Deflection tomographic reconstruction of a complex flow field from incomplete projection data

Tomographic techniques are used for the investigation of complex flow fields by means of deflectometric methods. In this experiment, a modified algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) was applied to moiré deflection tomography. The algorithm was derived from the basic deflection formula and the deflection angles were used directly in iteration, which is completely different from the conventional ARTs with integral calculation that are commonly used in deflection tomography. A smoothing scheme was employed to improve the reconstruction under ill-posed conditions. The reconstruction technique was tested using simulated data for incompleteness conditions similar to those found in the experimental data. The complex density field with an opaque object in a supersonic wind tunnel was reconstructed from limited view angle projections, and the experimental reconstruction was then compared with the result obtained from the computational fluid dynamic analysis. The following paper details the experiment and discusses some measurement errors that occurred in the process.     

代数重建技术中投影序列选择次序的研究

在代数重建技术中投影序列的选择次序对重建收敛速度及精度均具有重要影响。针对在360°方向上均匀获取投影数据的场合,提出加权距离正交投影排序方法。该方法将投影序列分成若干组,在每一组内前后选择的投影序列彼此正交,同时相邻组之间投影序列尽可能均匀分布。该方法能提高重建精度及收敛速度,同时利用前后正交投影角度下射线经过像素信息关系,可将重建速度提高1倍。     

Investigation of self-adaptive algebraic tomography for gas reconstruction in larger temperature range by multiple wavelengths absorption spectroscopy

We develop a self-adaptive algebraic tomography algorithm （SAATA） to investigate the simultaneons reconstruction of concentration and temperature distributions in larger temperature range from two views. The simplified optical arrangement with fewer projections is realized by extension of spectral information at multiple wavelengths, resulting in great potential in applications of practical combustion diagnosis. Tile results show SAATA can perform much better reconstructions in 300 3000 K temperature range than genetic simulated annealing algorithm and least-square orthogonal-triangular decomposition method with two- wavelength scheme. More phantoms are created to demonstrate the capability of SAATA to capture the peaks and adapt for both flat and sharp temperature distributions. Meanwhile, the advantage of high stability ensures better reconstruction performance at noise levels from 0.1% to 10% in projections.     

Algebraic tomographic reconstruction of two-dimensional gas temperature based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

Based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, the combustion gas temperature distribution was reconstructed using the algebraic iterative reconstruction technique. The effects of the projected angle and number of rays on the temperature reconstruction results for both fan beam and parallel beam were investigated. The flow field information was shown in detail. The reconstruction quality increased with increased ray number for both parallel- and fan-beam projections. The trend tended to be smooth when the total number of beams exceeded 100. A virtual ray method combined with the reconstruction algorithms was proposed. The virtual ray method is effective to improve the accuracy of reconstruction results for the symmetric and non-axisymmetric temperature distributions. Moreover, the temperature reconstruction of an infrared gas-field furnace is demonstrated, showing the virtual ray method can be applied to the combustion diagnostics.     

CT不完全投影数据重建算法综述

本文主要针对计算机断层成像(computed tomography,CT)不完全投影数据重建中探测器全覆盖稀疏角度重建和探测器部分覆盖截断数据重建问题,综述了其在研究方法上国内外的进展.在探测器对被检测物体可以完全覆盖的情况下,针对稀疏均匀采样和视角受限采样,探讨了离散模型迭代重建算法和压缩感知采样重建算法.在探测器对被检测物体不能完全覆盖的情况下,探讨了锥束螺旋BPF重建算法、加型迭代重建算法和锥束FDK改进算法.论文可以为CT重建领域的研究工作者提供全面的方法梳理和总结,并指出了当前研究的重点和未来研究的方向.     

Analysis of algebraic reconstruction technique for accurate imaging of gas temperature and concentration based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

An improved algebraic reconstruction technique(ART) combined with tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS) is presented in this paper for determining two-dimensional(2D) distribution of H_2O concentration and temperature in a simulated combustion flame.This work aims to simulate the reconstruction of spectroscopic measurements by a multi-view parallel-beam scanning geometry and analyze the effects of projection rays on reconstruction accuracy.It finally proves that reconstruction quality dramatically increases with the number of projection rays increasing until more than 180 for 20 × 20 grid,and after that point,the number of projection rays has little influence on reconstruction accuracy.It is clear that the temperature reconstruction results are more accurate than the water vapor concentration obtained by the traditional concentration calculation method.In the present study an innovative way to reduce the error of concentration reconstruction and improve the reconstruction quality greatly is also proposed,and the capability of this new method is evaluated by using appropriate assessment parameters.By using this new approach,not only the concentration reconstruction accuracy is greatly improved,but also a suitable parallel-beam arrangement is put forward for high reconstruction accuracy and simplicity of experimental validation.Finally,a bimodal structure of the combustion region is assumed to demonstrate the robustness and universality of the proposed method.Numerical investigation indicates that the proposed TDLAS tomographic algorithm is capable of detecting accurate temperature and concentration profiles.This feasible formula for reconstruction research is expected to resolve several key issues in practical combustion devices.     

3D reconstruction of nanocrystalline particles from a single projection

This paper describes an approach to retrieve the three-dimensional atomic structure of a nanocrystalline particle from the reconstructed electron exit wave function in a single projection direction. The method employs wave propagation to determine the local exit surface of each atomic column together with its mass. The exit wave in between colums is used as internal calibration so as to remove the background noise and improve the precision to the level of single atom sensitivity. The validity of the approach is tested with exit wave functions of a gold wedge reconstructed from simulated images containing different levels of noise.     

A method of tomographic reconstruction of the three-dimensional velocity distribution function of electrons

An experimental method is proposed for the determination of an arbitrary three-dimensional distribution function for initial energies of electrons emitted by a point source with resolution for two exit direction angles. In a computer experiment, two model distribution functions have been reconstructed using the proposed method.     

Reconstruction of emission coefficients for a non-axisymmetric coupling arc by algebraic reconstruction technique

A preliminary investigation of tomographic reconstruction of an asymmetric arc plasma has been carried out. The objective of this work aims at reconstructing emission coefficients of a non-axisymmetric coupling arc from measured intensities by means of an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). In order to define the optimal experimental scheme for good quality with limited views, the dependence of the reconstruction quality on three configurations (four, eight, ten projection angles) are presented and discussed via a displaced Gaussian model. Then, the emission coefficients of a free burning arc are reconstructed by the ART with the ten-view configuration and an Abel inversion, respectively, and good agreement is obtained. Finally, the emission coefficient profiles of the coupling arc are successfully achieved with the ten-view configuration. The results show that the distribution of emission coefficient for the coupling arc is different from centrosymmetric shape. The ART is perfectly suitable for reconstructing emission coefficients of the coupling arc with the ten-view configuration, proving the feasibility and utility of the ART to characterize an asymmetric arc.     

Uniform distribution of projection data for improved reconstruction quality of 4D EPR imaging

In continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI), high quality of reconstruction in a limited acquisition time is a high priority. It has been shown for the case of 3D EPRI, that a uniform distribution of the projection data generally enhances reconstruction quality. In this work, we have suggested two data acquisition techniques for which the gradient orientations are more evenly distributed over the 4D acquisition space as compared to the existing methods. The first sampling technique is based on equal solid angle partitioning of 4D space, while the second technique is based on Fekete points estimation in 4D to generate a more uniform distribution of data. After acquisition, filtered backprojection (FBP) is applied to carry out the reconstruction in a single stage. The single-stage reconstruction improves the spatial resolution by eliminating the necessity of data interpolation in multi-stage reconstructions. For the proposed data distributions, the simulations and experimental results indicate a higher fidelity to the true object configuration. Using the uniform distribution, we expect about 50% reduction in the acquisition time over the traditional method of equal linear angle acquisition.     

Non-resonant absorption by a dilute gas of symmetric top molecules

A simple kinetic theory of non-resonant absorption by a dilute gas of symmetric top molecules is presented. Attention is focussed on the case where absorption occurs in the presence of static magnetic and electric fields. The macroscopic polarization of interest is found to behave differently in the two cases, but the lineshape has the same simple lorentzian form to a very good approximation. The predictions of the present theory agree with recent experimental observations, and the discrepancies of a previous kinetic theory are analysed and shown to be removable.     

Saturated absorption by HF gas within a HF laser cavity

The power of a HF laser versus cavity frequency is measured in the presence of saturable HF gas. A resonant power maximum is observed which is relevant to laser frequency stabilization and molecular line broadening measurement.     

Limiting temperature from a parton gas with power-law tailed distribution

We combine Tsallis-distributed massless partons to an effective thermal prehadron spectrum by folding. A limiting temperature and a mass spectrum combined of three exponentials emerge by this procedure. Meson and baryon resonance spectra have different polynomial prefactors.     

Separate reconstruction of the speed of sound,density of the medium,and coefficient of absorption in tomographic problems

A procedure is proposed for separating contributions to the scatterer function by inhomogeneities of the speed of sound, density of a medium, and coefficient of absorption. The scatterer function is reconstructed by solving the inverse problem. The power index of the absorption coefficient’s frequency dependence is determined simultaneously. The resistance to interference of this procedure is investigated by simulations in the multifrequency mode.     

On a modified projection scheme of the least-squares method for the modeling of the distribution of minority charge carriers generated by an electron beam in a homogeneous semiconductor material

A modified projection scheme of the least-squares method is considered for modeling of the distribution of minority charge carriers generated by an electron beam in a homogeneous semiconductor material. The order estimate is given, and the condition for the computational stability of the proposed modified projection scheme is obtained in the form of the limiting relation.     

The reconstruction of the relaxation matrix from an incomplete set of nuclear overhauser effects

Internal motions in a macromolecule and indirect magnetization transfers (spin diffusion) prevent simple interpretation of NOE values in terms of structural and dynamic parameters in the course of the study of a macromolecule. A method for separating these two problems by first analyzing the NOES with respect to the relaxation rate constants is proposed. NOE values for 1 D or 2D experiments are obtained as nonlinear functions of the ϱ and σ parameters by solving the Bloch equations. A general least-squares minimization routine that makes use of the Hessian matrix of second derivatives was found to be efficient in determining iteratively the set of parameters that statistically correlates the corresponding calculated NOEs to a set of experimental NOES. The procedure was applied to probe the internal mobility of the deoxyriboses in a self-complementary hexamer, d(CGTACG)₂. It was found that H_2′-H_2″ and H_1′-H_2″-vectors are subject to internal motions whose amplitudes vary as we move along the sequence.     

Sub-doppler absorption resonances induced in a gas cell by transverse optical pumping

New sub-Doppler resonances at central frequencies of atomic (molecular) transitions that appear in the spectrum of absorption of the probe optical radiation under the influence of optical pumping propagating in the orthogonal direction through a relatively narrow area of a cylindrical cell containing dilute gas medium are discovered and analyzed. These resonances are induced by specific optical pumping of atoms as they fly freely from the inner cell surface through the pumped region toward the probe optical beam. The obtained mathematical relations are used to investigate the dependence of the discussed resonances on the intensity and spatial distribution of the localized optical pumping. The proposed method could allow reducing the Doppler broadening of the detected spectral lines by the factor equal to the ratio of the effective width of the narrow pumped region to the cell radius. The obtained results may find application in high-resolution spectroscopy of atoms (molecules), as well as for laser-frequency stabilization by using the discovered sub- Doppler resonances.