Enhanced diffraction efficiency of gratings in multilayers

Computations with the rigorous differential method show that single gratings made by ion implantation have a diffraction efficiency in the +1 transmitted order under TE illumination of only 0.78%. The insertion of such gratings into multilayer dielectric Fabry-Perot cavities leads to an enhancement of the free-space diffraction efficiency. Different designs for the multilayer are considered. An 18.8% efficiency is reached with 11-layer mirrors. This result is obtained by optimization of the thickness of the spacer of the Fabry-Perot cavity that contains the grating and centering of the wavelength of the mirrors. The dependence of optical properties of the structure on the various optogeometrical parameters of the structure is discussed.     

Input-output relations for a three-port grating coupled Fabry-Perot cavity

We analyze an optical three-port reflection grating by means of a scattering matrix formalism. Amplitude and phase relations among the three ports, i.e., the three orders of diffraction, are derived. Such a grating can be used as an all-reflective, low-loss coupler to Fabry-Perot cavities. We derive the input-output relations of a three-port grating coupled cavity and find distinct properties that are not present in two-port coupled cavities. The cavity relations further reveal that the three-port coupler can be designed such that the additional cavity port interferes destructively. In this case the all-reflective, low-loss, single-end Fabry-Perot cavity becomes equivalent to a standard transmissive, two-port coupled cavity.     

Intracavity gain gratings

Intracavity gain gratings are theoretically demonstrated to exhibit diffraction efficiencies that are 100 times larger than unity at pump powers substantially below the lasing threshold. Experiments performed using a Nd:YVO4 microlaser pumped below threshold by two interfering Ti:sapphire laser beams are described. Huge enhancement of the diffraction efficiency (5000X) and a large increase of the angular selectivity (10X) are demonstrated despite the angular reduction of the Fabry-Perot cavity finesse. Much better results are expected using gain gratings with larger areas or thinner cavities such as vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers. Such large fan-out values could be very interesting for applications to optical signal processing.     

光纤布拉格光栅及其构成的法布里-珀罗腔的相位谱特性研究

光纤光栅的相位谱对光纤光栅法布里-珀罗(F-P)腔的光谱特性有重要影响.对光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)光谱,特别是FBG相位谱进行了深人分析,推导了低反射率FBG的线性相位谱的一般表达式,提出了高反射率FBG的三段线性相位近似方法,得到了简洁直观的相位谱数学表达式.然后采用和普通F-P腔对比的方式,以等效腔长的概念分析了F...     

Add-drop filters based on mode-conversion cavities

A new type of a resonator defined by two or more mode-converting gratings in a waveguide is proposed and analyzed. It is shown that the proposed structure can exhibit narrow resonances similar to Fabry-Perot cavities but has an advantage of being a four-port device and thus is capable of serving as an add-drop filter.     

Cavity-enhanced spectroscopy in optical fibers

Cavity-enhanced methods have been extended to fiber optics by use of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as reflectors. High-finesse fiber cavities were fabricated from FBGs made in both germanium/boron-co-doped photosensitive fiber and hydrogen-loaded Corning SMF-28 fiber. Optical losses in these cavities were determined from the measured Fabry-Perot transmission spectra and cavity ring-down spectroscopy. For a 10-m-long single-mode fiber cavity, ring-down times in excess of 2 ms were observed at 1563.6 nm, and individual laser pulses were resolved. An evanescent-wave access block was produced within a fiber cavity, and an enhanced sensitivity to optical loss was observed as the external medium's refractive index was altered.     

双波长自注入式光纤光栅外腔脉冲半导体激光器

提出了一种两个光纤光栅作法布里－珀罗半导体激光器的外反馈元件，在外加正弦信号的驱动下工作在增益开关状态的双波长自注入式脉冲半导体激光器。对两个波长对应的谐振腔的腔长相同与不同的两种情况进行了实验研究，并成功地获得了波长为1555．97nm和1557．9nm，脉冲宽度约为45ps和70ps，重复频率约为2GHz的双波长光脉冲信号。     

Two-Frequency Brillouin Fiber Laser Based on Bragg Grating Fabry-Perot Cavity

A novel and simple two-frequency Brillouin fiber laser is presented. It is based on a fiber Fabry-Perot cavity with fiber Bragg gratings as reflectors. The model of stimulated Brillouin scattering in fiber grating-based Fabry-Perot resonator is investigated. The laser allows conversion efficiency of close to 100% and suppresses the higher-order Stokes waves. The theoretical prediction is presented and the experimental demonstration is realized.     

凹面光栅衍射效率的研究进展

凹面光栅因同时具有聚焦和色散功能而广泛应用于各类紫外、可见和红外波段的光谱分析仪器中,尤其是平场凹面光栅可以结合线阵或面阵探测器来实现即时分析。凹面光栅衍射效率的高低直接影响光谱仪器的信噪比和信号采集,其相关研究也逐渐为人们所关注。介绍了凹面光栅衍射效率的研究进展,比较了由机械刻划法和全息法制作的凹面光栅在掠入射下衍射效率的差别,分析了现有计算衍射效率方法的优缺点,并且对凹面光栅衍射效率的研究趋势做了简要预测,提出了需要同时在凹面光栅的主截面和非主截面内考虑光束对其衍射效率的影响。     

双体布拉格光栅光谱反馈特性的理论研究

基于Kogelnik理论模型,以平面波为入射光,分析了双体布拉格光栅（VBG）的反馈特性。理论分析表明,采用双VBG结构,通过控制两个VBG的中心波长差,可以使光栅反馈的效率提高,带宽加宽。对于由两块带宽100 pm、衍射效率20%的VBG组成的双VBG反馈系统,中心波长相同时,衍射效率最大（33.3%）;中心波长相差84 pm时,其带宽为单VBG带宽的1.8倍（180 pm）。由于VBG的中心波长存在温度漂移特性,因此通过改变双VBG结构中VBG的温度可以实现衍射效率和带宽的改变,为泵浦源的优化提供有效可行的方法。     

Two-Frequency Brillouin Fiber Laser Based on Bragg Grating Fabry-Perot Cavity

Abstract

A novel and simple two-frequency Brillouin fiber laser is presented. It is based on a fiber Fabry-Perot cavity with fiber Bragg gratings as reflectors. The model of stimulated Brillouin scattering in fiber grating–based Fabry-Perot resonator is investigated. The laser allows conversion efficiency of close to 100% and suppresses the higher-order Stokes waves. The theoretical prediction is presented and the experimental demonstration is realized.     

台阶光栅衍射的傅里叶分析

提出了一种台阶光栅模型 ,并应用傅里叶光学方法推导出了反射式衍射光强的表达式。分析计算了衍射光强随台阶数、入射波长、衍射角和轮廓角 (闪耀角 )的变化关系。结果表明 ,台阶光栅能起到闪耀作用 ,台阶对衍射强度分布有影响 ,但不改变衍射光极大值的位置 ,随台阶数的增加 ,能量逐渐向闪耀方向集中。当台阶数等于 8时 ,其衍射效率可接近三角形闪耀光栅的衍射。台阶光栅衍射的傅里叶分析对光栅制作有一定的指导意义     

DCG全息元件的简化处理及特性研究

本文提供了重铬酸明胶（ＤＣＧ）的一种简化处理步骤，最高衍射效率和透明度均达９７％，测量和分析了处理后ＤＣＧ光栅的衍射特性，讨论了高质量ＤＣＧ全息元件的应用。     

Nonlinear diffraction in gratings based on polymer–dispersed TiO 2 nanoparticles

In this letter we report a simple technique to produce volume holographic gratings based on photopolymerizable composites containing TiO₂ nanoparticles. Diffraction gratings with high refractive index modulation amplitude (up to 1.25 × 10⁻²) have been formed due to the periodic distribution of high refractive index nanoparticles in a low refractive index polymer matrix. The diffraction efficiency increases strongly on increasing the nanoparticle concentration. Taking the mixture with 10 wt.% TiO₂ nanoparticles, gratings with high diffraction efficiency, low level of scattering and high transparency in the visible-wavelength range have been obtained. This will ultimately lead to different applications of diffractive optical elements based on nanocomposites. The dependence of the gratings’ diffraction efficiency on the intensity of probe laser pulses at 1064 nm has been explored. It is shown that the nonlinear response of the gratings is attributed mainly to the nonlinear properties of the TiO₂ nanoparticles embedded in the polymer matrix. The mechanism of the grating formation and the reasons for the nonlinear behavior of the diffraction efficiency are discussed.     

Total internal reflection diffraction grating in conical mounting

The main conditions and parameters for obtaining surface relief total internal reflection diffraction gratings in conical mounting are presented. Calculated and experimental investigations reveal that there are ranges of grating periods, incidence angles, diffraction angles and gratings depths for which such gratings could be obtained, both for TE and TM polarizations. With optimized grating parameters the diffraction efficiency of the total internal reflection diffraction gratings can be greater than 90%.     

高衍射效率亚波长结构Dammann光栅的设计

传统的Dammann光栅是基于标量衍射理论设计的二值相位等光强分束器件，其衍射效率的典型值为80%左右.基于严格耦合波分析理论和遗传算法，提出了一种设计亚波长结构Dammann光栅的新方法，且该新型二值相位光栅具有较高的衍射效率.同时利用自编的仿真程序包设计了多个光栅，并分析了制作误差对其衍射效率和光强均匀性的影响.仿真结果表明，用该方法所设计的Dammann光栅的衍射效率超过92%.     

13.4nm软X射线干涉光刻透射光栅的优化设计

基于严格的矢量耦合波方法,结合纳米级光栅实际制作工艺,定量分析了在13.4 nm软X射线(TE偏振)正入射条件下,光栅材料、厚度、占空比、梯形浮雕底角大小等因素对光栅一级衍射效率的影响.结果表明,在此波段处,Si3N4、Cr、Au浮雕的相位作用对光栅衍射起重要影响,其中非金属材料Si3N4比金属材料Cr、Au的相位作用更明显.最后优化得到了用Si(或Si3N4)做衬底的si3N4、Cr、Au光栅,分析结果显示,其一级衍射效率优于目前用于13.4 nm软X射线干涉光刻的Cr、Si3N4复合光栅.     

On the Fresnel diffraction pattern of phase holographic gratings

The Fresnel diffraction pattern of phase diffraction gratings is studied on the example of idealized sinusoidal relief-phase plane holographic thermoplastic gratings. It is shown that, in the region of low spatial frequencies, which are more than two times lower than the inverse wavelength of the reading coherent radiation, the intensities of the main diffraction maxima, the diffraction efficiency, and the light-scattering power are independent of the spatial frequency of the phase gratings under investigation, which are characterized by a sinusoidal law of modulation of the reading-radiation phase. It is established that the range of spatial frequencies at which a plateau is observed in these dependences increases with decreasing amplitude of the phase modulation of the reading light. These dependences are also observed to have similar character for the thermoplastic holographic gratings under study. Calculations were performed to analyze the influence of real profiles of thermoplastic strain on the diffraction efficiency and light-scattering power of such gratings. On the basis of analysis of the results obtained, recommendations on using holographic and raster techniques of recording data on phase carriers are given that make it possible to improve the quality of the restored optical image.     

Total internal reflection holographic gratings recorded in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals

We report diffraction gratings recording in polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) material with a beam suffering total internal reflection from the sample air surface. The real time diffraction efficiency kinetics as well as the polarization, voltage behavior and angular selectivity of the gratings are studied at different reconstruction geometries. An increase of three times of the diffraction efficiency in case of applied voltage is observed for one of these geometries in opposite to typical PDLC switchable gratings. Such dependence appears in most of the geometries and is connected to the specific formation of two gratings by the Stetson scheme.     

Simplified processing and characteristic investigation of DCG holographic elements

In this paper,the simplfied procedures of processing dichromated gelatin(DCG)holographic optical elements(HOE's) are presented.Both diffraction efficiency and transmis-sion of DCG grating made by the procedures have been achieved up to 97%.The diffractioncharacteristics of the DCG gratings are measured and analysed,the applications of DCG grat-ings with high quality are also discussed.