Synthesis of nano/micro scale ZSM-5 from kaolin and its catalytic performance

Nano/micro scale ZSM-5 zeolites were synthesized by using natural kaolin as raw material. The effect of particle size on the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 zeolite for the methanol to olefins conversion was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results indicated the crystal size had a significant effect on the catalytic stability and the products distribution. ZSM-5 with nanosize showed better tolerance to coke formation, longer catalytic lifetime, and higher selectivity to propylene. The selectivity to propylene on nanosized ZSM-5 was on average 4.5% higher than on the submicron sample and 10% higher than on microsized ZSM-5. After the reaction was conducted for 20 h the ZSM-5 catalyst synthesized from kaolin showed longer lifetime and higher propylene selectivity than the sample synthesized with chemical materials The reason can be explained by the occurence of such elements as Fe, P, and especially Ti.     

ZSM-5分子筛结晶度及晶粒大小的影响因素

以硅溶胶为硅源,偏铝酸钠为铝源,用晶种法制备ZSM-5分子筛.考察了物料混合方式、陈化时间、晶化时间、晶化温度、碱度和水量等对ZSM-5分子筛相对结晶度和晶粒大小的影响.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光粒度分析等对所合成样品进行了表征.结果表明:在一定的高碱度条件下形成高浓度的硅铝酸盐凝胶,才能合成出晶化良好的样品,ZSM-5分子筛是按固相机理形成的;合成ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度和平均颗粒度均随晶化温度的升高及硅铝酸盐凝胶浓度的增加而增大,在室温陈化24 h、180℃晶化12～24 h时相对结晶度最高,平均颗粒度基本上与陈化时间无关.     

One-pot non-template synthesis of hierarchical ZSM-5 from kaolin source

Hierarchical ZSM-5 was synthesized without organic template and seed-assisted from the abundant natural source, kaolin, via the facile 1-step hydrothermal process. The hierarchical structure was able to be well-controlled solely on the Na₂O/Al₂O₃ ratio of the precursor. This method is not only simple but greener from the scientific point of view. As revealed, kaolin layered structure that dispersed in the highly alkaline NaOH medium prompts the formation of zeolite as the molecular organization is induced. The excess of NaOH acts as desilication agent after the formation of zeolite as proven by the ²⁹Si MAS NMR data.     

高岭土微球上无胺法ZSM-5的原位合成

无胺体系中,采用水热法在焙烧高岭土微球上原位晶化合成了ZSM-5分子筛。考察了晶化温度、晶化时间、晶种加入量以及合成体系硅铝比等主要因素对分子筛合成的影响,得出了较佳的原位晶化合成条件。采用XRD、SEM、N₂吸附脱附等手段对合成样品进行了表征。结果表明：在高岭土微球上合成出了颗粒尺寸小于1 μm的小晶粒原位ZSM-5分子筛;晶化产物的比表面积、总孔容、微孔表面积和微孔孔容均明显增大,微孔分布集中于0.54 nm。     

气相转移法与水热合成法合成ZSM-5/SAPO-5核壳结构复合分子筛的比较

以磷酸、拟薄水铝石和硅溶胶为原料,三乙胺为模板剂,在不同晶化温度和晶化时间的实验条件下,分别采用水热合成法和气相转移法合成了一系列ZSM-5/SAPO-5核壳结构复合分子筛,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线能量散射谱、红外光谱和N2吸附等手段对其进行了表征.结果表明,所合成的分子筛是以ZSM-5为核,以SAPO-5为壳的双结构复合分子筛.晶化温度的提高和晶化时间的延长有利于分子筛结晶度的提高.与水热合成法相比,采用气相转移法可以减小壳层SAPO-5的颗粒尺寸,减少脱离ZSM-5表面独立生长的SAPO-5的量,改善SAPO-5在ZSM-5表面的分布.重油裂化结果表明,核壳结构复合分子筛对生成低碳烯烃的催化性能优于机械混合的样品.     

以天然矿物为全部硅铝源低成本绿色合成ZSM-5分子筛的研究

ZSM-5分子筛被广泛地应用于催化、吸附分离、离子交换和绿色化工等领域,但目前其合成主要是以无机化学品为硅铝源,从源头来看是非绿色化的过程.我们以热活化的硅藻土和亚熔盐活化的累托土为全部硅铝源,通过调变两种矿物的加入比例调变合成体系的硅铝比,在水热合成体系中制备ZSM-5分子筛.系统地考察模板剂用量、碱度、投料硅铝比、晶化时间等合成条件对产物结构和性质的影响,并对在最优条件下合成的ZSM-5分子筛的物化性质进行了详细地表征,结果表明：以天然矿物为全部硅铝源可以合成出具有较高结晶度、晶粒尺寸约为4 μm的六面体挛晶形貌的ZSM-5分子筛,该分子筛比商业ZSM-5分子筛具有更高的水热稳定性和更优的加氢异构性能.     

高岭土原位无溶剂法合成小粒径ZSM-5分子筛

结合原位水热法和无溶剂法的优点,在不添加有机模板剂和溶剂的基础上,以高岭土为原料通过晶种诱导绿色高效地合成出ZSM-5分子筛。运用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜、透射电镜和NH3程序升温脱附(TPD-NH3)等技术对ZSM-5分子筛进行表征。表征结果与原位水热法合成的ZSM-5分子筛相比,原位无溶剂法合成ZSM-5分子筛的结晶度较高、晶体粒径较小、酸强度略高、孔结构相似。     

海泡石原位晶化合成NaY分子筛的研究

首次用海泡石为硅源、高岭土为铝源,在水热条件下原位晶化合成NaY分子筛,采用粉末X射线衍射仪、电子扫描电镜等测试手段对所合成样品进行表征分析,着重考察晶化温度和投料配比对产品相对结晶度的影响.研究结果表明,NaY分子筛的形成受晶化温度的影响最大,随温度的升高,产品的相对结晶度显著提高,晶化温度升至100℃时,得到结晶度较高的NaY分子筛晶体.在原位晶化体系中,随n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)减小,其相对结晶度增大;增加体系的n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)和减小n(H2O)/n(Na2O)都增大产品的相对结晶度;n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)在投料比影响因素中占主导地位.     

Investigating the kinetics of liquid-free,OSDA-free ZSM-5 zeolite synthesis from iron ore tailings

In this study, ZSM-5, which is a Mobil-type five-type zeolite with well-defined crystal morphology, is successfully synthesized via a seed-assisted, liquid-free method that uses iron ore tailings as a silica source. The ZSM-5 crystallization kinetics at 423, 433, and 443 K and different synthesis times are investigated to identify the nucleation and crystallization mechanisms of the synthesized ZSM-5 zeolites, and results suggest that the crystallization kinetics follow a Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-type behavior. The activation energies for the induction and transition periods are 112.38 and 58.35 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, the Avrami exponent indicates three-dimensional crystal growth from both sporadic and instantaneous nucleation mechanisms. A comparison of our results with previous reports of the ZSM-5 crystallization mechanism demonstrates that the seed crystals play a significant role in nucleation and crystal growth. Finally, seed surface crystallization and new nuclei crystallization dual mechanism has been proposed to describe the crystallization process of ZSM-5.     

硅胶原位合成ZSM-5分子筛及其催化性能的研究

以正丁胺为模板剂,采用水热晶化法在固体硅胶小球上原位合成了ZSM-5分子筛。考察了晶化温度、晶化时间、初始凝胶硅铝比及H2O/ SiO2、BuNH2/ SiO2、OH-/SiO2对ZSM-5相对结晶度的影响,得到了ZSM 5的合成化学规律。采用XRD、SEM、FT IR及N2吸附手段对固体硅胶小球上原位合成的复合结构分子筛进行了表征。结果表明,这种材料具有介孔和微孔的复合结构特征,而且很好地保持了硅胶小球的形貌。以大庆VGO为原料,在重油微反装置上对该复合结构分子筛进行催化性能评价。结果表明,使用硅胶原位合成的ZSM-5分子筛可显著提高低碳烯烃选择性和收率。     

晶种导向下干胶法合成ZSM-5分子筛

以廉价水玻璃为硅源,在晶种替代有机模板剂的条件下采用干胶法合成了ZSM-5分子筛。利用XRD、SEM、TEM、FTIR、N₂吸附-脱附和NH₃-TPD等分析方法对合成样品进行了表征和测试,考察了合成条件对ZSM-5分子筛晶化过程的影响。结果表明,在硅铝比（n/n）为30~70,钠硅比（n/n）为0.12~0.20时都可以得到结晶度良好的ZSM-5分子筛。研究发现,干胶法合成ZSM-5,在不引入外加水的情况下也可以得到ZSM-5样品,外加水的引入能够有效地提高晶化速率;与水热法合成ZSM-5分子筛相比,干胶法可以显著地缩短晶化时间,同时,合成样品的晶体尺寸也有所减小。     

晶种导向下干胶法合成ZSM-5分子筛

以廉价水玻璃为硅源,在晶种替代有机模板剂的条件下采用干胶法合成了ZSM-5分子筛。利用XRD、SEM、TEM、FTIR、N_2吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD等分析方法对合成样品进行了表征和测试,考察了合成条件对ZSM-5分子筛晶化过程的影响。结果表明,在硅铝比(n/n)为30~70,钠硅比(n/n)为0.12~0.20时都可以得到结晶度良好的ZSM-5分子筛。研究发现,干胶法合成ZSM-5,在不引入外加水的情况下也可以得到ZSM-5样品,外加水的引入能够有效地提高晶化速率;与水热法合成ZSM-5分子筛相比,干胶法可以显著地缩短晶化时间,同时,合成样品的晶体尺寸也有所减小。     

Rapid crystallization and morphological adjustment of zeolite ZSM-5 in nonionic emulsions

Zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized for the first time in a nonionic emulsion composed of polyoxyethylated alkylphenol, butanol, cyclohexane and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH)-containing zeolite synthesis mixture. The crystallization kinetics in the emulsion was investigated and the ZSM-5 product was characterized in detail by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TG, N₂ adsorption and CHN analysis techniques. Compared with the conventionally hydrothermal synthesis with the same structure directing agent TEAOH, the emulsion system allows rapid crystallization of ZSM-5. The ZSM-5 product exhibits unusual agglomerated structure and possesses larger specific surface area. The FT-IR, TG results plus CHN analysis show the encapsulation of a trace of emulsion components in the emulsion ZSM-5. Control experiments show the emulsion system exerts the crystallization induction and morphological adjustment effects mainly during the aging period. The effects are tentatively attributed to the confined space domains, surfactant-water interaction as well as surfactant-growing crystals interaction existing in the emulsion.     

气相转移法合成ZSM-5/SAPO-5复合分子筛

以磷酸、拟薄水铝石和硅溶胶为原料, 三乙胺为模板剂, 采用气相转移法合成了一系列ZSM-5/SAPO-5复合分子筛. 产物经X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线能量散射谱、红外光谱及N2 静态吸附法等手段对其进行了表征, 证明合成材料是以ZSM-5为核、SAPO-5为壳的双结构分子筛. 实验结果表明, 干胶制备条件及液相组成都影响复合分子筛的结晶. 晶化温度的提高和晶化时间的延长有利于分子筛结晶度的提高. VPT法可以减小SAPO-5和复合分子筛颗粒的直径, 改善SAPO-5在ZSM-5分子筛表面的分布. 重油裂化结果表明, 核壳结构复合分子筛对生成低碳烯烃的性能优于机械混合的样品.     

一步法合成多级孔结构ZSM-5分子筛

多级孔结构ZSM-5分子筛的合成过程复杂。利用双模板剂,通过优化晶化条件(如晶化时间与晶化温度)和Si/Al物质的量比等一步水热晶化合成了具有多级孔结构的ZSM-5分子筛,并采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、吡啶红外吸脱附、SEM和TEM等方法对样品的晶体结构、孔道结构、表面酸性和形貌等进行了表征。结果表明,一步法合成多级孔结构ZSM-5分子筛的适宜条件是:晶化温度160-180℃,晶化时间24-96 h,反应物组成为SiO₂/Al₂O₃/Na₂O/CTAB/TPABr/H₂O=1/x/0.4/0.05/0.12/280,(x:50-240)。其中,晶化温度160℃、晶化时间48 h和以Si/Al物质的量比50的凝胶合成的样品具有有序的介孔(平均尺寸3.60 nm)结构、较高的结晶度和较强的酸性。     

Zeolite Y from kaolin clay of Kachchh,India: Synthesis,characterization and catalytic application

Kaolin clay obtained from Kachchh, Gujarat was used as alumina and silica source to synthesize zeolite Y by hydrothermal method. The synthesis route comprised of the following steps: sulfuric acid treatment at 110 ​°C (4 ​h) for impurity removal followed by calcination at 600 ​°C for 4 ​h, thermal activation of kaolin into metakaolin by NaOH fusion at 850 ​°C (8 ​h); aging of reaction mixtures at 50 ​°C (24 ​h); crystallization (24 ​h) followed by washing and drying. The synthesized zeolite Y was examined by multiple characterization techniques which revealed a pore volume of 0.22 ​cm³/g with pore size of 2.89 ​nm having essential surface area of 320 ​m²/g, indicating a porous material having majority of micropores and remaining mesopores. The zeolite exhibited good catalytic activity for succinic acid esterification using ethanol to produce monoethyl and diethyl succinate. The conversion of SA (72%) and yield (60%) of valuable diester indicated good conversion rate and selectivity at moderate reaction conditions. Detailed structural comparison with zeolite Y synthesized using standard chemical route is also carried out. This work demonstrated an effective way of preparing environmentally benign porous zeolite Y having high surface area and pore volume that can be useful for catalytic applications.     

Synthesis and Characterization of ZSM-5/β Co-Crystalline Zeolite

ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites with different content of ZSM-5 have been synthesized by adding different amount of ZSM-5 to the synthetic system of β zeolite with NaAlO2, silica sol as the source of aluminum and silica, respectively, and TEA as the template under controlled condition of the synthesis. The ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite was studied by XRD, SEM, BET and NH3-TPD. The reaction activity of toluene alkylation was investigated with a mixture of toluene-methanol as the feedstock in a pulse micro-reactor over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite. It is found that ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has two kinds of zeolite structure including ZSM-5 and β zeolite, not in the form of a physical mixture. The pore structure of ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites is different from that for β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture. In addition, the peaks of both high and low temperature desorption of ammonia over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite shift 23 ℃ to lower temperatures and the acid amount of its strong acid is 3% more than the physical mixture. So the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite produces the highest content of xylene, which is 10.4% higher than the physical mixture. And the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has better selectivity for toluene alkylation and weaker de-methylation than β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture.     

Anionic emulsion-directed synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 with tunable morphology and Si/Al ratio

Zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized for the first time in an anionic emulsion system composed of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, pentanol, cyclohexane and zeolite synthesis mixture, and subsequently characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TG and N₂ adsorption techniques. It is found that altering emulsion composition and adding electrolyte can effectively change the morphologies and/or Si/Al ratios of the ZSM-5 samples. Besides the commonly seen coffin morphology, ZSM-5 particles with rare elliptic cylinder, column and ellipsoid morphologies are also obtained. Depending on the weight ratios of anionic surfactant and zeolite reaction mixture, the framework Si/Al ratios of ZSM-5 samples vary slightly. Investigations on the crystallization process further show the emulsion system can induce rapid crystallization by virtue of shortening the induction time. The ways that the emulsion system affects zeolite crystallization, framework Si/Al ratio and particle morphology are tentatively discussed.     

非碱性介质中分子筛的合成

分子筛的合成通常是采用含碱金属离子的强碱性体系,通过水热晶化法实现~[1,2]的.得到的分子筛原粉不但必须通过铵离子交换和焙烧才能转变为氢型催化剂,而且在该体系中晶体的粒度也较小.Guth等人~[3]首次报道了在非碱性介质F-离子存在下直接合成铵型ZSM-5的工作.除用四丙基溴化铵合成ZSM-5及其杂原子分子筛外~[4],尚未见到在非碱性介质中合     

Evaluation on nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene/kaolin composites by employing Dobreva and Kissinger methods

The influences of kaolin content, processing temperature, and shear stress on crystallization of all samples were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallization activation energy calculated using Kissinger’s method displayed a decreasing trend with increasing kaolin content, processing temperature, and shear stress. A study of nucleation activity, which could indicate the influence of filler on polymer matrix, revealed that kaolin filler had a slight nucleation effect on polypropylene (PP) matrix. A thorough observation on nucleation effect also revealed that the incorporation of kaolin in tandem with increasing temperature and shear stress have contributed to successive heterogeneous nucleation in the system.