A cascade process for the synthesis of gem-difluoromethylene compounds

An efficient strategy for the synthesis of 2,2-difluoro-2,3-dihydrofuran derivatives from β-fluoroalkyl-β-enaminoketones is described. The reaction occurred via an intramolecular halophilic attack-initiated cascade process. A series of 2,3-dihydrofurans were prepared in high yields. And an intermolecular domino process achieved providing polysubstituted furans. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.     

A new single-step process for polybenzimidazole synthesis

Aromatic benzimidazole polymers have been prepared by reaction of the corresponding tetraamine and diester in refluxing sulfolane or phenyl sulfone. The convenience of using these sulfone solvents together with the good yields, high viscosities and absence of crosslinking make this procedure an attractive new route to this class of polymers. The preparation by this procedure of poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole], poly-[2,2′-(p-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole], poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-di(benzimidazole) ether], and poly[2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-di(benzimidazole) ketone] is described.     

A new process for acrylic acid synthesis by fermentative process

With the synthesis of chemical products through biotechnological processes, it is possible to discover and to explore innumerable routes that can be used to obtain products of high added value. Each route may have particular advantages in obtaining a desired product, compared with others, especially in terms of yield, productivity, easiness to separate the product, economy, and environmental impact. The purpose of this work is the development of a deterministic model for the biochemical synthesis of acrylic acid in order to explore an alternative process. The model is built-up with the tubular reactor equations together with the kinetic representation based on the structured model. The proposed process makes possible to obtain acrylic acid continuously from the sugar cane fermentation.     

A new, iterative strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical polyynes: application to the total synthesis of 15,16-dihydrominquartynoic acid

[reaction: see text] A new iterative strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted polyynes has been developed. The starting bromoalkyne is homologated by one acetylene unit through palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with a TIPS-protected terminal acetylene and a subsequent in situ one-pot AgF-mediated desilylative bromination. The utility of this new synthetic method is demonstrated by its application to the total synthesis of (S)-(E)-15,16-dihydrominquartynoic acid.     

A two-stage process with temperature-shift for enhanced anthocyanin production in strawberry cell suspension cultures

A two-stage process with temperature-shift has been developed to enhance the anthocyanin yield in suspension cultures of strawberry cells. The effect of the temperature-shift interval and the shift-time point was investigated for the optimization of this strategy. In this process, strawberry cells were grown at 30℃ (the optimum temperature for cell growth) for a certain period as the first stage, with the temperature shifted to a lower temperature for the second stage. In response to the temperature shift-down, anthoeyanin synthesis was stimulated and a higher content could be achieved than that at both boundary temperatures but cell growth was suppressed. When the lower boundary temperature was deereased, cell growth was lowered and a delayed, sustained maximum anthocyanin content was achieved. Anthocyanin synthesis was strongly influeneed by the shift-time point but cell growth was not. Consequently, the maximum anthocyanin content of 2.7 mg(?)g-fresh cell~(-1) was obtained on day 9 by a temperature-     

An iterative acetylene-epoxide coupling strategy for the total synthesis of longimicin C

Longimicin C, a naturally occurring annonaceous acetogenin possessing a C₂-symmetrical bis-THF moiety and a short hydrocarbon chain between its THF-containing region and a terminal γ-lactone, was synthesized for the first time. The total synthesis was successfully achieved by an iterative acetylene-epoxide coupling strategy. d-Mannitol was used to establish the bis-THF-containing segment, in which the additional stereochemistries were introduced by Sharpless dihydroxylations and intramolecular Williamson etherifications. Regioselective epoxide-openings by the appropriate terminal acetylenes allowed coupling and elaboration of all four fragments including the introduction of three essential hydroxyls into the proper sites of the target skeleton.     

Mono- vs. di-fluorous-tagged glucosamines for iterative oligosaccharide synthesis

Fluorous-tagged protecting groups are attractive tools for elongating carbohydrate chains in oligosaccharide synthesis. To eliminate the accumulation of failed sequences during automated oligosaccharide synthesis conditions, an additional C₈F₁₇ ester derived protecting group was attached to the glycosyl donor to better retain the desired doubly tagged glycosylation product on fluorous solid-phase extraction (FSPE) cartridges. Initial studies show that the double-fluorous-tagging strategy offers a robust enough separation using a commercial FSPE cartridge using simple gravity filtration to separate the desired product from the singly fluorous-tagged starting materials and their decomposition products. In addition, removal of the fluorous acetate and its by-products after sodium methoxide treatment and neutralization required only dissolution of the desired sugar in toluene and subsequent removal of the toluene layer from the denser fluorous by-products.     

An iterative strategy for the synthesis of oligothiophenes by catalytic cross-coupling reactions

An iterative strategy for the synthesis of new sulfur-functionalized oligothiophenes by Suzuki or Stille cross-coupling reactions was applied to the reaction of 4-bromo-tert-butylphenylthioether with thiophene derivatives. The planarity of the oligothiophenes obtained was confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of 2-(4′-tert-butylthiophenyl)thiophene, which shows a potentially large electronic conjugation length. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:121–126, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10224     

替格瑞洛的合成工艺改进

以2-丙硫基-4,6-二氯-5-氨基嘧啶(3)、2-[((3aR,4S,6R,6a S)-6-氨基-2,2-二甲基四氢-3a H-环戊基[d][1,3]二氧-4-基)氧]-1-乙醇L-酒石酸盐(4)为起始原料,经亲核取代、环合、与(1R,2S)-2-(3,4-二氟苯基)环丙胺D-扁桃酸盐(2)发生亲核取代、稀盐酸脱保护制得抗血小板药替格瑞洛,所得目标经1H NMR及MS确证,总收率为65%。     

The iterative synthesis of discrete dimethylsiloxane oligomers: A practical guide

Discrete dimethylsiloxane oligomers are interesting building blocks for the synthesis of high χ–low N block co-oligomers (BCOs) forming highly organized nanostructures. Here, a practical guide to the synthesis of molecularly defined oligodimethylsiloxanes (oDMS) from 7-mer to 40-mer via a linear growth strategy is described. The iteration of a hydroxylation reaction and the condensation of mono- or bifunctional hydroxysiloxanes with chloro-octamethyltetrasiloxane results in asymmetric and symmetric siloxanes, respectively. The synthesis contains critical washing and purification steps to remove minor amounts of low and high-molecular weight byproducts, which are detected using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and size-exclusion chromatography. The oligomers are obtained on a multigram scale in yields of 94–50% and in high purity with only one molar mass detected. The formation of the chloride, hydroxide or hydride functional groups is adequately analyzed using ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy. The hydride terminated siloxane oligomers are used in Karstedt catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions with alkene-functional substrates to obtain oDMS-based oligomers and BCOs. Byproduct formation as a result of isomerization and reduction are followed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and minimized using dry conditions and low-catalyst loadings.     

替拉瑞韦的合成工艺改进

(2S)-2-环己基-N-(2-吡嗪基羰基)甘氨酰-3-甲基-L-缬氨酸(2)与(1S,3aR,6a S)-八氢环戊烯并[c]吡咯-1-羧酸乙酯盐酸盐(3)缩合得到(1S,3aR,6a S)-2-((2S)-2-(((2S)-2-环己基-2-(吡嗪羰基)氨基)乙酰基)氨基)-3,3-二甲基-1-氧代丁基)-八氢环戊二烯并[c]吡咯-1-羧酸乙酯(5),5水解得到(1S,3aR,6a S)-2-((2S)-2-(((2S)-2-环己基-2-(吡嗪羰基)氨基)乙酰基)氨基)-3,3-二甲基-1-氧代丁基)-八氢环戊二烯并[c]吡咯-1-羧酸(6),此中间体再与(3S)-3-氨基-N-环丙基-2-羟基己酰胺盐酸盐(4)经过酰胺化、戴斯-马丁氧化得到替拉瑞韦(1),反应总收率为64%,HPLC色谱纯度99.9%。     

A practical high through-put continuous process for the synthesis of chiral cyanohydrins

A practical high through-put continuous process for the synthesis of chiral cyanohydrins is reported. Pretreated almond meal (or other solid raw enzyme sources) was loaded in a column to form a reactor, to which were attached a supplying system to deliver a solution of substrate and HCN in solvent on one end and a collecting-separating system on the other end. By controlling the flowing rate, optimal conditions were achieved for the hydrocyanation of various aromatic carboxaldehydes in a "micro-aqueous" medium to produce chiral cyanohydrins in high yields and high enantiomeric excess (ee) with high substrate/catalyst ratio.     

A novel vapor phase process for aromatic ketone synthesis

The vapor phase catalytic reaction between aromatic carboxylic acid and acetic acid was investigated. Many metal oxides catalyzed the reaction between 2methylbenzoic acid (OTA) and acetic acid (AA) to produce 2methylacetophenone (OMA), and weakly acidic oxides such as Th, U, Ce, and La oxide exhibited higher yield of OMA. The OMA yield depended on the catalyst support. SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and ZrO₂ with a surface area of less than 200 m² g^–1 appeared to be suitable as industrial catalyst supports. CeO₂ on Al₂O₃was chosen as an industrial catalyst for the synthesis of OMA because of higher productivity, longer catalyst life, and lifting of legal restrictions on catalyst handling. This catalyst system can also be applied to the syntheses of acetophenone, nitroacetophenone, and chloroacetophenone.     

An iterative Shimizu non-aldol approach for the stereoselective synthesis of C13-C22 fragment of callystatin A

An efficient synthesis of the polypropionate framework of callystatin A has been achieved by utilizing the Shimizu reaction in an iterative fashion.     

A two-stage one-pot enzymatic synthesis of TDP-L-mycarose from thymidine and glucose-1-phosphate

This report describes a procedure combining six enzymes native to Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhi, such as thymidine kinase (TK), thymidylate kinase (TMK), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), pyruvate kinase (PK; for ATP regeneration), TDP-glucose synthetase (RfbA), and TDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RfbB), with five enzymes from Streptomyces fradiae, such as TylX3, TylC1, TylC3, TylK, and TylC2, that resulted in the biosynthesis of TDP-l-mycarose from glucose-1-phosphate and thymidine. This two-stage one-pot approach can be readily applied to the synthesis of other unusual sugars.     

An iterative approach to the synthesis of thiophene-based organic dyes

We developed an iterative synthetic method for oligo-aryl compounds using an organosilicon-based palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Aryl compounds containing a benzyloxy(diisopropyl)silyl group (masked Si group) had sufficient chemical stability, and the unmasking step proceeded in a high yield under mild conditions. Both of the key unmasking/coupling steps required no strict anhydrous or degassed conditions. The developed procedure was used for the synthesis of thiophene-based organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells.     

A novel,one-step annulation process for the synthesis of ring-fused 2-cyclopentenones

The reaction of the dilithio derivative of dimethyl cis-4-cyclohexen-1,2-dicarboxylate with 3-substituted propiolic acid phenyl esters proceeds via an unusual mechanistic path to generate fused bicyclic 2-cyclopentenones in a single step.     

环戊噻嗪的合成工艺改进

以溴代环戊烷和丙二酸二乙酯为起始原料,经缩合、水解、脱羧、还原、氧化、环合六个步骤合成了目标化合物环戊噻嗪;所得产物结构经核磁共振氢谱和质谱确证,产物纯度经高效液相色谱(HPLC)归一化法测定.结果表明,目标产物总收率可达25.5%,纯度为99.4%;经过改进的工艺条件稳定,操作简便,收率明显提高,适合于工业化生产.