium triflate was reused 5 times for the transesterification without loss of its catalytic activity.     

Nucleophilic Ring-Opening of Benzoxazinones by DBU: Some Observations

This communication demonstrates the formation of an unusual nucleophilic ring opening of benzoxazinones by 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU). This observation contradicts the intrinsic feature of a hindered nonnucleophilic base like DBU. Confirmation of the product was achieved via single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.     

Uncatalyzed reaction of silyl ketene acetals with oxalyl chloride: a straightforward preparation of symmetrical pulvinic acids

[reaction: see text] Several natural pulvinic acids were synthesized. Silyl ketene acetals derived from methyl arylacetates (4 equiv) reacted with oxalyl chloride at -78 degrees C, without the need of adding a catalyst. After treatment of the crude diketones with DBU and acidification with hydrochloric acid, symmetrical pulvinic acids methyl esters were obtained. Saponification of the methyl esters afforded the corresponding pulvinic acids in 60-70% overall yields from oxalyl chloride.