聚类肽高分子材料及其结构与性能的研究

聚类肽又称为氮取代聚甘氨酸(N-聚甘氨酸),是一类具有优良生物相容性以及生物活性的可降解高分子材料.由于酰胺键的活泼氢被取代,聚类肽主链结构中消除了聚肽固有的多重氢键相互作用,其主链柔性较好,聚合物性质主要由侧链基团的种类及其物理化学性质决定.基于这种链结构特征,可以通过设计不同的侧基结构,有效地调节聚类肽高分子的热力学性能、降解性能和自组装行为等物理化学性质.合成聚类肽的方法主要有2种——开环聚合和固相合成.本文主要介绍了聚类肽高分子的本体与溶液自组装行为,系统阐明了如何通过调控聚类肽高分子的侧链结构,研究链结构与自组装行为之间的相互关系,进一步构筑具有独特相分离行为以及自组装结构的新型生物高分子,同时探讨了这些材料在生物医用和能源等领域的潜在应用.     

新型含卟啉聚肽的合成及表征

卟啉(Ｐｏｒｐｈｙｒｉｎ)是由四个吡咯环和四个碳原子组成的、有18个π电子的共轭大环化合物,其中心的四个氮原子可与金属结合生成金属卟啉.金属卟啉衍生物作为植物光合作用的中心和动物血液中氧的运载体,在生命现象中起着重要的作用,因而为化学、生物乃至医学各界所关注[1,2].近年来含卟啉聚合物的研究日益引起人们的重视[3,4].根据文献报道[5～7],胺能引发氨基酸Ｎ羧基内酸酐(ＮＣＡｓ)开环聚合生成多肽,且引发剂伯胺以共价键连接在聚合物末端,这就为合成一些具有特殊功能(如光电、输氧)的聚肽提供了条件.本文采用本实验室合成的二氨基卟…     

含卟啉聚肽的合成及其自组装行为研究

以带有炔丙基端基的聚(γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸酯)(PBLG)和含单叠氮基团的卟啉衍生物(TFPP-N3)为反应物,利用点击反应,合成了含卟啉聚肽(TFPP-PBLG).运用核磁共振氢谱(¹H-NMR)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光光度计(UV-Vis)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)表征了聚合物的结构、分子量及其分布.采用有机共溶剂溶解、选择性溶剂(水)诱导组装并透析的方法,制备得到碗状胶束.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、动态激光光散射(DLS)和小角X射线散射仪(SAXS)表征了组装体的形貌与结构,并探究其自组装机理.结果表明,卟啉基团间的π-π堆叠作用使得胶束具有较为稳定结构;在透析过程中,胶束内部的溶剂向外扩散,导致胶束塌陷形成了纳米碗.增加PBLG链段长度,会进一步提高初始胶束的结构稳定性,导致在透析过程中胶束结构保持完整不能得到纳米碗.初始胶束的结构稳定性是决定其在后续溶剂交换过程中是否发生凹陷从而形成纳米碗的关键.     

聚肽接枝共聚物的自组装行为研究

Polymeric micelles of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate)(PBLG)-poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) graft copolymer were prepared by the dialysis method in deionized water. Fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) were used for the investigation of the self-assembly of PBLG-PEO graft copolymer. Fluorescence spectrosco0y measurements suggest that PBLG-PEO graft copolymer associates to form polymeric micelles in water. ^1H NMR measurements further prove that in aqueous medium PBLG-PEO graft copolymer could assemble into polymeric micelles with PBLG segments as the hydrophobic inner core and PEO segments as the hydrophilic shell. The results of the TEM observations show that the polymeric micelles of PBLG-PEO graft copolymer are almost spindly shaped, which are different from the morphology of the spherical micelles formed by PBLG-PEO block copolymer. Polymeric micelles formed by polypeptide copolymer have potential application as drug carrier in controlled-release delivery system.     

开环聚合诱导自组装的挑战与展望

聚合诱导自组装(PISA)是一种新兴的纳米粒子制备技术,它集聚合与组装过程于一体,可在高固含量条件下进行,因此备受青睐.此外,通过改变嵌段聚合度以及固含量等参数,可以精确地控制纳米粒子的形貌,实现从球形胶束到空心囊泡的形貌转变.然而,受限于适用于PISA体系的聚合方法和单体种类,其发展也受到了一定的限制.目前,PISA主要基于可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT),其在聚合诱导自组装机理、形貌控制、结构表征等方面的研究成果,对于高分子化学其他领域具有重要的参考价值.然而,由于RAFT聚合诱导自组装(RAFT-PISA)体系中适用的单体往往局限于(甲基)丙烯酸酯类和苯乙烯类,导致RAFT-PISA制备的纳米粒子限于其碳-碳主链的基本结构难以生物降解,因此生物医用前景并不乐观.为了克服以上缺陷,开环聚合诱导自组装(ROPISA)应运而生,主要包括开环易位聚合诱导自组装(ROMPISA)、氨基酸-N-羧基-环内酸酐开环聚合诱导自组装(NCA-PISA)及自由基开环聚合诱导自组装(r ROPISA).由于ROMPISA体系对诸多功能性基团表现出化学惰性,从而为多功能纳米粒子的原位制备提供了新的方...     

聚肽-壳聚糖复合体系的自组装行为研究

以聚肽、壳聚糖为原料,制备复合纳米粒子,采用透射电镜、动态激光散射仪及Zeta电位分析仪、荧光光谱仪对制备成的聚肽-壳聚糖复合体系纳米粒子的形貌、粒径、Zeta电位及临界胶束浓度等自组装行为进行表征,结果表明:聚肽-壳聚糖复合体系纳米粒子是具有壳-核结构的球型粒子;纳米粒子平均粒径为240nm,粒径分布较均匀,稳定性较好;复合体系中聚肽的临界胶束浓度为4.55×10-4mg/mL.     

一种新型温度响应性聚氨基酸/聚类肽嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

以正己胺为引发剂, 通过γ-炔丙基-L-谷氨酸羧酸酐(PLG-NCA)和N-正辛基甘氨酸羧酸酐(Oct-NNCA)逐步开环聚合和后修饰策略合成了分子量分布较窄的温度响应性两嵌段共聚物寡聚乙二醇单元修饰的聚(γ-炔丙基-L-谷氨酸)-b-聚(N-正辛基甘氨酸)[(PPLG-g-EG₃)-b-PNOG]. 通过示差扫描量热法(DSC)研究了不同比例聚合物的结晶行为; 利用圆二色谱法(CD)研究了聚合物的二级结构, 并研究了聚合物在水溶液中的自组装行为, 采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了组装后的形貌. 结果表明, 该温度响应性聚合物在室温下呈现α-螺旋结构, 随着温度升高, α-螺旋的构象减少. 该聚合物可以在水溶液中自发组装成棒状结构.     

肿瘤诊疗多肽/聚氨基酸自组装纳米材料

多肽/聚氨基酸分子由于优异的生物相容性、序列可控性和高生物活性等特点,已经被广泛应用于肿瘤诊疗等生物医学领域.然而,这些分子仍然存在一定的缺陷,如光学性质不佳、半衰期短与清除速率快等.本文简述了通过对多肽/聚氨基酸分子的序列设计、侧链修饰和自组装条件进行调控,赋予其可控的光学性质以用于生物成像,更优异的药代动力学和药效学以获得更好的治疗效果.重点介绍了该领域以及本课题组近期关于多肽/聚氨基酸自组装纳米材料的构筑理念及其在肿瘤诊疗领域的应用研究,并对该领域的挑战和未来发展前景进行了展望.     

刺激响应型肽自组装及其应用

肽自组装体由于具有结构稳定、易调控、生物相容性好、可生物降解等优点,在构筑新型材料及生物医药领域表现出了巨大潜力。本文介绍了肽自组装的概念、机理和应用,详细归纳了刺激响应型肽自组装的研究进展;按照刺激源的不同将刺激响应型肽自组装分为pH响应型肽自组装、温度响应型肽自组装、溶剂响应型肽自组装、光响应型肽自组装、超声波响应型肽自组装以及离子响应型肽自组装;列举了肽自组装在药物控释、脊髓损伤修复、仿酶催化、生物模板等领域的应用。最后,基于目前肽自组装存在的一些问题(如影响肽自组装结构的外界因素不易精准把控、自组装的研究与生命科学领域的交叉程度低等)对肽自组装的发展做了展望。     

肽类自组装研究进展*

近年来,多肽自组装因其结构多样性及在生命科学领域中良好的应用前景而逐渐成为人们研究的热点。本文总结了目前国内外多肽自组装方面的研究进展,并对肽类自组装形成的多种形态结构进行了介绍,同时也就自组装机制和影响因素进行了分析和探讨。     

响应性支化聚合物的合成、组装及其生物医药应用

环境响应性超支化聚合物作为超支化聚合物中一类智能聚合物,备受研究者关注,已被广泛用于生物医药领域.本文主要介绍了本课题组在响应性支化聚合物的合成、组装及其生物医药应用方面的部分研究工作.主要包括以下三方面的内容:第一部分介绍了酸响应性支化聚合物、温敏性支化聚合物、还原响应性支化聚合物和光响应性支化聚合物的合成;第二部分介绍了含有二硫键的温敏性超支化聚合物在温度诱导下的自组装及自交联反应制备纳米凝胶、纳米胶囊和交联复合囊泡;第三部分介绍了响应性支化聚合物在药物传递和基因传递方面的应用.     

多功能磁性纳米粒的合成、修饰及生物医学应用

多功能磁性纳米粒由于其独特的性质而受到广泛的关注。磁性纳米粒可以与荧光探针、生物靶向分子或抗肿瘤药物等相结合实现磁性纳米粒的多功能化,因此在多模式成像、癌症的靶向诊断与治疗中有较好的应用前景。本文介绍了磁性纳米粒的合成以及多功能磁性纳米粒的构建方法,重点介绍了核壳型、哑铃型和组合杂化型三种不同类型多功能磁性纳米粒的合成方法。多功能磁性纳米粒通常具有粒径小、超顺磁性以及荧光等独特性质,在此基础上对纳米粒表面进行稳定化和靶向性修饰后即可在多模式成像、特异性靶向药物输送、基因转染等生物医学领域得到应用。最后指出了当前研究中需要解决的问题。     

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biomedical Applications

Journal of Cluster Science - Nanoparticles refer to ultrafine particles with the particle size at nanoscale. When metals and metal oxides were synthesized at nanoscale, by their unique properties...     

Nanoreactors for Chemical Synthesis and Biomedical Applications

With the rapid development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, various types of functional nanoreactors have been designed for diverse applications. Here, the recent evolution of the rational design of nanoreactors for chemical synthesis and biomedical applications are briefly summarized and discussed. The presence of nanoreactors provides constrained space isolated from the surrounding environment. Scientists are committed to studying changes in chemical reactions when the reaction system is confined to the nanosized space. Nanoreactors accelerate the reaction rate and even change mechanism of some chemical reactions. Cells and organelles as natural nanoreactors are also discussed. The development of intracellular synthesis makes it possible to realize various applications in biomedicine. The challenges on the rational design of nanoreactors and perspectives are also discussed.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Evaluation of Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

There is a challenging need for the development of new alternative nanostructures that can allow the coupling and/or encapsulation of therapeutic/diagnostic molecules while reducing their toxicity and improving their circulation and in-vivo targeting. Among the new materials using natural building blocks, peptides have attracted significant interest because of their simple structure, relative chemical and physical stability, diversity of sequences and forms, their easy functionalization with (bio)molecules and the possibility of synthesizing them in large quantities. A number of them have the ability to self-assemble into nanotubes, -spheres, -vesicles or -rods under mild conditions, which opens up new applications in biology and nanomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their surface chemical reactivity via amino- and carboxyl groups. In order to obtain nanostructures suitable for biomedical applications, the structure, size, shape and surface chemistry of these nanoplatforms must be optimized. These properties depend directly on the nature and sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. It is therefore essential to control the order in which the amino acids are introduced during the synthesis of short peptide chains and to evaluate their in-vitro and in-vivo physico-chemical properties before testing them for biomedical applications. This review therefore focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of peptide sequences that can self-assemble to form nanostructures. The synthesis in batch or with new continuous flow and microflow techniques will be described and compared in terms of amino acids sequence, purification processes, functionalization or encapsulation of targeting ligands, imaging probes as well as therapeutic molecules. Their chemical and biological characterization will be presented to evaluate their purity, toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution, and some therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. Finally, their main applications in the biomedical field will be presented so as to highlight their importance and advantages over classical nanostructures.     

磁性纳米材料的化学合成、功能化及其生物医学应用

从纳米材料的生长动力学模型出发,讨论磁性纳米材料的控制合成原理。总结磁性纳米材料的化学设计与合成、表面功能化及其在核磁共振成像和多模式影像等方面的应用研究最新进展。     

Design,Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications of Glycotripods for Targeting Trimeric Lectins

In the last decades, various efforts have been made to synthesize optimal glycotripods for targeting trimeric glycoproteins like asialoglycoprotein receptor, hemagglutinin, and langerin. All these trimeric glycoproteins have sugar binding pockets which are highly selective for a particular carbohydrate ligand. Optimized glycotripods are high affinity binders and have been used for delivering drugs or even applied as drug candidates. The selection of the tripodal base scaffold together with the length and flexibility of the linker between the scaffold and sugar residue, as important design parameters are discussed in this review.     

医用高分子水凝胶的设计与合成

作为一类重要的医用功能材料,高分子水凝胶可望在药物控释、软骨支架构建、活性细胞封装等方面获得广泛应用。综述了基于化学交联和物理交联的有关水凝胶的设计与合成方法,重点介绍了通过自由基共聚反应、结构互补基团间化学反应形成的化学交联水凝胶以及通过荷电相反离子问相互作用、两亲性嵌段或接枝共聚物疏水缔合、结晶与氢键相互作用形成的物理交联水凝胶。     

荧光金属纳米簇的合成及其在生物医学中的应用研究进展

金属纳米簇作为一种新型的荧光纳米材料,展现出良好的生物相容性和优良的物化性质,近年来受到各个领域的关注,尤其在生物医学领域得到了广泛的应用。该文在介绍多种金属纳米簇的合成方法和光学性质的基础上,综述了金属纳米簇在生物传感、生物成像和肿瘤治疗等领域的应用研究进展,并对其面临的挑战和应用前景进行了展望。     

Synthesis of PDMS-Based Porous Materials for Biomedical Applications

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-based porous organically modified silicates (ORMOSILs) for biomedical applications were synthesized through a sol-gel process, using sucrose particles as templates. These materials were characterized by ²⁹Si CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, thin film X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Their bioactivity was evaluated using a simulated body fluid (SBF) of Kokubo recipe. These materials had a bimodal porous structure with pores of 300–500 m and 10–50 m in diameter. NMR showed that the silanol groups of the PDMS chain cross-linked to silica derived from the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS. The samples containing Ca(II) exhibited apatite deposition on the pore walls within 3 days in SBF.