锌催化的贝克曼重排反应

贝克曼重排反应一般需要添加强酸促进剂,反应条件苛刻、环境污染严重,与绿色化学理念相违背.为解决这一问题,发展了一种绿色的锌催化剂,并高效地催化酮肟衍生物发生贝克曼重排反应,反应条件温和、无酸性添加剂、底物官能团兼容性好.基于该廉价易得的高活性锌催化剂,成功实现酮类衍生物和盐酸羟胺的一步法贝克曼重排,反应体系原子经济性高、底物普适性广,为贝克曼重排反应提供了一种"锌"选择.     

三聚氯氰催化及溶剂效应实现温和高效的酮肟贝克曼重排反应

与其他溶剂的效果显著不同,以六氟异丙醇为溶剂时,低用量三聚氯氰可在室温下高效催化酮肟的贝克曼重排反应得到相应的酰胺产物.本方法操作简便,催化剂用量少,溶剂可回收再利用,条件温和,官能团兼容性好,适用底物范围广,产物收率高,是一种制备酰胺化合物的相对绿色实用的方法.     

铜(I)催化条件下酮肟衍生物与苄烯丙二腈的环化反应构建2-氨基吡啶

研究了铜催化条件下,酮肟的衍生物与苄烯丙二腈的环化反应,考察不同的催化剂、溶剂、添加剂等对反应的影响,成功的构建了一系列的2-氨基吡啶骨架化合物. 并对苯乙酮肟以及苄烯丙二腈芳环上不同位置具有不同性质取代基的底物进行了拓展,以31%～81%的收率分离得到相应的目标产物,反应具有较好的底物普适性.     

甾体酮肟的贝克曼重排反应

扼要介绍了不对称酮肟立体异构体的贝克曼重排是具有立体有择性的反应。酮肟的顺反构型可确定转移到氮上的基团。肟重排的结果是羟基只能和它处于反位的基团调换位置（即反式位移）。α，β－不饱和酮肟有顺反两种异构体。α，β－不饱和甾体酮肟的贝克曼重排产物通常是从其顺式同分异构体生成，而其反式同分异构体不进行贝克曼重排。     

β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物与二溴海因高度区域选择性氨溴加成反应

以β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物为底物,二溴海因为氮源/卤素源,乙腈作溶剂,建立了碳碳双键上高度区域选择性氨溴加成反应新体系.β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物与二溴海因在室温无水碳酸钠催化下反应,可高收率获得邻位氨溴加成产物,最高收率达97%;β-甲基-β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物在氢氧化钾催化下回流反应,也可高收率得到邻位氨溴加成产物,最高收率达95%.实验结果表明,对于硝基苯乙烯衍生物,当苯环4-位具有强供电子基团如CH3O时,可以得到单一的α-氨基-β-溴加成产物,但其收率相对较低;当硝基苯乙烯衍生物的苯环4-位有强吸电子基团如NO2时,反应收率则很高.这一实验结果证明β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物(缺电子烯烃)与二溴海因的氨溴加成反应具有亲核加成的特征.本文共考察了20种不同结构的β-硝基苯乙烯衍生物的氨溴加成反应情况,其产物结构经核磁共振波谱及质谱分析确证,并提出了可能的反应机理.     

吖啶和钴肟配合物协同光催化苯乙烯放氢二聚反应构筑1,2-二氢-1-芳基萘（英文）

芳基二氢萘类衍生物是许多生物活性的天然产物以及药物的常见结构单元,其合成一直都受到化学家们的关注.传统的1,2-二氢-1-芳基萘骨架化合物的构筑大都需要进行底物的预官能团化,在高温条件下进行,且产物的选择性较差,因此发展一种简单温和的制备方法很有必要.最近兴起的可见光催化因具有条件温和、环境友好等特点而成为了合成化学家的研究热点.近期研究发现,在可见光作用下利用吖啶光敏剂的强氧化能力,可以实现苯乙烯的加成.但此类反应需要当量的氧化剂或氢原子转移试剂,容易导致苯乙烯的二聚环合产物的进一步氧化或还原.我们在前期发展的"放氢交叉偶联"反应的基础上,利用吖啶光催化和钴肟催化的协同作用,实现了苯乙烯的放氢二聚反应,在室温下高效构筑了1,2-二氢-1-芳基萘骨架,反应条件温和,底物脱除的电子和质子在钴肟催化剂作用下以氢气的形式释放,反应具有中等及以上的收率.本文以苯乙烯为模型底物,吖啶为光敏剂,钴肟配合物为质子还原催化剂,在乙腈溶剂中,蓝色LED灯下光照24 h可以获得56%的产率,对于其它的光敏剂如fac-Ⅰr(ppy)3等则不能催化该反应.通过催化剂种类及用量筛选表明,7 mol%的Co(dmgH_2)pyCl配合物具有最好的反应效果,可以获得72%的收率.控制实验表明,光敏剂、钴肟催化剂和光照都是必须的.通过底物拓展我们发现,烷基、卤素等不同取代基的苯乙烯类化合物均可以获得较好的收率,不同苯乙烯之间也可以发生交叉反应.随后,我们进一步通过光谱和中间体捕获实验对反应机理进行了研究.自由基捕获实验说明反应过程可能涉及自由基历程;光谱淬灭实验表明苯乙烯和Co(dmgH_2)pyCl均可淬灭吖啶的发光,但苯乙烯淬灭吖啶的程度远大于Co(dmgH_2)pyCl淬灭吖啶的程度.在反应时苯乙烯的浓度远大于催化剂的溶度,因此,我们认为激发态吖啶首先与苯乙烯发生反应;可见光照射反应体系1 min后在440–500和550–650 nm处观察到明显的Co~Ⅱ和Co~Ⅰ的吸收峰.基于以上实验结果,我们提出了可能的催化循环:吖啶受光激发到达激发态后,首先与底物苯乙烯发生单电子转移生成苯乙烯正离子自由基和吖啶阴离子自由基Acr~·-Mes,Acr~·-Mes还原Co(dmgH_2)pyCl生成Co ~Ⅱ中间体,从而回到基态完成光催化循环.苯乙烯正离子自由基与另一分子苯乙烯加成环合,进而通过芳构化生成自由基中间体,再与Co Ⅱ作用生成目标产物1,2-二氢-1-芳基萘和Co~Ⅰ,Co~Ⅰ通过结合体系中的质子进而释放出氢气回到Co~ Ⅲ从而完成钴肟催化循环.     

贝克曼重排反应研究进展

贝克曼(Beckmann)重排反应早在19世纪就被发现,是由肟制备酰胺的常用方法之一,但至今研究仍不够深入,亟待发展和研究.对贝克曼重排反应的发展及研究状况作了综述.     

在水相中钯催化氧化偶氮苯的区域选择性邻位酰基化反应（英文）

以醇为酰基化试剂,在水溶液条件下,发展了一种简便、高效的钯催化氧化偶氮苯酰基化反应体系.在此体系中,醇被氧化为醛,实现氧化偶氮苯的邻位酰基化反应,具有很好的区域选择性,以中等到较高收率得到酰基化的氧化偶氮苯衍生物,底物的普适性较好.     

钛硅分子筛/H2O2 体系催化合成丁酮肟的反应行为

 钛硅分子筛/H2O2 体系催化酮氨肟化反应合成肟的过程中, 产物肟的反应行为直接影响氨肟化过程的反应效率和操作稳定性. 在 Ti-MWW/H2O2 体系催化丁酮氨肟化反应中研究了产物丁酮肟的反应行为, 发现 Ti-MWW 和 H2O2 的共同作用促使丁酮肟发生水解, 生成丁酮和氮氧化物, 使得反应体系从碱性变成了酸性. TS-1/H2O2 体系及产物环己酮肟均存在类似的现象.     

Pd2dba3高效催化碘代芳烃的双羰化反应合成α-酮酰胺

以高效、廉价易得的Pd2dba3作为催化剂,成功实现了碘代芳烃的双羰化反应,得到的α-酮酰胺最高分离收率达90%.该催化体系对于不同取代基的碘代芳烃和仲胺都具有广泛的底物适应性.     

Unexpected results from the re-investigation of the Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes into amides by using TsCl

TsCl (p-toluenesulfonyl chloride), a commercially available organosulfonyl chloride, has been widely used as a stoichiometric dehydrogenation reagent in the transformation of ketoximes into corresponding amides via the Beckmann rearrangement. It has been now found to catalyze the Beckmann rearrangement with high catalytic efficiency, converting a wide range of ketoximes into their corresponding amides under mild condition with good to excellent yields (up to 99% of yield with 1-5 mol % of catalyst loading).     

Dynamic path bifurcation in the Beckmann reaction: support from kinetic analyses

The reactions of oximes to amides, known as the Beckmann rearrangement, may undergo fragmentation to form carbocations + nitriles when the migrating groups have reasonable stability as cations. The reactions of oxime sulfonates of 1-substituted-phenyl-2-propanone derivatives (7-X) and related substrates (8-X, 9a-X) in aqueous CH(3)CN gave both rearrangement products (amides) and fragmentation products (alcohols), the ratio of which depends on the system; the reactions of 7-X gave amides predominantly, whereas 9a-X yielded alcohols as the major product. The logk-logk plots between the systems gave excellent linear correlations with slopes of near unity. The results support the occurrence of path bifurcation after the rate-determining TS of the Beckmann rearrangement/fragmentation reaction, which has previously been proposed on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations. It was concluded that path-bifurcation phenomenon could be more common than thought and that a reactivity-selectivity argument based on the traditional TS theory may not always be applicable even to a well-known textbook organic reaction.     

氢氟酸后处理对Silicalite-1催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应性能的影响

 研究了氢氟酸后处理对 silicalite-1 催化环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应性能的影响. 结果表明,经适当浓度的氢氟酸溶液处理后,催化剂的选择性和稳定性都明显改善. 其中, silicalite-1 原粉先经硝酸铵预处理后再进行氢氟酸后处理所得到的催化剂催化性能最好,反应53 h后环己酮肟的转化率仍保持在96%左右,己内酰胺的选择性高达96.1%. XRD, FT-IR和 29Si MAS NMR的结果表明,较高的具有氢键相互作用的硅羟基与孤立硅羟基的比例值对环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应有利,同时, silicalite-1 表面硅原子的排布方式对该反应也有重要影响.     

An efficient catalytic method for the Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes to amides and aldoximes to nitriles mediated by propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®)

An efficient method for the Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes to amides mediated by a catalytic amount (15 mol %) of propylphosphonic anhydride (T3P®) is described. Aldoximes underwent second order Beckmann rearrangement to provide the corresponding nitriles in excellent yields on reacting with T3P (15 mol %) at room temperature. The main advantages of this environmentally friendly protocol include procedural simplicity, and particularly ease of isolation of the products.     

Reaction pathway and rate-determining step of the Schmidt rearrangement/fragmentation: a kinetic study

The Schmidt rearrangement of substituted 3-phenyl-2-butanone with trimethylsilyl azide in 90% (v/v) aqueous TFA gave two types of product, fragmentation and rearrangement, the ratio of which depends on the substituent: more fragmentation for a more electron-donating substituent. Rate measurements by azotometry indicated the presence of an induction period, and the pseudo-first-order rate constants showed saturation kinetics with respect to the azide concentration. It was indicated that the reaction proceeds through pre-equilibrium in the formation of iminodiazonium (ID) ion and that the N(2) liberation from the ID ion is rate-determining. Under high azide concentration conditions, where the effective reactant is the ID ion, the reaction gave a linear Hammett plot with a ρ value of -0.50. The observed substituent effects on the rate and the product selectivity imply that path bifurcation on the way from the rate-determining TS to the product states occurs, as suggested by previous molecular dynamics simulations, in a similar manner to the analogous Beckmann rearrangement/fragmentation reactions.     

Cyanuric chloride as a mild and active Beckmann rearrangement catalyst

The first general organocatalytic Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes into amides has been realized by the catalytic use of cyanuric chloride. Furthermore, acids such as HCl and ZnCl2 are effective as cocatalysts with cyanuric chloride. For example, azacyclotridecan-2-one, which is synthetically useful as a starting material for nylon-12, was prepared in quantitative yield by the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclododecanone oxime (100 mmol scale) catalyzed by cyanuric chloride (0.5 mol %) and ZnCl2 (1 mol %).     

Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Aryl Methyl Ketones with Cyclic Imines Benzo[e][1,2,3]oxathiazine 2,2‐Dioxides Catalyzed by Cinchona Alkaloid‐based Primary Amines

Aryl ketones represent problematic substrates for asymmetric Mannich reactions due to a large steric hindrance exhibited by such compound species. A highly enantioselective direct Mannich reaction of aryl methyl ketones with cyclic imine benzo[e][1,2,3]oxathiazine 2,2‐dioxides could be successfully carried out utilizing a combination of cinchona alkaloid‐derived primary amines with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); the primary amines feature a superior catalytic efficacy over secondary amines with a variety of sterically hindered carbonyl compounds as substrates. The reaction proceeded well with various cyclic imines in 89–97 % ee and with various aryl methyl ketones in 85–98 % ee. Moreover, the aryl carbonyl of a Mannich product could be transformed to ketoxime, which further undergoes a Beckmann rearrangement to produce an amide compound while maintaining enantioselectivity.     

钛硅分子筛催化气相环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应

 对比研究了具有MFI结构的TS－1，silicalite－1，Al－ZSM－5和B－ZSM－5分子筛对气相环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应的催化性能．结果显示，TS－1适宜用作重排反应的催化剂，而含骨架B或Al的ZSM－5分子筛的催化性能较差，表明将Ti引入至sili－calite－1有利于改善其对环己酮肟重排反应的催化性能．反应氛围（溶剂、载气和原料添加物）对TS－1催化性能的影响规律说明，弱酸性气体的存在有利于TS－1对环己酮肟的活化与己内酰胺的选择性生成．优化的反应氛围包括以甲醇或乙醇为溶剂，二氧化碳为载气，以及醋酸为原料添加物．     

硫酸铜/取代硫脲水相中高效催化合成N-磺酰基三氮唑

利用系列含磺酰基的叠氮化物与末端炔反应, 制备了N-磺酰基三氮唑化合物. 研究结果表明, 硫酸铜/取代硫脲的组合不仅适用于一般的铜催化叠氮端炔环加成(CuAAC)反应, 还可以在水相中高效催化合成N-磺酰基-1,2,3-三氮唑. 这类反应对水不敏感, 在水相中的反应产率高达99%, 且在空气中室温(25 ℃)下搅拌即可进行. 该方法反应条件温和、 绿色环保、 成本低、 底物普适性广且反应效率高.     

Highly enantioselective synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted and 2,2,6-trisubstituted dihydropyrones: a one-step synthesis of (R)-(+)-hepialone and its analogues

An efficient enantioselective approach to chiral dihydropyrones has been developed by the hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reactions of (E)-4-methoxy-2-trimethylsiloxy-penta-1,3-diene (diene 1) with aldehydes and pyruvates. It has been found that the readily accessible (R)-BINOL-Ti(OiPr)(4) (1.1:1) complex was a very effective catalyst for this reaction. Aromatic, heteroaromatic, conjugated, and aliphatic aldehydes afforded the corresponding products in moderate to high isolated yields (up to 99%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). The first example of highly enantioselective synthesis of 2,2,6-trisubstituted dihydropyrones by the catalytic reaction of diene 1 with pyruvates was reported. The isolated intermediates indicated that this asymmetric HDA reaction proceeded in a Mukaiyama aldol pathway. On the basis of the absolute configurations of the products, a possible mechanism was proposed. Moreover, the catalytic system could be used to synthesize a series of enantioenriched beta-hydroxyketones 4. Finally, this methodology was successfully applied for the one-step synthesis of the important natural product (R)-(+)-Hepialone with 88% isolated yield and 94% enantioselectivity.