分子筛材料的酸性和择形选择性的固体核磁共振研究（英文）

分子筛材料具有酸性可调节和择形选择性的优势,因而在多相催化反应中表现出优异的性能.本文综述了利用固体核磁共振(ssNMR)光谱对分子筛的酸性和择形选择性进行研究的最新进展.通过采用或不采用探针分子的ss NMR技术,探测了分子筛中酸性位的数量、酸强、酸类型及酸位之间的协同作用.此外,通过直接观察多相催化反应中关键中间体的存在, ssNMR光谱提供了分子筛择形选择性的证据.酸性和择形选择性的协同作用有助于更好地设计分子筛材料,以实现更好的多相催化.     

分子筛催化剂上正十六烷的临氢异构化反应

 对分子筛催化剂上正十六烷的临氢异构化反应进行了研究，考察了不同分子筛催化剂的活性和选择性，并对临氢异构化反应的产物分布进行了分析．在此基础上，对正十六烷的临氢异构化反应机理进行了初步探讨．结果表明，正十六烷在中孔分子筛催化剂上的临氢异构化反应主要在分子筛外表面和孔口进行，分子筛的择形作用对异构选择性的影响有限．这与一般情况下低分子量正构烷烃在择形分子筛上的临氢异构化反应有所不同．临氢异构化反应的异构选择性主要取决于催化剂酸性组分的酸性质，弱酸和中等强度的酸对异构化反应有利，而催化剂的活性则由酸性组分中B酸中心的数量和加氢组分的活性共同决定．     

烷烃加氢异构化反应

综述了烷烃加氢异构化反应中的正碳离子异构和裂化机理、孔口与钥匙锁催化、择形催化及双分子机理,详细论述了分子筛基双功能催化剂酸性、金属、金属酸位比、孔道、晶粒尺寸和催化剂改性对烷烃加氢异构反应活性、异构选择性等的影响。论述了近期烷烃加氢异构催化剂改性的新方法。提出针对不同催化剂体系,根据反应机理提高异构催化剂活性和选择性的途径。     

HPW改性Hβ分子筛催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应的性能

PTBT是一种十分重要的有机材料,但传统制备工艺存在能耗较高,工艺复杂,环境污染严重等诸多问题.为解决上述问题,人们提出甲苯和叔丁醇直接一步合成PTBT来代替传统的合成工艺.甲苯和叔丁醇原料来源丰富,用酸性分子筛等催化剂催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应合成PTBT不但能节约成本,简化分离和提纯工艺,还能防止环境污染和设备腐蚀.但催化剂的活性低、稳定性差制约了该反应的工业化进程.甲苯和叔丁醇侧链烷基化反应历程复杂,需要催化剂的酸性和孔道结构的协同作用,因此设计催化活性高、选择性好、稳定性强的催化剂是一项十分具有挑战的研究课题.我们采用浸渍法成功制备了H3PW12O40改性Hβ分子筛催化剂(HPW/Hβ),并采用XRD,SEM,TEM,ICP,FT-IR,BET,NH3-TPD和Py-IR等手段对分子筛催化剂样品进行了表征,并以甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应为探针反应,研究了HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的催化性能.由SEM分析可知,HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的形貌与Hβ并无明显差异,形状规整,粒度均匀,晶体形貌较好,表明HPW的引入对Hβ颗粒结构无明显影响.由XRD分析可知,与未改性Hβ分子筛相比,HPW/Hβ样品的出峰位置和峰形基本保持一致,表明HPW在Hβ表面呈均匀分散状态,但负载HPW后Hβ结晶度略有下降.由TEM分析可知,负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛依然保持规整的三维立方孔道结构,且孔径均一,表明负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛的骨架结构没有被破坏,黑色阴影部分或者斑点即为夹心型杂多酸阴离子在分子筛Hβ上的固载位.由FT-IR分析可知,HPW和Hβ之间存在键合作用,部分HPW已成功分散到Hβ骨架表面上.由BET分析可知,和Hβ原粉相比较,HPW/Hβ的比表面积、孔容、孔径均有所下降,BET比表面积从492.5下降到379.6 m2/g,而孔径从3.90下降至3.17 nm.这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.由NH3-TPD和Py-IR酸性表征可知,负载HPW能有效增加Hβ沸石分子筛的酸量,尤其是B酸量.未改性Hβ的B酸含量为84.23μmol/g,而HPW/Hβ的B酸含量为142.97μmol/g,增加了69.74%.由酸性表征可知,Hβ的总酸量小,B酸含量低,因而催化活性弱,甲苯转化率仅为54.0%.另外,Hβ分子筛的12元环直通道的孔道开口尺寸为0.66 nm×0.67 nm,PTBT(动力学直径0.58 nm)和MTBT(动力学直径0.65 nm)都能够从其孔道中扩散出来,因而分子筛孔道的择形作用对产物的选择性作用较小,PTBT的选择性(69.6%)较低.负载HPW能有效增加Hβ分子筛的总酸量,尤其是B酸量,而B酸量增加,有利于反应中正碳离子生成,因而增加催化活性.另外,HPW改性还能提高PTBT的选择性,这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.而适量减小的孔径使得分子筛的择形作用大大增加,体积较小的PTBT能从孔道中扩散出来,而体积较大的MTBT,由于空间位阻的作用,很难从其中扩散出来,从而增加了对位选择性.通过对HPW/Hβ催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应工艺条件进行考察,确定了适宜的反应条件:环己烷60 mL,催化剂1.0g,n(叔丁醇)/n(甲苯)=3/1,反应温度180℃,反应时间4 h.此条件下甲苯转化率为73.1%,PTBT的选择性为80.8%.     

表面修饰对金属负载型MZSM-5催化剂乙烯齐聚性能的影响

在较温和的中压条件下，研究了金属负载型MZSM-5分子筛经表面修饰制备的MZSM-5L催化剂的乙烯齐聚反应，并对各催化剂进行了表征．结果表明，MZSM-5L催化剂经有机碱表面修饰后，催化剂表面酸性降低，孔分布向有利于择形生成线性分子的小孔方向移动，催化乙烯齐聚反应活性适中、稳定性较好，反应产物以C10～C16烯烃为主，α-烯烃选择性大幅提高．择形生成α-烯烃的催化活性中心的强弱是由催化剂内表面的B酸位和L酸中心所决定的．     

ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛催化剂上混合C4烃的催化转化反应

以ZSM-5/ZSM-57复合分子筛为催化剂, 考察了其对混合C4烃催化转化的反应性能. 采用氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱技术表征复合分子筛的酸性质. 结果表明, 当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较低时, 比ZSM-5具有更高的催化活性及乙烯和丙烯选择性, 这是因为此时复合分子筛酸强度较高、酸量较多, 且小孔ZSM-57有利于乙烯和丙烯的择形反应. 而当复合分子筛中ZSM-5的含量较高时, 具有较高的苯和甲苯选择性, 其原因可能是其孔结构及共晶生长时的结构匹配性对芳构化反应有利.     

HPW改性Hβ分子筛催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应的性能（英文）

PTBT是一种十分重要的有机材料,但传统制备工艺存在能耗较高,工艺复杂,环境污染严重等诸多问题.为解决上述问题,人们提出甲苯和叔丁醇直接一步合成PTBT来代替传统的合成工艺.甲苯和叔丁醇原料来源丰富,用酸性分子筛等催化剂催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应合成PTBT不但能节约成本,简化分离和提纯工艺,还能防止环境污染和设备腐蚀.但催化剂的活性低、稳定性差制约了该反应的工业化进程.甲苯和叔丁醇侧链烷基化反应历程复杂,需要催化剂的酸性和孔道结构的协同作用,因此设计催化活性高、选择性好、稳定性强的催化剂是一项十分具有挑战的研究课题.我们采用浸渍法成功制备了H_3PW_(12)O_(40)改性Hβ分子筛催化剂(HPW/Hβ),并采用XRD,SEM,TEM,ICP,FT-IR,BET,NH3-TPD和Py-IR等手段对分子筛催化剂样品进行了表征,并以甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应为探针反应,研究了HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的催化性能.由SEM分析可知,HPW/Hβ分子筛催化剂的形貌与Hβ并无明显差异,形状规整,粒度均匀,晶体形貌较好,表明HPW的引入对Hβ颗粒结构无明显影响.由XRD分析可知,与未改性Hβ分子筛相比,HPW/Hβ样品的出峰位置和峰形基本保持一致,表明HPW在Hβ表面呈均匀分散状态,但负载HPW后Hβ结晶度略有下降.由TEM分析可知,负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛依然保持规整的三维立方孔道结构,且孔径均一,表明负载HPW后的Hβ分子筛的骨架结构没有被破坏,黑色阴影部分或者斑点即为夹心型杂多酸阴离子在分子筛Hβ上的固载位.由FT-IR分析可知,HPW和Hβ之间存在键合作用,部分HPW已成功分散到Hβ骨架表面上.由BET分析可知,和Hβ原粉相比较,HPW/Hβ的比表面积、孔容、孔径均有所下降,BET比表面积从492.5下降到379.6 m~2/g,而孔径从3.90下降至3.17 nm.这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.由NH3-TPD和Py-IR酸性表征可知,负载HPW能有效增加Hβ沸石分子筛的酸量,尤其是B酸量.未改性Hβ的B酸含量为84.23μmol/g,而HPW/Hβ的B酸含量为142.97μmol/g,增加了69.74%.由酸性表征可知,Hβ的总酸量小,B酸含量低,因而催化活性弱,甲苯转化率仅为54.0%.另外,Hβ分子筛的12元环直通道的孔道开口尺寸为0.66 nm×0.67 nm,PTBT(动力学直径0.58 nm)和MTBT(动力学直径0.65 nm)都能够从其孔道中扩散出来,因而分子筛孔道的择形作用对产物的选择性作用较小,PTBT的选择性(69.6%)较低.负载HPW能有效增加Hβ分子筛的总酸量,尤其是B酸量,而B酸量增加,有利于反应中正碳离子生成,因而增加催化活性.另外,HPW改性还能提高PTBT的选择性,这是因为HPW对分子筛孔道具有修饰作用,使分子筛的孔径有所降低.而适量减小的孔径使得分子筛的择形作用大大增加,体积较小的PTBT能从孔道中扩散出来,而体积较大的MTBT,由于空间位阻的作用,很难从其中扩散出来,从而增加了对位选择性.通过对HPW/Hβ催化甲苯和叔丁醇烷基化反应工艺条件进行考察,确定了适宜的反应条件:环己烷60 m L,催化剂1.0g,n(叔丁醇)/n(甲苯)=3/1,反应温度180°C,反应时间4 h.此条件下甲苯转化率为73.1%,PTBT的选择性为80.8%.     

ZSM-5@Mesoporous Silica核壳复合结构分子筛的制备及其甲苯甲醇烷基化择形催化性能的研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂模板法在ZSM-5晶体颗粒表面外延生长介孔氧化硅壳层来调变其外表面酸性, 制备了具有高择形催化性能的介孔氧化硅包裹ZSM-5分子筛的微孔-介孔核壳结构复合材料ZSM-5@mesosilica. 扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜表征显示, 具有无序孔道结构的介孔壳层均匀包覆于ZSM-5晶粒的外表面, 而且壳层的厚度在一定范围内可调变; 另外, 壳层介孔的孔道走向垂直于分子筛核, N₂吸附曲线表明复合材料的微孔和介孔具有互通性. 吡啶吸附和氨吸脱附实验结果证明这些分子可以自由扩散进入分子筛的微孔道, 并且介孔壳层包覆以后ZSM-5分子筛内的酸性位和强度基本没有变化. 用固定床评价了该复合分子筛对甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的催化性能, 结果表明, 与常规ZSM-5相比, ZSM-5@mesosilica核壳材料表现出了较高的对位选择性. 核壳材料独特的择形催化性能归因于介孔氧化硅壳层将ZSM-5非择形性的外表面酸性位部分覆盖, 从而抑制了对二甲苯在外表面的二级异构化反应.     

3，5-二甲基苯溴化镁修饰的ZSM-5催化剂乙苯歧化反应

采用尺寸较大的有机分子格式试剂（3,5-二甲基苯溴化镁）修饰ZSM-5催化剂,用乙苯歧化反应研究了修饰催化剂的择形性,并利用探针分子动力学扩散测试结合探针分子吸附红外等手段研究分子筛孔径和内外表面酸性性质等。结果表明,少量的3,5-二甲基苯溴化镁精确地中和了ZSM-5分子筛外表面的酸性中心,导致乙苯歧化反应中极高的对二乙苯选择性。而探针分子动力学结果表明,这种修饰并未引起分子筛孔道结构的变化。     

3,5-二甲基苯溴化镁修饰的ZSM-5催化剂乙苯歧化反应

采用尺寸较大的有机分子格式试剂（3,5-二甲基苯溴化镁）修饰ZSM-5催化剂,用乙苯歧化反应研究了修饰催化剂的择形性,并利用探针分子动力学扩散测试结合探针分子吸附红外等手段研究分子筛孔径和内外表面酸性性质等。结果表明,少量的3,5-二甲基苯溴化镁精确地中和了ZSM-5分子筛外表面的酸性中心,导致乙苯歧化反应中极高的对二乙苯选择性。而探针分子动力学结果表明,这种修饰并未引起分子筛孔道结构的变化。     

二维分子筛的制备及其催化应用研究进展

沸石分子筛是一种具有独特孔道结构的硅铝酸盐晶体,因其具有较大的比表面积、优异的孔道择形性、良好的热稳定性以及适宜的酸性质等特点,被广泛应用于催化、吸附、分离等领域。与常规三维沸石分子筛相比,二维分子筛由于其独特的形貌结构带来的可调变的多级孔结构、适宜的表面酸性以及良好的扩散传质性能等优点,已在吸附和催化领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。本文系统总结了二维MFI、SAPO-34、MCM-n、Y型分子筛等的合成以及此类分子筛催化应用研究方面的最新进展。最后,对二维沸石分子筛材料的新合成方法及新应用领域进行了展望。     

Zeolites: Catalysts for Organic Syntheses

Zeolites have proved to be valuable technical catalysts in petrochemistry and in oil processing. The characteristic properties of zeolites, such as acidity, shape-selectivity and thermal stability also enable them to be used for highly selective synthesis in the fields of chemical intermediates and fine chemicals. This interesting area of application has grown continuously in recent years. The present article summarizes the various standard types of reaction involved in organic syntheses which can be catalyzed by zeolites; these include, inter alia, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions, isomerization of double bonds and carbon skeletons, as well as addition, elimination and hydrogenation reactions.     

Modification of the adsorption and catalytic properties of micro- and mesoporous materials by reactions with organometallic complexes

This review describes the work of two laboratories in the field of the modification of micro- and mesoporous molecular sieves through reactions with organometallic complexes. The modification of zeolites can occur inside the pore channels or on the external surface, depending on the size of the organometallic complex. When the modification occurs on the external surface, it results in a decrease of the pore entrance, which will lead in turn to a modification of the sorption properties of the zeolite, by decreasing the rate of the adsorption (mainly by a kinetic control). Such a material can be also used in catalysis, because the external acid sites, which are responsible for side-reactions, have been removed upon grafting. When small organometallic complexes are used, they can fill the channels and cages of the zeolite and react with internal hydroxyl groups. Due to the high acidity of zeolites, the reaction occurs very easily (for example at ?100 °C on faujasite), in contrast to what is observed on the external surface, therefore leading to high metal loadings. In that case, the modification of the sorption properties will be mainly related to a thermodynamic control. The resulting materials can be useful in catalysis, by combining the activity of the organometallic complex and properties (for example shape-selectivity) of the zeolite. Modification of mesoporous molecular sieves occurs always in the pores and results in altering of the sorption properties of the solid, by changing the interaction type between the sorbent and the sorbate. For example the sorption isotherm of alkanes is changed from type II to type III according to the IUPAC nomenclature.     

Catalytic benzene alkylation over mesoporous zeolite single crystals: improving activity and selectivity with a new family of porous materials

Mesoporous zeolite single-crystal catalysts are shown to be both more active and more selective than conventional zeolite catalysts in the alkylation of benzene with ethene. The superior catalytic properties are ascribed to improved mass transport in the mesoporous zeolite crystals. Thus, mesoporous zeolite single-crystal catalysts combine the high acidity, shape-selectivity, and hydrothermal stability of zeolites with the efficient mass transport that is typically achieved in mesoporous materials.     

Kinetic Control via Binding Sites within the Confined Space of Metal Metalloporphyrin-Frameworks for Enhanced Shape-Selectivity Catalysis

One striking feature of enzyme is its controllable ability to trap substrates via synergistic or cooperative binding in the enzymatic pocket, which renders the shape-selectivity of product by the confined spatial environment. The success of shape-selective catalysis relies on the ability of enzyme to tune the thermodynamics and kinetics for chemical reactions. In emulation of enzyme's ability, we showcase herein a targeting strategy with the substrate being anchored on the internal pore wall of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), taking full advantage of the sterically kinetic control to achieve shape-selectivity for the reactions. For this purpose, a series of binding site-accessible metal metalloporphyrin-frameworks (MMPFs) have been investigated to shed light on the nature of enzyme-mimic catalysis. They exhibit a different density of binding sites that are well arranged into the nanospace with corresponding distances of opposite binding sites. Such a structural specificity results in a facile switch in selectivity from an exclusive formation of the thermodynamically stable product to the kinetic product. Thus, the proposed targeting strategy, based on the combination of porous materials and binding events, paves a new way to develop highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for shifting selectivity.     

Creation of Al-Enriched Mesoporous ZSM-5 Nanoboxes with High Catalytic Activity: Converting Tetrahedral Extra-Framework Al into Framework Sites by Post Treatment

ZSM-5 zeolite nanoboxes with accessible meso-micro-pore architecture and strong acid sites are important in relevant heterogeneous catalysis suffering from mass transfer limitations and weak acidities. Rational design of parent zeolites with concentrated and non-protective coordination of Al species can facilitate post-synthetic treatment to produce mesoporous ZSM-5 nanoboxes. In this work, a simple and effective method was developed to convert parent MFI zeolites with tetrahedral extra-framework Al into Al-enriched mesoporous ZSM-5 nanoboxes with low silicon-to-aluminium ratios of ≈16. The parent MFI zeolite was prepared by rapid ageing of the zeolite sol gel synthesis mixture. The accessibility to the meso-micro-porous intra-crystalline network was probed systematically by comparative pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion measurements, which, together with the strong acidity of nanoboxes, provided superb catalytic activity and longevity in hydrocarbon cracking for propylene production.     

分子筛在乙醇脱水氨化反应中的一些催化行为

研究了常压、300～400℃温度范围内在分子筛作用下乙醇和氨的脱水胺化反应,用IR和TPD技术表征其表面酸性。发现分子筛窗口和孔道减小时,二乙胺和三乙胺生成量下降,氢型和碱金属阳离子交换的ZSM-5具有明显的择形作用。乙醇转化率与分子筛表面酸量有关。分子筛上的L酸中心可能是脱水氨化反应的主要活性中心。分子筛上的B酸中心似乎对副反应更有利。     

Impacts of Composition and Post‐Treatment on the Brønsted Acidity of Steam‐Treated Faujasite: Insights from FTIR Spectroscopy

A detailed FTIR study of the effects of steaming and acid leaching on protonated Y faujasite (FAU) and EMT zeolites is provided and the results are thoroughly analysed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the Brønsted acidic evolution and acidic strength measurements for a large series of as‐modified zeolites using CO as a sensitive probe to distinguish various protonic sites. While an increase of acidity for framework OH groups is observed during the strengthening of dealumination for both FAU and EMT series, the steaming process also generates a large variety of additional Brønsted acidic groups. Regarding acidic strength, these heterogeneous OH groups are sensitive to post‐treatments and their existence strongly depends on the initial composition of the zeolites. The presence of residual Na⁺ cations in the starting materials induces dramatic Brønsted acidic changes after steaming. As a result, steamed zeolites that initially contain traces of sodium possess unusual acidic Brønsted groups with low acidity. This result contradicts the trend generally observed with framework OH groups, for which steaming results in an increase of Brønsted acidic strength. The study reveals that the situation is indeed more complex, as some compositions and post‐treatments strongly influence the Brønsted acidity of as‐steamed zeolites both in their nature and their corresponding acidic strength. By linking these IR‐compiled features to the as‐exposed modifications, a large acidity scale better suited to characterizing catalysts having Brønsted acidity expanding from lowest to highest strength is proposed.     

甲胺在择形分子筛催化剂上的选择性合成

考察了同晶置换改性丝光沸石和金属表面活性改性ＨＺＳＭ－５对甲醇胺化反应的催化性能，发现两种改性方法都可以降低三甲胺（ＴＭＡ）选择性，提高一甲胺（ＭＭＡ）与二甲胺（ＤＭＡ）的选择性，两种方法都是通过分子筛外表面改性以实现择形性调变的，同晶置换改性可使丝光沸石的强酸性发生显著变化，而强Ｂ酸中心是丝光沸石催化胺化反应的活性中心。     

分子筛上糖类催化转化的核磁共振研究

葡萄糖、 果糖和木糖等糖类是一类重要的绿色生物质资源, 其高效利用是生物质转化的重要研究方向. 具有Lewis酸性的分子筛在糖类催化转化中表现出优异的性能, 对其活性中心结构、 性质以及反应机理的认识是糖类高效转化研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题. 核磁共振是分子筛上活性中心表征和反应机理研究的重要手段. 本文讨论了先进核磁共振技术与方法在分子筛上糖类转化反应中的应用, 包括催化剂活性中心表征、 催化转化反应机理研究和催化反应产物分析3个方面, 总结了核磁共振在糖类转化反应研究中所取得的新进展并对其未来发展方向进行了展望.