地球和月球的公转周期与自转周期

1 引言 众所周知,年是以地球绕太阳公转周期为基准的时间单位,月是以月球绕地球公转周期为基准的时间单位,日是以地球自转周期为基准的时间单位.但是,由于任何历法中的历年内所包含的月数和日数以及历月内所包含的日数总是整数,因此我们平常使用的公历或夏历(俗称农历)中所规定的历年、历月、历日,其实都与地球和月球的公转周期或自转周期并不完全相等.     

地球自转对平抛运动的影响

文章主要研究考虑地球自转时,科里奥利力对平抛运动带来的影响,并求出科里奥利力对平抛体落地时间的影响和落地位置的偏移量.     

考虑地球自转时抛体运动的偏移

当以转动的地球作参考系时，科里奥利惯性力 使抛体运动发生偏移．本文通过讨论科里奥利惯性力 的各分力的作用，使抛体各偏移的物理意义比较明确． 并指出了有关该问题讨论中关于射程偏移的一个错误．     

潮汐对地球自转阻滞作用的估计

讨论了潮汐阻滞地球自转的机制,利用一个简化的模型计算了由潮汐引起的地球自转角加速度的数量级,得到了比较满意的结果,并讨论了几个简化假设的合理性,还利用该模型计算了当地球自转速度不再变化时的几个数据.     

1851年2月3日：Leon Foucault示范了地球的自转

到了19世纪中叶,大多数受过教育的人都知道地球绕着它的轴线自转,一天转一圈,但却没有清楚可见的地球白转之示范证明,只有天文上的证据。     

一个地球自转变化问题引起的思考

探索汽车向北行驶时引起地球动能变化的动力学原因.     

潮汐是怎样使地球自转速度变慢的

本文说明月球引起地球海水的潮汐如何减慢地球的自转,就中特别说明了海水与海底的摩擦的作用,也简述了海水潮汐的“反作用”对月球运行的影响。     

康普顿早期验证地球自转的“水管”实验

对美国著名物理学家A.H.康普顿在大学本科阶段对地球自转的验证性实验进行原理简述,将其与最早证明地球自转的实验——傅科摆实验并行讨论,从实验原理、背景及影响方面对2个实验的差别作简要分析.     

Time evolution of average rotation axis directions and mean rotation angles of pressurized liquid methyl iodide by molecular dynamics simulation

The rotational motion of liquid methyl iodide has been modelled by molecular dynamics simulations under input parameters optimized from literature values to yield the experimental enthalpy of vaporization and permanent dipole moment of the molecule. First, it is shown that results describing the correlation function of the tumbling motion of the molecules agree reasonably well with some corresponding findings from a spectroscopic Raman study. Second, the rotational motion involving the spinning component around the molecule's symmetry axis was simulated, an effect inaccessible by experiment. Third, and most relevant to the author's interests, a group-theoretical formalism was used that generates the time evolution of the average direction of the average rotation axis as well as the mean rotation angle around it. This approach allowed a more realistic understanding of the effects of density and temperature on molecular rotational motion, as well as a better quantification of the influence of short-time inertial decay, than the common approach of studying orientational correlation data along permanently molecule-fixed axis directions. Fourth, site–site radial distribution functions between neighbouring molecules were simulated, establishing a shielding effect that prevents a carbon atom from approaching any other site by their closest distance.     

Use of a modified Drude's equation to investigate the optical rotation property of sugars

Sugar compounds (glucose, xylose, arabinose, and galactose) and their mixed solutions were examined using the optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) measurement technique with a modified Drude's equation. Commonly, spectroscopic methods utilize the observation of absorption bands which are, in the case of sugars, located in the UV-spectral range. However, the polarization method used in this study allows us to investigate sugar samples in a convenient visible spectral range where sugar solutions are relatively transparent. The ORD set-up can be simple and robust as we will demonstrate: the self-constructed apparatus consists of only two linear polarizers, placed one after the other, with the angle between their transmission axes adjusted to 45°. The sugar solution sample in a cuvette was put between the polarizers. The set-up was connected to a sample compartment of a commercial UV–vis spectrophotometer. The method provided us the specific optical rotation and concentration of sugar solutions with a reasonable accuracy. In addition, the optical rotation value for mixed sugars has been found to be the average optical rotation value of individual sugar content. Beside use in the laboratory environment, the method could also have industrial on-site monitoring applications, for example in bio fuel production.     

1310nm波段石英晶体旋光性的温度效应测试研究

为了测试温度对1310nm波段石英晶体旋光性的影响,采用高低温试验箱作为温控器,设计了双光路检测系统对石英晶体在1310nm波段旋光性的温度效应进行测试研究。实验结果表明,在-10～20℃温度范围内,对于确定波长的光,随温度的升高,石英晶体的旋光率增大;在25～50℃温度范围内,随温度的升高旋光率减小;对于同一温度,波长越长旋光率越小。根据测试结果求解Sellmeier方程得出了Sellmeier方程的常数与温度的关系式,从而可以得出任意温度下不同波长对应的石英晶体的旋光率。     

On the theory of the universal dielectric relaxation

Dielectric relaxation has been investigated within the framework of a modified mean field theory, in which the dielectric response of an arbitrary condensed matter system to the applied electric field is assumed to consist of two parts, a collective response and a slowly fluctuating response; the former corresponds to the cooperative response of the crystalline or noncrystalline structures composed of the atoms or molecules held together by normal chemical bonds and the latter represents the slow response of the strongly correlated high-temperature structure precursors or a partially ordered nematic phase. These two dielectric responses are not independent of each other but rather constitute a dynamic hierarchy, in which the slowly fluctuating response is constrained by the collective response. It then becomes clear that the dielectric relaxation of the system is actually a specific characteristic relaxation process modulated by the slow relaxation of the nematic phase and the relationship governing such a process can be defined as the universal dielectric relaxation law. Furthermore, we have shown that seemingly different relaxation relationships, such as the Debye relaxation law, the Cole-Cole equation, the Cole-Davidson equation, the Havriliak-Negami relaxation, the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function, Jonscher’s universal dielectric relaxation law, etc. are only the variants of this universal law under different circumstances.     

Velocity-dependent inertial induction and secular retardation of the earth’s rotation

According to the model of inertial induction proposed earlier, the inertia force consists of an acceleration-dependent term which comes out as identically equal to -ma. Besides, there is a velocity-dependent term which is exceedingly small to be easily detected. However, it has been shown that this results in a cosmological red shift of light coming from distant stars and galaxies; the magnitude of the red shift agrees very well with the observed values. Though this model yields correct results when applied to photons it needs modification before applying to other bodies. A modified form of the inertial induction model is now proposed where the proposed velocity-dependent inertia forces, when applied to the solar system, yields correct order of magnitude for the secular retardation of the earth’s rotation. Moreover, a combined model using the velocity term and the tidal friction also does not suggest any close proximity of the moon to the earth in the past. When the model is applied to the case of Phobos, a secular acceleration of the order of magnitude of 10⁻³ deg yr⁻² is obtained.     

On the non-synchronous rotation of binary systems

During the evolution of the binary system,many physical processes occur,which can influence the orbital angular velocity and the spin angular velocities of the two components,and influence the non-synchronous or synchronous rotation of the system.These processes include the transfer of masses and angular momentums between the component stars,the loss of mass and angular momentum via stellar winds,and the deformation of the structure of component stars.A study of these processes indicates that they are closely related to the combined effects of tide and rotation.This means,to study the synchronous or non-synchronous rotation of binary systems,one has to consider the contributions of different physical processes simultaneously,instead of the tidal effect alone.A way to know whether the rotation of a binary system is synchronous or non-synchronous is to calculate the orbital angular velocity and the spin angular velocities of the component stars.If all of these angular velocities are equal,the rotation of the system is synchronous.If not,the rotation of the system is non-synchronous.For this aim,a series of equations are developed to calculate the orbital and spin angular velocities.The evolutionary calculation of a binary system with masses of 10M⊙+6M⊙shows that the transfer of masses and angular momentums between the two components,and the deformation of the components structure in the semidetached or in the contact phase can change the rotation of the system from synchronous into non-synchronous rotation.     

红外地平仪地球模拟器光学校准精度分析

针对适用于双圆锥扫描红外地平仪地面检测体积相对较大的地球模拟器,使用两台电子经纬仪建立三维坐标测量系统,采用全测角的方法计算并实时显示被测点的三维坐标值,可以大大提高光学校准精度。基于坐标值的计算以及地球模拟器的模拟原理,首先对地球模拟器进行精密校准,然后基于误差传递公式计算直角坐标的校准测试误差,对光学校准精度进行分析,最终实现红外地球敏感器姿态角测量的误差分析。计算与实际测量结果表明,通过使用实时三维测量系统对地球模拟器进行精密校准后,双圆锥扫描红外地平仪的姿态角模拟测试误差可降低到0.01°以下。验证了该测量系统在大型航天地面检测设备中的有效性与实用性。     

A phase quadrature interferometer for measuring the small optical rotation angle of a chiral medium

The passage of a linearly polarized beam through a chiral material and a phase retarder will induce a phase difference between the s and p polarizations of the beam. In this study, a phase quadrature interferometer is designed to measure the phase difference variation proportional to the optical rotation. The proportionality constant (or measurement sensitivity) can be greatly enhanced by setting the retardation of the phase retarder close to 0° or 180°. The experimental results demonstrate that with our system we can obtain a measurement resolution for the rotational angle of better than 3.5° × 10⁻⁴. This method has several advantages such as a simple optical setup, easier operation in real time, and low cost. In addition, due to the common-path arrangement, surrounding noise can be eliminated.