Structure,equilibrium and viscoelastic mechanical behaviour of polyurethane networks based on triisocyanate and poly(oxypropylene)diols

Using the theory of branching processes, the detailed structure of polyurethane networks from poly(oxypropylene)diols (PPDs), monofunctional alcohol (cyclohexanol) and triisocyanate prepared at various initial ratios of the reactive groups r_HD ≡ [OH]_PPD/[NCO] = 0·5−1·7 was characterized in terms of the number, size and structure of elastically active network chains (EANCs), backbone and dangling chains. From an analysis of the dependence of the critical molar ratio at gelation r_HD^c on dilution it follows that PPD samples are composed of molecules bearing primary and secondary hydroxy groups. The branching theory, in which the presence of both primary and secondary hydroxy groups in PPDs is accounted for, adequately describes the dependence of the mass fraction of the sol w_s on r_HD when no side reactions occur in the system (networks in the range r_HD ≥ 1 or networks with monofunctional alcohols). The equilibrium photoelastic behaviour can be described by the junction-fluctuation theory with front factor A = 1 without entanglement contribution. The frequency-temperature superposition can be performed for all networks; the temperature dependence of the horizontal shift factor satisfies the WLF equation. While the position of the main transition region of viscoelastic functions on temperature or frequency depends on the content of the polar triisocyanate component, the shape of these functions at the end of the transition is determined predominantly by the concentration of EANCs.     

Formation, structure, thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of polyurethane networks based on a diethanolamine derivative with mesogenic group

Dynamic mechanical, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray scattering behavior of ordered polyurethane systems, based on a diol with rigid (mesogenic) group in side chain (D), 2(4)-methyl-1,3-phenylene diisocyanate (DI) and two triols (T)--stiff trimethylolpropane (TMP) or flexible poly(oxypropylene)triol (PPT), was investigated during crosslinking and on the networks. The networks were prepared at various stoichiometric initial molar ratios of the reactive groups, [OH]_T/[NCO]_DI/[OH]_D ranging from 1/2/1 to 1/20/19. From our measurements it follows that: (a) Power-law parameters, which are characteristic of the structure at the gel point (the gel strength S and the relaxation exponent n), are dependent on the initial ratio of the reactants. With increasing content of mesogenic diol in the system (increasing length of elastically active network chains, EANCs), the gel strength S increases and the relaxation exponent n decreases; higher S and lower n are found for stiffer TMP networks in comparison with more flexible PPT ones. (b) Introduction of crosslinks reduces the flexibility of the network chains in fully cured samples and inhibits conformational rearrangements required for ordering. A more complex thermal behavior was found for networks based on TMP in comparison with those based on PPT. (c) Strong physical interactions between the mesogens promote cyclization in the course of crosslinking; the fraction of bonds lost in intramolecular cycles is ∼15% for fully cured networks.     

The molecular weight dependence of intrinsic viscosity of rod-like micelles of dodecyldimethylammonium chloride

It is shown that the non-linear logarithmic dependence of the intrinsic viscosity on the molecular weight for rod-like micelles of dodecyldimethylammonium chloride (as reported by Ozeki and Ikeda [1]) can be interpreted in terms of the Yamakawa-Fujii theory of worm-like chains. Characteristic parameters of the micelles are estimated: persistence length (a=14 nm), linear mass density (M _L=4800 nm^–1), diameter (d=3 nm), molecular pitch (b=0.052), and the number of surfactant chains in a layer of rod-like micellen=12. The results are compared with those derived from light-scattering measurements.     

“Belt-loop” model of chain entanglement

A simple model of an entangled chain is proposed. Statistical properties of the model are examined based on the partition function derived to include geometrical constraints imposed by entanglements. The model chain statistics results, for long chains, in a modified Gaussian function. The new statistics applied in the affine network theory yield stress-strain dependence, which qualitatively agrees with experimental data obtained for uniaxial extension and compression. Non-linear Mooney-Rivlin plots with a maximum appearing in the compression region are predicted for unswollen networks. With increasing swelling, non-linearity decreases. The proposed explanation of these phenomena is based on the restraints imposed on entangled chains, rather than on network junctions, unlike in the Flory-Erman theory. No arbitrary parameters are involved in the model.     

Strength of fibers from wholly aromatic polyesters

A theory of the strength (or the tenacity) of highly oriented Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) fibers was developed, and its results were compared with existing tensile strength data of fibers of a copolymer of 1,4-oxybenzoate and 6,2-oxynaphthoate. A basic premise of the theory is that the mechanical load transfer between polymer chains is through intermolecular interaction which acts in a manner similar to that of shear stress, and that the fiber strength is primarily governed by the intermolecular adhesion strength. The theory also incorporates the effects of MW, MW distribution, and the chain orientation distribution. Analysis of the experimental tenacity data demonstrates that the present theory can quantitatively describe the variation of the tenacity of LCP fibers with MW both in the as-spun and in the heat-treated states. The theory further predicts that the predominant factor governing the tenacity of LCP fibers is primarily due to MW increase due to solid-state polymerization. It is also demonstrated that the intermolecular adhesion between LCP chains is relatively weak and does not improve with heat treatment. The absence of factors that limit the MW increase (i.e, imbalanced end-groups and side reactions of end groups) is a prerequisite for fast heat treatment of a LCP fiber to a high tenacity.Symbols A _f the cross-sectional area of a single polymer chain - E _f the theoretical modulus of a polymer chain - G _m the shear modulus of fiber - h(l) the chain length distribution function - l the chain length - l the number average chain length - l _c the length of chain units that are bonded to adjacent polymer chains - n ² 4G _m/CE_f - N _c the number of polymer chains per unit area perpendicular to the fiber axis - P _b the probability that a chain does not have a chain end in the fracture zone - P _e the probability that a chain has, at least, a chain end in the fracture zone - q _e,q _b the probability of finding an ending and a bridging polymer chain, respectively, in the fracture zone - l the length of fracture zone - the elongation of a polymer chain - the chain orientation angle - _f the normal stress that acts on a polymer chain - _fu the fiber tenacity - _e the shear stress that acts on a polymer chain surface Dedicated to Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Wolfgang Hilger, Chairman of Hoechst A.G. in honor of his 60th birthday     

Combinatorial calculations of topological defects in tetrafunctional polymer networks

The structure of real polymer networks admits many kinds of topological defects related to the way in which polymer chains are connected to crosslinks. The fractions of crosslink types have been derived from combinatorial considerations concerning the probabilities of various combinations of structural elements of crosslinks. 34 fractions of different crosslinks, possible in tetrafunctional systems, have been obtained as explicit functions of concentrations of seven structural elements — free-end chains, single-, double-, triple-, and quadruple-connected chains, loops, and unsaturated (void) functionalities. It was shown that different distributions (and different properties) result from end-to-end linking of precursor chains vs. vulcanization of long chains by bridging along their contours.     

Force-length relation for a short freely jointed chain: mass and volume dependence

We evaluate the force-length relation for short model chains. It is shown that this relation is markedly different when evaluated for static and dynamic model chains with rigid segments. The relation also differs for chains with rigid segments when they are isolated and coupled to a canonical heatbath, respectively. Furthermore, it is derived that the variation of the masses along the chain only has a small influence on the force-length relation. On the other hand, restricting the motion of the chain by walls perpendicular to the chain extension has a pronounced effect. We especially find that in this situation the chain has a finite equilibrium length.Dedicated to Professor W. Pechhold on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Interface stabilization and micelle formation in blends with a block copolymer

The phase separation behavior of ternary blends of two homopolymers, PMMA and PS, and a block copolymer of styrene and methylmethacrylate, P(S-b-MMA), was studied. The homopolymers were of equal chain length and were kept at equal amounts. Two copolymers were used with blocks of equal length, which exceeded or equaled that of the homopolymer chains. Varied was the copolymer contentf. Films were cast from toluene, which is a nonselective solvent. The morphologies of the cast films were compared with the structure of the critical fluctuations in solution, which were calculated in mean field approximation. The axis of blend compositionsf can be divided into parts of dominating macrophase and microphase separation. Above a transition concentrationf _o, all copolymer chains are found in phase interfaces. Belowf _o, part of them form micelles within the homopolymer phases.     

Kinetics of interior loop formation in semiflexible chains

Loop formation between monomers in the interior of semiflexible chains describes elementary events in biomolecular folding and DNA bending. We calculate analytically the interior distance distribution function for semiflexible chains using a mean field approach. Using the potential of mean force derived from the distance distribution function we present a simple expression for the kinetics of interior looping by adopting Kramers theory. For the parameters, that are appropriate for DNA, the theoretical predictions in comparison with the case are in excellent agreement with explicit Brownian dynamics simulations of wormlike chain (WLC) model. The interior looping times (tauIC) can be greatly altered in the cases when the stiffness of the loop differs from that of the dangling ends. If the dangling end is stiffer than the loop then tauIC increases for the case of the WLC with uniform persistence length. In contrast, attachment of flexible dangling ends enhances rate of interior loop formation. The theory also shows that if the monomers are charged and interact via screened Coulomb potential then both the cyclization (tauc) and interior looping (tauIC) times greatly increase at low ionic concentration. Because both tauc and tauIC are determined essentially by the effective persistence length [lp(R)] we computed lp(R) by varying the range of the repulsive interaction between the monomers. For short range interactions lp(R) nearly coincides with the bare persistence length which is determined largely by the backbone chain connectivity. This finding rationalizes the efficacy of describing a number of experimental observations (response of biopolymers to force and cyclization kinetics) in biomolecules using WLC model with an effective persistence length.     

Interplay of rubber network theory with the damping behavior of crosslinked polyurethanes

Network formation (branching) theory was used to examine the relationships between network structure and concomitant sound and vibration damping. For a series of model polyether-based polyurethane networks with varying stoichiometry and composition, the glass transition temperature T_g, was found to increase with increasing concentration of elastically active network chains, EANCs, as well as the ratio of branch OH group concentration to the total OH group concentration ρ. The values of (tan δ)_max, the peak height of tan δ at T_g, linearly decrease with increasing concentration of EANCs, regardless of the ρ values. However, the loss area (LA), equal to the integral of the linear loss modulus-temperature curve, is independent of the concentration of EANCs and/or ρ. Utilizing group contribution analysis techniques, the value of the main chain -O- group contribution, LA_-O-, is 19.1 GPa·K/g, a rather large value. This finding gives insight into why polyether urethanes are preferred for many damping applications.     

Investigations of a series of nonionic surfactants of sugar-lipid hybrids by light scattering and electron microscopy

Sugar-lipid hybrids of the type C_nC_m were prepared by coupling an alkane chain (C_n) with a maltooligosaccharide (G_m) over an amide linkage. Coupling was performed with maltobionolactone (G₂) and n-alkylamine chains C_n withn=8,10,12,14,16, i.e. variation of the hydrophobic part of the molecule, and with hexadecylamine (C₁₆) and different maltooligosaccharides (G_m, m=2,3,4,6). The solution properties of the various products were studied by means of static and dynamic light scattering (LS) and by electron-microscopy (EM).The results may be summarized as follows: If the alkane chain is shorter thann=14, small spherical micelles with a radius of about 3 nm are observed. In time these micelles aggregate further to form increasingly larger spherical clusters which eventually precipitate. Long rod-like micelles form whenn 14. Contour length and chain stiffness were determined by applying theories of semiflexible chains. A qualitative confirmation of the light scattering results, i.e., micelle size and shape, was obtained from electron microscopy.     

Photochemically prepared polysulfone/poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphilic networks and their biomolecule adsorption properties

Polysulfone/poly(ethylene glycol) amphiphilic networks were prepared via in situ photo-induced free radical crosslinking polymerization. First, the hydrophobic polysulfone diacrylate (PSU-DA) oligomer was synthesized by condensation polymerization and subsequent esterification processes. Then, the obtained oligomer was co-crosslinked with the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) or poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEG-MA) at different feed ratios. In the case of PEG-MA, the resulting network possessed dangling pendant hydrophilic chains on the crosslinked surface. The structure and the morphology of the membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The enhancement of surface hydrophilicity was investigated by water contact angle measurements. The biomolecule adsorption properties of these networks were also studied. The biomolecules easily adsorbed on the surface of the hydrophobic polysulfone networks whereas dangling hydrophilic chains on the surface prevented the adsorption of the biomolecules.     

Novel amphiphilic network polymers consisting of nonpolar,short primary polymer chains and polar,long crosslink units: Influence of characteristic dangling chains on swelling behavior of resulting amphiphilic gels

Novel amphiphilic network polymers consisting of nonpolar, short primary polymer chains and polar, long crosslink units were prepared, and the swelling behavior of resulting amphiphilic gels is discussed by focusing on the influence of characteristic dangling chains; that is, benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) was copolymerized with tricosaethylene glycol dimethacrylate [CH₂?C(CH₃)CO(OCH₂CH₂)₂₃OCOC(CH₃)?CH₂, PEGDMA‐23] in the presence of lauryl mercaptan as a chain‐transfer agent because BzMA forms nonpolar, short primary polymer chains and PEGDMA‐23 as a crosslinker contains a polar, long poly(oxyethylene) unit. The enhanced incorporation of dangling chains into the network polymer was brought by shortening the primary polymer chain length, and copolymerization with methoxytricosaethylene glycol methacrylate, a mono‐ene counterpart of PEGDMA‐23, enforced the incorporation of flexible dangling poly(oxyethylene) chains into the network polymer, although the former dangling chains as terminal parts of primary poly(BzMA) chains were rather rigid. Then, the influence of characteristic dangling chains on the swelling behavior of amphiphilic gels was examined in mixed solvents consisting of nonpolar t‐butylbenzene and polar methanol. The profiles of the solvent‐component dependencies of the swelling ratios were characteristic of amphiphilic gels. The introduction of dangling poly(oxyethylene) chains led not only to an increased swelling ratio but also to sharpened swelling behavior of amphiphilic gels. The swelling response of amphiphilic gels was checked by changing the external solvent polarity. The dangling chains with freely mobile end segments influenced the swelling response of gels. The amphiphilic gels with less entangled, collapsed crosslink units exhibited faster swelling response than the ones with more entangled, collapsed primary polymer chains. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2192–2201, 2004     

Characterisation of UV-cured acrylate networks by means of hydrolysis followed by aqueous size-exclusion combined with reversed-phase chromatography

UV-cured networks prepared from mixtures of di-functional (polyethylene-glycol di-acrylate) and mono-functional (2-ethylhexyl acrylate) acrylates were analysed after hydrolysis, by aqueous size-exclusion chromatography coupled to on-line reversed-phase liquid-chromatography. The mean network density and the fraction of dangling chain ends of these networks were varied by changing the concentration of mono-functional acrylate. The amount and the molar-mass distribution of the polyethylene-glycol chains between cross-links (M(XL)) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) backbone chains (the so-called kinetic chain length (kcl)) in the different acrylate networks were determined quantitatively. The molar-mass distribution of kcl revealed an almost linear dependence on the concentration of mono-functional acrylate. Analysis of the starting materials showed a significant concentration of mono-functional polyethylene-glycol acrylate. In combination with the analysis of the extractables of the UV-cured networks (polymers not attached to the network, impurities that originate from the photo-initiator and unreacted monomers), more insight in the total network structure was obtained. It was shown that the UV-cured networks contain only small fractions of residual compounds. With these results, the chemical network structure for the different UV-cured acrylate polymers was expressed in network parameters such as the number of PAA units which are cross-linked, the degree of cross-linking, and the network density, which is the molar concentration of effective network chains between cross-links per volume of the polymers. The mean molar mass of chains between chemical network junctions (M(C)) was calculated and compared with results obtained from solid-state NMR and DMA. The mean molar mass of chains between network junctions as determined by these methods was similar.     

Characteristics of rodlike micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride in aqueous NaCl solutions: Their flexibility and the scaling laws in dilute and semidilute regimes

Static light scattering has been measured for aqueous NaCl solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) at 25 °C. While spherical micelles are formed above the critical micelle concentration for 0–1.5 M NaCl solutions, rodlike micelles are formed at NaCl concentrations higher than 1.18 M.The aggregation number of rodlike micelles increases markedly with increasing NaCl concentration, and it is as large as 11400 in 4.0 M NaCl. Long rodlike micelles are semiflexible and behave like wormlike chains. Their contour length and persistence length have been calculated as 630 and 46.4 nm, respectively, in 4.0 M NaCl.Rodlike micelles overlap and entangle together to form a network in semidilute solutions above a threshold micelle concentration. The radius of gyration of the blob can be scaled for its molecular weight with the exponent, 0.55, coinciding with that for isolated rodlike micelles in dilute solutions. The scaling laws for the reciprocal envelope of light scattered in the semidilute regime and for the molecular weight and the radius of gyration of the blob are also discussed with reference to the micelle concentration.     

The thermorheological complexity of photoelastic behaviour of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate — dodecyl methacrylate copolymers

The viscoelastic photoelastic behaviour of networks of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate — dodecyl methacrylate (DMA) copolymers in the main transition and rubberlike region was investigated. With increasing DMA content, photoelastic functions are quickly shifted to lower temperatures or shorter times; a detailed course of the functions suggests heterogeneity of the copolymers. Due to the existence of long side chains, optical function of all samples change the sign from positive to negative with increasing temperature. While the temperature dependences of the moduli of copolymers can be described by the two-phase Takayanagi model, the temperature dependences of optical functions cannot be described by using this model. It has been found, however, that the tempeature and time dependences of photoelastic functions can be described semiquantitatively by a three-phase model with a hypothetical statistical copolymer as the third component. The high values of the volume fraction of the hypothetical statistical copolymer found for the individual samples, suggest a considerable miscibility and a strong influence of the interphase boundary on the photoelastic behaviour of the copolymers.     

Infrared and raman studies on the phase structure of barium ethyl(octyl)phosphate-water system

Barium ethyl(alkyl)phosphates, as new simple surfactants ((C₂H₅O)(RO)-PO ₂ ^– )₂Ba²⁺ with various chain length ofR, were synthesized. The infrared spectra in the CH stretching region were measured for these surfactants in the solid state and in aqueous solution, and assignments were made. In particular, the ordering and environment of octyl chains in the different phases of the barium ethyl(octyl)phosphate-water system were studied by the Fourier-transform-infrared and Raman spectra. The CH stretching bands in the infrared spectra reflected the ordering and environment of octyl chains in each phase. The Raman band connected to the PO ₂ ^– symmetric stretching mode was sensitively shifted. This was caused by the change of aggregation structures with different Ba²⁺...PO ₂ ^– interaction. The infrared band arising from the PO ₂ ^– antisymmetric stretching mode was insensitive to the phase structures. The C–C stretching region in the infrared spectra was used to discuss the ordering of each phase.     

Hemimicelle shape and size

Based on the assumption of spherical hemimicelle with a hydrophobic core of diameter of maximum hydrocarbon chain length of surfactant, the aggregation numbers of hemimicelles have been calculated for several values ofn, the carbon atoms of surfactant alkyl chain. The results are in reasonable good agreement with the hemimicelle aggregation number from experimental data for several corresponding systems. The other possibilities of the hemimicelle shape which allow to incorporate a larger number of hydrocarbon chains in a hemimicelle have also been discussed.On leave from Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China     

Thermoplastic elastomers by hydrogen bonding 4. Influence of hydrogen bonding on the temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties

The temperature dependence of the viscoelastic properties of thermoreversible polybutadiene networks based on hydrogen bond linkages is analyzed from the logarithmic shift factors loga _T . For binary hydrogen bond complexes thermorheologically simple behavior is observed. The temperature dependence of loga _T is described by the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation. The thermoreversible linkages cause an increase in the apparent activation enthalpy of flow which is related to the number of complexing sites in the polymer. Thermorheologically complex behavior is observed in a system with more complex association.