Nanostructured pure gamma-Fe2O3 via forced precipitation in an organic solvent

Pure maghemite, gamma-Fe(2)O(3), was prepared as ultra fine particles in the nanometer-sized range via the forced precipitation method in an organic solvent. The precipitation of iron(III) ions, from iron(III) chloride in 2-propanol led selectively to highly dispersed particles of ferrihydrite, which upon treatment with temperatures higher than 200 degrees C under dynamic vacuum resulted in high-surface-area particles of gamma-Fe(2)O(3). Precipitation in water also led to ferrihydrite, but the final product, after heating at 300 degrees C, contained a mixture of gamma-Fe(2)O(3) and alpha-Fe(2)O(3) (hematite). The precipitation from iron(III) nitrate in water resulted in goethite which was converted to hematite upon heating. On the other hand, the final product in 2-propanol was a mixture of maghemite and hematite. The products were characterized by FTIR, TGA, XRD, and gas sorption analysis. Nitrogen gas adsorption studies for the pure gamma-Fe(2)O(3) samples revealed mesoporous particles with high surface areas in the range of 70-120 m(2) g(-1) after heat treatment at 300 degrees C. The gamma-Fe(2)O(3) particles retained their gamma-phase as well as their mesoporous structure at relatively high temperatures, as high as 400 degrees C.     

Monolayers (Langmuir films) behavior of multi-component systems composed of a bile acid with different sterols and with their 1:1 mixtures

Different physicochemical properties of Langmuir films (monolayers) composed of 10 mixed systems of a bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DC) with various plant sterols, such as stigmasterol (Stig), beta-sitosterol (Sito) and campesterol (Camp) and a stanol, cholestanol (Chsta) in addition to an animal sterol, cholesterol (Ch) [these sterols and Chsta are abbreviated as St] and DC with 1:1 St mixtures; (Ch+Chsta), (Ch+Stig), (Stig+Chsta), (Ch+Sito) and (Ch+Camp) on the substrate of 5M aqueous NaCl solution (pH 1.2) at 25 degrees C, were investigated in terms of mean surface area per molecule (A(m)), the partial molecular area (PMA), surface excess Gibbs energy (DeltaG((ex))), interaction parameter (I(p)) as well as activity coefficients (f(1) and f(2)) in 2-D phase of each binary (or ternary) component system and elasticity (Cs(-1)) of formed films; these were analyzed on the basis of the respective surface pressure (pi) versus A(m) isotherms as a function of mole fraction of Sts (X(st)) in the DC/St(s) mixtures at discrete surface pressures. Notable findings are: (i) all the binary component systems did form patched film type monolayers consisting of (a) DC-dominant film solubilizing a trace amount of St molecules and (b) St dominant film dissolving a small amount of DC molecules, (ii) DC in 2-D phase exhibited a transition from LE film to LC film at a constant pressure (pi(C)(1)) accompanied by compression and (iii) DeltaG((ex)) as well as I(p) was found to be greatly dependent on (a) the combinations of DC with different St species and (b) to be markedly varied by a difference in mixing ratio of DC to Sts. Compressibility (or elasticity) analyses and fluorescence microscopy images could support the above findings as well as interpretation.     

Preparation of ethambutol-copper(II) complex and fabrication of PVC based membrane potentiometric sensor for copper

Copper(II) complex of ethambutol (I) was prepared and used in the fabrication of Cu(2+) selective ISE membrane. The membrane having Cu(II)-ethambutol complex (I) as electroactive material, along with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) as anion discriminator, dioctylphthalate (DOP) as plasticizer in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix in the percentage ratio 6:2:190:200 (I:NaTPB:DOP:PVC) (w/w) gave a linear response in the concentration range 7.94x10(-6) to 1.0x10(-1) M of Cu(2+) with a slope of 29.9+/-0.2 mV per decade of activity and a fast response time of 11+/-2 s. The sensor works well in the pH range 2.1-6.3 and could be satisfactorily used in presence of 40% (v/v) methanol, ethanol and acetone and is selective for copper over a large number of cations with slight interference from Na(+) and Co(2+) if present at a level 1.5x10(-5) and 6.5x10(-5) M, respectively. It works well over a period of 6 months and can also be used as indicator electrode for the end point determination in the potentiometric titration of Cu(2+) against EDTA as well as in the determination of Cu(2+) in real samples.     

A highly selective and sensitive thorium(IV) PVC membrane electrode based on a dithio-tetraaza macrocyclic compound.

A poly(vinyl chloride)-based membrane composed of dithio-tetraaza macrocyclic compound as a neutral carrier with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) as an anion excluder and nitrobenzene (NB) as plasticizer was prepared and investigated as a Th(IV)-selective electrode. The electrode exhibits a Nernstian slope of 14.2 +/- 0.3 mV per decade over a wide concentration range (1.0 x 10(-6) to 1.0 x 10(-1) M) with a detection limit of 8.0 x 10(-7) M between pH 3.5 and 9.5. The response time of the sensor is about 10 s and it can be used over a period of 5 months without any divergence in potential. The proposed membrane sensor revealed a good selectivity for Th(IV) over a wide variety of other metal ions and proved to be a better electrode in many respects than those reported in the literature. It was successfully applied as an electrode indicator as well as in the direct determination of thorium ions in standard and real samples.     

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) of Ethyl Acrylate: Its Mechanistic Studies

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of ethyl acrylate was carried out in bulk using ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate as initiator, CuBr as well as CuCl as catalyst in combination with different ligands e.g., 2,2′ bipyridine (bpy)andN,N, N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA). In most of the cases very high conversion (72–98%) was achieved. The polymerization was well controlled with a linear increase of molecular weight (M_n^SEC) with conversion and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (polydispersity index 1.2–1.3). Use of PMDETA as the ligand resulted in faster polymerization rate (98% conversion in 1 h) than those using bipyridine (72% conversion in 5 h). The MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of poly (ethyl acrylate) (PEA) prepared by using bpy as ligand showed the presence of halogen as the end group. On the contrary, when PMDETA was used as the ligand, the mass analysis showed no trace of this end group.     

New Cu(II) compounds with ligands synthesized through nucleophilic addition of pyrazoles to dicyanamide. Synthesis,crystal structures and spectroscopy

Three newly synthesized ligands, i.e. (pyrazolecarbimido)-cyanoamine (abbreviated as Hdcapz), (3-methylpyrazolecarbimido)cyanoamine (abbreviated as Hdcampz) and (3,5-dimethylpyrazolecarbimido)cyanoamine (abbreviated as Hdcadmpz) are presented in this study, including the X-ray crystal structures for two of them, as well as their coordination behaviour with respect to Cu(II).     

Complexation of the vulcanization accelerator tetramethylthiuram disulfide and related molecules with zinc compounds including zinc oxide clusters (Zn4O4)

Zinc chemicals are used as activators in the vulcanization of organic polymers with sulfur to produce elastic rubbers. In this work, the reactions of Zn(2+), ZnMe(2), Zn(OMe)(2), Zn(OOCMe)(2), and the heterocubane cluster Zn(4)O(4) with the vulcanization accelerator tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) and with the related radicals and anions Me(2)NCS(2)(*), Me(2)NCS(3)(*), Me(2)NCS(2)(-), and Me(2)NCS(3)(-) have been studied by quantum chemical methods at the MP2/6-31+G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory. More than 35 zinc complexes have been structurally characterized and the energies of formation from their components calculated for the first time. The binding energy of TMTD as a bidendate ligand increases in the order ZnMe(2)相似文献   

温敏性嵌段共聚物纳米胶束的制备及其稳定性

通过N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)和N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAAm)在链转移剂巯基乙醇存在下的自由基共聚,制备了具有端羟基的共聚物P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm).利用其端羟基在异辛酸亚锡催化下引发己内酯开环聚合,得到了两亲性嵌段共聚物P(NIPAAm-co-DMAAm)-b-PCL,并在聚己内酯(PCL)链末端引入可光催化反应的不饱和双键.通过1H-NMR、GPC和相转变温度(LCST)等方法对聚合物进行了结构表征,测定了嵌段共聚物形成胶束的临界胶束浓度和胶束粒径,比较了核交联前后胶束的粒径和稳定性.结果表明:通过调节共聚物的组成,可获得LCST在40℃附近的胶束,胶束经核交联后,粒径有所减小,但稳定性明显提高,可用于对药物的温敏控制释放.     

Extraction of lead(II) and copper(II) from salicylate media by tributylphosphine oxide.

Tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO) is proposed as an extractant for the extraction of lead(II) and copper(II) from salicylate media. The optimum conditions were evaluated by varying the experimental parameters, such as the pH, sodium salicylate concentration, tributylphosphine oxide (TBPO) concentration, shaking period and various diluents. The probable extracted species, deduced from log-log plots were Pb(HSal)2.2TBPO and Cu(HSal)2.2TBPO. The extraction took place through a solvation mechanism. The method permits the binary separation of lead(II) and copper(II) from commonly associated elements as well as the mutual separation of lead(II) and copper(II). The method is applicable to the determination of lead(II) and copper(II) in various alloys as well as environmental and pharmaceutical samples.     

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical pincer complexes with group 10 metals: synthesis via aryl C-H activation and some catalytic applications

Aryl-based pincer metal complexes with anionic terdentate ligands have been widely applied in organic synthesis, organometallic catalysis and other related areas. Synthetically, the most simple and convenient method for the construction of these complexes is the direct metal-induced C(aryl)-H bond activation, which can be fulfilled by choosing the appropriate functional donor groups in the two side arms of the aryl-based pincer preligands. In this perspective, we wish to summarize some results achieved by our group in this context. Successful examples include symmetrical chiral bis(imidazoline) NCN pincer complexes with Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II), bis(phosphinite) and bis(phosphoramidite) PCP pincer Pd(II) complexes, unsymmetrical (pyrazolyl)phosphinite, (amino)phosphinite and (imino)phosphinite PCN pincer Pd(II) complexes, chiral (imidazolinyl)phosphinite and (imidazolinyl)phosphoramidite PCN pincer complexes with Ni(II) and Pd(II) as well as unsymmetrical (oxazolinyl)amine and (oxazolinyl)pyrazole NCN' pincer Pd(II) complexes. Among them, the P-donor containing complexes are efficiently synthesized by the "one-pot phosphorylation/metalation" method. The obtained symmetrical and unsymmetrical pincer complexes have been used as catalysts in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction (Pd), asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indole with trans-β-nitrostyrene (Pt) as well as in asymmetric allylation of aldehyde and sulfonimine (Pd). In the Suzuki couplings conducted at 40-50 °C, some unsymmetrical Pd complexes exhibit much higher activity than the related symmetrical ones which can be attributed to their faster release of active Pd(0) species resulting from the hemilabile coordination of the ligands. Literature results on the synthesis of some related pincer complexes as well as their activities in the above catalytic reactions are also presented.     

Newly synthesized peripherally octa-substituted zinc phthalocyanines carrying halogen terminated phenoxy-phenoxy moiety: comparative photochemical and photophysical features

This study reports the 3 new phthalonitrile derivatives, namely 4, 5 Bis-[4-(4-bromophenoxy) phenoxy] phthalonitrile ( 1 ), 4,5 Bis-[4-(4-chlorophenoxy) phenoxy]phthalonitrile ( 2 ), and 4, 5 Bis[4-(4-fluorophenoxy) phenoxy] phthalonitrile ( 3 ). Their octa-substituted zinc phthalocyanines ( 4 , 5 , 6 ) are reported for the first time in this study. The resulting compounds were characterized by utilizing some spectroscopic methods, such as UV-Vis, 1HNMR, FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectraand elemental analysis. To show photosynthesizer’s potential, emission (F F ), singlet oxygen (1O2), and photodegradation quantum yields (F∆, Fd) of octa-peripherally phthalocyanines (Pcs) were performed in the solutions, such as biocompatible solvent DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) as well as DMF (dimethylformamide) and THF (tetrahydrofuran). Solvent and octa-peripherally binding effect of the halogen (Br, Cl, F) terminated phenoxy-phenoxy groups on phthalocyanine rings for photophysicochemical properties ( 4 , 5 , and 6 ) were compared with the tetra-peripherally and tetra nonperipherally substituted derivatives. The new dyes ( 4 to 6 ) may be evaluated in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer as photosensitizers due to efficient 1O2 from 0.55 to 0.75.     

Synthesis of α-Bromine- Terminated Polystyrene Macroinitiator and Its Initiation of MMA Polymerization by ATRP

In the present paper the synthesis of block copolymers via the transformation from living anionic polymerization (LAP) to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was described. Α-Bromine-terminated polystyrenes(PStBr) in the LAP step was prepared by using n-BuLi as initiator, tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the activator, α-methylstyrene (α-MeSt) as the capping group and liquid bromine (Br2) as the bromating agent. The effects of reaction conditions such as the amounts of α-MeSt, THF, and Br2 as well as molecular weight of polystyrene on the bromating efficiency (BE) and coupling extent (CE) were examined. The present results show that the yield of PStBr obtained was more than 93.8% and the coupling reaction was substantially absent. PStBr was further used as the macroinitiator in the polymerization of methyl-methacrylate(MMA) in the presence of copper(Ⅰ) halogen and 2,2-bipyridine(bpy) complexes. It was found that the molecular weight of the resulted PSt-b-PMMA increased linearly with the increase of the conversion of MMA and the polydispersity was 1.2-1.6. The structures of PStBr and P(St-b-MMA) were characterized by 1H NMR spectra.     

电合成间苯氧基苯甲酸

以Nafion417作隔膜,Pb-PbO2作阳极,Pb作阴极,电解氧化Cr(Ⅲ)为Cr(Ⅵ),然后以Cr(Ⅵ)为氧化媒质,氧化间甲基二苯醚为间苯氧基苯甲酸.研究了在Nafion417隔膜槽中影响Cr(Ⅲ)电氧化的因素,并进一步探究优化电合成间苯氧基苯甲酸的工艺条件.     

Solvent effects on catalytic activity of manganese porphyrins with cationic,anionic and uncharged meso substituents: Indirect evidence on the nature of active oxidant species

Oxidation of cyclohexene and styrene with sodium periodate and tetra‐n‐butylammonium periodate (TBAP) catalyzed by MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc), MnT(4‐SO₃)PP(OAc) and MnTPP(OAc) has been studied in water, methanol, acetonitrile and dichloromethane as solvents. The results show significant dependence of the product distribution on the type of solvent and the electronic nature of the aryl substituents introduced at the porphyrin periphery. While the oxidation of cyclohexene and styrene in the presence of MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc) and MnTPP(OAc) in water (also in methanol) gave the corresponding epoxides as nearly the sole product, performing the reactions in the presence of MnT(4‐SO₃)PP(OAc) yielded the products of allylic oxidation, cyclohexene‐2‐ol and cyclohexene‐2‐one and acetophenone as the major products. In the case of styrene, performing the reaction in the presence of MnT(4‐SO₃)PP(OAc), MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc) and MnTPP(OAc) in acetonitrile gave a mixture of styrene oxide and acetophenone as the products. Under the same conditions, the oxidation of cyclohexene afforded cyclohexene oxide as approximately the exclusive product. Furthermore, the oxidation of olefins in dichloromethane gave the corresponding epoxide as the exclusive products. The product distributions observed in the protic and aprotic solvents were used to provide indirect evidence on the relative contribution and reactivity of high valent manganese oxo and periodato Mn(III) porphyrin species to the oxidation reactions.     

NiN(2)S(2) complexes as metallodithiolate ligands to Rh(I), Rh(II) and Rh(III)

Three molecular structures are reported which utilize the NiN(2)S(2) ligands -, (bis(mercaptoethyl)diazacyclooctane)nickel and -', bis(mercaptoethyl)diazacycloheptane)nickel, as metallodithiolate ligands to rhodium in oxidation states i, ii and iii. For the Rh(I) complex, the NiN(2)S(2) unit behaves as a bidentate ligand to a square planar Rh(I)(CO)(PPh(3))(+) moiety with a hinge or dihedral angle (defined as the intersection of NiN(2)S(2) and S(2)Rh(C)(P) planes) of 115 degrees . Supported by -' ligands, the Rh(II) oxidation state occurs in a dirhodium C(4) paddlewheel complex wherein four NiN(2)S(2) units serve as bidentate bridging ligands to two singly-bonded Rh(II) ions at 2.893(8) A apart. A compilation of the remarkable range of M-M distances in paddlewheel complexes which use NiN(2)S(2) complexes as paddles is presented. The Rh(III) state is found as a tetrametallic [Rh(-')(3)](3+) cluster, roughly shaped like a boat propeller and structurally similar to tris(bipyridine)metal complexes.     

Active anionic zero-valent palladium catalysts: characterization by density functional calculations

This works uses DFT (B3LYP/LACVP*(+)//B3LYP/LACVP* level) to ascertain the existence of the tricoordinate, anionic zero-valent palladium complexes that were postulated as the active species in the catalytic cycles of Pd-catalyzed Heck and cross-coupling reactions. The variety of complexes studied (1 and 2), include [Pd(PR(3))(2)X](-) species, in which R=H, Me, vinyl, and phenyl, and X=Cl, Br, I, AcO, and TFA, as well as bidentate complexes, [Pd[Ph(2)P(CH(2))(n)Ph(2)P]X](-), in which X=Cl, AcO and n=3-6. The study shows that these complexes exist as distinct minima in the gas phase as well as in THF. In addition, it provides geometric features and Pd--X(-) dissociation energies for all these complexes as well as some NMR and IR data, which show a clear distinction in these features between the tri- and dicoordinate Pd(0) species. An orbital interaction model and perturbation theory arguments account for the bonding mechanism and rationalize all the trends in the stability of the Pd--X bond. These trends include the effects of variation of X, R, and the length of the linker in the bidentate ligands.     

Kushenol C Prevents Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide and Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury

Sophora flavescens, also known as Kushen, has traditionally been used as a herbal medicine. In the present study we evaluated the ameliorative effects of kushenol C (KC) from S. flavescens against tBHP (tert-Butyl hydroperoxide)-induced oxidative stress in hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) cells and acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. KC pretreatment protected the HEPG2 cells against oxidative stress by reducing cell death, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. KC pretreatment also upregulated pro-caspase 3 and GSH (glutathione) as well as expression of 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase (OGG1) in the HEPG2 cells. The mechanism of action was partly related by KC’s activation of Akt (Protein kinase B (PKB)) and Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) in the HepG2 cells. In in vivo investigations, coadministration of mice with KC and APAP significantly attenuated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and liver damage, as the serum enzymatic activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as liver lipid peroxidation and cleaved caspase 3 expression, were reduced in APAP-treated mice. Coadministration with KC also up-regulated antioxidant enzyme expression and prevented the production of proinflammatory mediators in APAP-treated mice. Taken together, these results showed that KC treatment has potential as a therapeutic agent against liver injury through the suppression of oxidative stress.     

Endohedral nickel and palladium atoms in metal clusters: analogy to endohedral noble gas atoms in fullerenes in polyhedra with five-fold symmetry

Nickel and palladium atoms with their closed-shell d(10) electronic configurations are encapsulated in the icosahedral clusters [Ni@Ni(10)E(2)(CO)(18)](4-)(E = Sb, Bi, Sb[rightward arrow]Ni(CO)(3), CH(3)Sn and n-C(4)H(9)Sn) and the geometrically related pentagonal antiprismatic cluster Pd@Bi(10)(4+) found in Bi(14)PdBr(16). Such endohedral d(10) atoms in pentagonal antiprismatic clusters are donors of zero skeletal electrons and interact only weakly with the atoms in the surrounding polyhedron so that they may be regarded as analogous to endohedral noble gases in fullerenes such as He@C(60). On the other hand, endohedral nickel and palladium atoms in 10- and 11-vertex flattened deltahedral bare metal clusters of group 13 metals without five-fold symmetry, such as Ni@E(10)(10-) found in Na(10)NiE(10)(E = Ga, In) and Pd@Tl(11)(7-) found in A(8)Tl(11)Pd (A = Cs, Rb, K), interact significantly with the cluster atoms, particularly those at the flattened vertices of the deltahedron. The role of endohedral d(10) atoms Ni and Pd in polyhedra with five-fold symmetry as "pseudo-noble-gases" can be related to their positions at the "composite divide" of the "Metallurgists' Periodic Table" proposed by H. E. N. Stone on the basis of alloy systematics as well as the equivalence of the five d orbitals in polyhedra with five-fold symmetry.     

Crystal and molecular structures of eight-coordinate (CuN4O4) and six-coordinate (CuN4O2) Cu(II) complexes with 4-methyl-5-imidazole-carboxaldehyde or 1-benzyl-2-hydroxymethylimidazole, respectively: Spectroscopic and potentiometric studies

The synthesis and characterisation of two novel Cu(II) eight and six coordinate compounds with the bidentate ligands 4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxaldehyde (4-Me-5-CHOIm) and 1-benzyl-2-hydroxymethylimidazole (1-Bz-2-CH₂OHIm) are described. Single crystals of [Cu(4-Me-5-CHOIm)₄](H₂O)₂(NO₃)₂ (1) and [Cu(1-Bz-2-CH₂OHIm)₄](NO₃)₂ (2) were used in structure determinations. The two compounds both crystallise in the monoclinic space group P with Z=2 for (1) and Z=1 for (2). The structural data for (1) indicated that Cu(II) ion is involved in a flattened tetrahedron of N(1), N(2), N(3) and N(4) atoms of imidazoles ring as well as in a more distant elongated tetrahedron of four of the z-axis oxygen atoms O(1), O(2), O(3), O(4) of aldehyde groups. The coordination scheme of the six-coordinate Cu(II) complex (2) is a slightly distorted tetragonal bipyramid and the ligands act as a monodentate and bidentate. Additionally, the coordination processes with Cu(II) were detected and characterised in solution using spectroscopic (EPR and UV–VIS) as wall as potentiometric methods.     

Conformation of 2-aminomethylpyrrolidine and 2-aminomethylpiperidine in ternary platinum(II) complexes: regulation of conformation of the diamine by the coexisting ligand

Square-planar complexes with the formula [Pt(L(2))(L(1))](X)(2) x nH(2)O, where L(1) is S-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine (S-pyrda) or 2-aminomethylpiperidine (pipda) and L(2) is diammine (X=Cl), cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylato (cbdca) (X=none), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (X=NO(3)), or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (X=Cl), were prepared and the nature of the coordination of L(1) was examined by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. These 2-aminomethylazacycloalkane derivatives form five-membered chelate rings condensed with an azacycloalkane ring in cis- or trans-configurations. The (1)H-NMR spectrum of complexes with S-pyrda as L(1) were consistent with cis-condensed rings in an S(N) conformation with any of L(2) group. However, (1)H-NMR spectra of the complexes with pipda as L(1) indicated trans-fused successive rings for the diammine and cbdca as L(2), but spectra for bpy and phen as L(2) were consistent with a conformation having cis-fused successive rings. X-Ray crystallography data for the two complexes with pipda as L(1) and cbdca (1) and bpy (2) as L(2) confirms the different coordination behavior in the solid state.