New vehicle noise emission for French traffic noise prediction

Traffic noise prediction models in France are based on vehicle noise emission values defined by the French Guide du Bruit des Transports Terrestres (Noise Guide for Ground Transport - Noise levels prediction). These emission values are suited for models addressing the noise assessments of road infrastructures and the dimensioning of acoustic protections, needing traffic noise estimations in terms of ?_Aeq over a long period of time (an hour or more).The values, obtained from measurements collected in the 70s, are updated in the publication of a new guide (Methodological Guide, Vehicle noise emissions, to be published), which addresses the road surface influence on tyre/road noise. The emission values are now expressed through the contributions of a power unit component, function of traffic speed, traffic flow type and road declivity, and of a rolling noise component, function of traffic speed and road pavement.The paper outlines the procedures followed to determine the components, gives their numerical values, and illustrates some vehicle noise emissions.     

Characterisation of tram noise emission and contribution of the noise sources

The recent expansion of French tram networks and the related local residential complaints mean that a better knowledge of the situations leading to negative reactions from the local inhabitants is required. Hence a research project has been conducted to evaluate and describe noise and vibration emission of trams as well as the perception by the local residents. This paper investigates tram noise emission on common straight track sections, involving two vehicle scales. First the acoustic power and the mean vertical directivity of the total tramset is assessed using an arc of microphones. Then the localisation and the analysis of the main noise sources are performed by means of a cross array during the tram pass-by. Two tram types representing two generations of French rolling stock, both running on two sites with distinct track characteristics, have been investigated considering the effect of speed, tram type, and track type on the noise source contributions and spectral features. Most sources are located in the lower part of the trams, mainly related to rolling noise, with a strong dependence on speed and track type. The tram type dependency, although globally of second importance, influences greatly the noise spectral distribution and behaviour. The HVAC was the only roof-mounted source which could be detected; its contribution towards building storeys becomes significant in configurations of low rolling noise. A tram noise emission model based on the various noise sources has been developed.     

Characterization of cylindrical particles from their acoustic emission

A method for determining the size and size distribution of cylindrical particles is described It is based on the fact that rigid particles, when they impinge on each other, emit acoustic waves whose frequencies are related to the particle size and the size distribution. The emitted frequencies are related to the ratio of the diameter to the squared length of the particles.     

相干噪声快速去除算法及其在声源定位中的应用

针对相干噪声干扰声源辨识问题,将强跟踪滤波器理论与阵列-信号采集模型相结合,发展了一种快速估计相位变化的算法。算法引入多重次优渐消因子,能够进一步提取相位残差中的有用信息,使输出残差序列处处正交,且该因子能根据噪声相位差变化自动调节。通过仿真对连续相位突变进行跟踪表明,在参数失配条件下该算法实现了相位差的准确估计,且其性能在宽频范围具有稳定性。通过音箱实验给出了宽频范围内的成像结果,与已有算法对比表明,该算法不仅能够实时消除噪声干扰并可将收敛速度提高一倍以上。本研究实现了对随机变化相位的准确估计,提升了传声器阵列在相干噪声干扰下的声源实时定位能力。     

声学超材料对低频噪声的消声特性

针对低频噪声较难消除的问题,设计了亥姆霍兹共振腔与声学超材料薄膜耦合的消声结构,在利用有限元软件进行屈曲分析薄膜的临界状态得知声学超材料薄膜结构临界失稳力为0.087 N·m,利用COMSOL声固耦合模块研究薄膜形态对传递损失峰值频率的影响。结果表明:薄膜扭转角度由0°增加到30°时,薄膜总体刚度增加,传递损失峰值对应频率向右偏移了30 Hz,变化并不明显。为了扩大频率偏移范围,在扭转30°的基础上,对扭矩棒施加垂直向下的压力,压力由0 kPa增加到2 kPa,薄膜预应力增大,系统刚度增加,使得传递损失峰值向右偏移了170 Hz。最后搭建实验平台,验证了薄膜在扭转时的频率偏移与仿真基本吻合,在不同压力时频率偏移一致,进而可以实现较大范围的低频率噪声控制。为声学超材料的设计和控制提供有效的依据。     

Hybrid device for acoustic noise reduction and energy harvesting based on a silicon micro-perforated panel structure

A kind of hybrid device for acoustic noise reduction and vibration energy harvesting based on the silicon micro- perforated panel （MPP） resonant structure is investigated in the article. The critical parts of the device include MPP and energy harvesting membranes. They are all fabricated by means of silicon micro-electro-mechanical systems （MEMS） tech- nology. The silicon MPP has dense and accurate micro-holes. This noise reduction structure has the advantages of wide band and higher absorption coefficients. The vibration energy harvesting part is formed by square piezoelectric membranes arranged in rows. ZnO material is used as it has a good compatibility with the fabrication process. The MPP, piezo- electric membranes, and metal bracket are assembled into a hybrid device with multifunctions. The device exhibits good performances of acoustic noise absorption and acoustic-electric conversion. Its maximum open circuit voltage achieves 69.41 mV.     

超声激发生物组织声发射的原理及应用

介绍一种利用双频共焦超声波获取组织内部特性信息的新方法一超声激发声发射(USAE)。本文着重说明了USAE的基本工作原理，然后介绍了USAE在医学成像和组织无损测温两方面的重要应用。最后指出了一些有待研究的问题。     

近场子空间聚焦的碰摩故障声发射定位方法

针对宽带多源声发射信号的相干、多模态和能量衰减快问题,提出一种近场多重相干信号子空间聚焦的定位算法用于碰摩故障声发射源的定位检测。首先,为滤除干扰模态波、减小频散效应,采用基于模态声发射传播特性分析的小波分解滤波方法,从碰摩初期的声发射信号中获取零阶模态波及波速用于定位计算;其次,为实现信号解相干,提出基于双边相关变换(TCT)的近场聚焦矩阵估计方法;最后,针对声发射信号的能量衰减快问题,利用近场基于特征分解的多重信号分类(N-MUSIC)的空间谱估计方法来实现声源的精确定位。理论分析和实验结果表明:该方法定位精度高、计算复杂度低、稳定性强,能有效识别多个相干碰摩声源。相比传统相干子空间算法(CSM),该方法减少了信号初值和聚焦频点的计算量,对双声源的分辨概率较现有修正近场多重信号分类算法提高了17%,是一种有效的碰摩故障源检测方法。     

Application of signal processing to acoustic emission signals emitted by steel specimens during tensile tests

We show that time and spectral properties of ae signals emitted by steel specimens during a tensile test depend, in a large part, on the characteristics of the acquisition set-up. Then we apply signal processing techniques (FFT, normalized energy, etc) to ae signals and we make here a comparative study between the acoustic emissions of different types of steel used in nuclear reactor technology.     

A practical technique for quantifying the performance of acoustic emission systems on plate-like structures

A model for quantifying the performance of acoustic emission (AE) systems on plate-like structures is presented. Employing a linear transfer function approach the model is applicable to both isotropic and anisotropic materials.The model requires several inputs including source waveforms, phase velocity and attenuation. It is recognised that these variables may not be readily available, thus efficient measurement techniques are presented for obtaining phase velocity and attenuation in a form that can be exploited directly in the model. Inspired by previously documented methods, the application of these techniques is examined and some important implications for propagation characterisation in plates are discussed. Example measurements are made on isotropic and anisotropic plates and, where possible, comparisons with numerical solutions are made.By inputting experimentally obtained data into the model, quantitative system metrics are examined for different threshold values and sensor locations. By producing plots describing areas of hit success and source location error, the ability to measure the performance of different AE system configurations is demonstrated. This quantitative approach will help to place AE testing on a more solid foundation, underpinning its use in industrial AE applications.     

声发射特性与材料断裂韧性相关性研究

以高强度铝合金的断裂过程为研究对象，利用先进的声发射试验系统，考察了拉伸试样和带有预制疲劳裂纹的DCB试样在断裂时的声发射事件特性，揭示了材料断裂韧性和声发射特性 间的关系.试验结果表明，材料稳态裂纹扩展起始于K_1C并发射出许多幅值超过 阈值35 dB的信号，材料裂纹失稳扩展时爆发出强烈的声发射信号，材料断裂的累积声发射能与宏 观断裂能呈线性关系. 关键词： 声发射 断裂韧性 铝合金     

混凝土声发射信号源定位精度的细观模型计算分析

混凝土内部在断裂时会产生相应的声发射信号,通过这一信号,混凝土内部损伤断裂区域可以被定位。然而,混凝土是一种多相非均匀材料,而声发射定位算法是基于均匀介质假设进行计算的,因此采用该算法对其定位会产生一定的误差,有必要从细观的角度研究混凝土非均匀性对定位精度的影响。该文基于随机骨料模型以及时差定位算法(基于遗传算法),建立了一种用于估计混凝土声发射定位误差的定量估算模型。采用该模型定量估算分析了混凝土细观组分对其声速的影响,并在该分析结构的基础上继续分析了骨料含量以及声速取值偏差对定位精度的影响。结果表明,在正常骨料含量变化范围内,骨料含量对定位精度影响不大,而声速取值偏差对定位精度的影响远大于骨料含量对其的影响。     

Relationship between acoustic emission energy and the kinetics of martensite formation in plain carbon steels

The kinetics of the martensitic transformation in Fe-0.80C determined on the basis of dilatometry data is compared to the acoustic emission (AE) energy accompanying the transformation in the same steel reported in a previous study. The discrepancy between the AE energy and the volume fraction of martensite indicates that the mechanism for the generation of AE during the martensitic transformation is not solely dependent on the kinetics and the associated moving interfaces as suggested in previous studies. During the growth of martensite, slip takes place in order to relieve internal stresses, and dislocations are thought to be mainly introduced in the relatively soft austenite matrix. The quantitative analysis in this study demonstrates that the AE energy generated per unit time is a function of both the transformation kinetics and the volume fraction of remaining austenite. This strongly indicates that the moving dislocations associated with the plastic deformation of the austenite surrounding the as-formed martensite are the dominant sources of the generated acoustic waves. This improved AE source model is consistent with the well-accepted mechanism of AE during conventional plastic deformation due to an external load.     

单颗金刚石切削无氧铜的声发射关联维特征

声发射技术可以实现无氧铜切削加工特征的监测与评价。采用声发射技术监测单颗金刚石磨粒旋转切削无氧铜,利用G-P算法重构出声发射时域信号相空间,采用自相关函数法计算出相空间时间延迟参数,通过相空间双对数曲线的计算,得到不同切削工况下的关联维数。研究结果表明,进给速度和切削速度对声发射信号影响较不显著,切深与声发射信号振幅呈正效应关系;声发射信号双对数曲线呈现阶段性增加趋势,并逐渐收敛于饱和状态,关联维数随着嵌入维数的增加先快速下降后趋于平稳;金刚石切削无氧铜的声发射信号具有混沌运动变化特性,在较小嵌入维数时,关联维数与切深和切削速度呈现线性负效应关系,与进给速度呈现线性正效应关系。该研究为无氧铜的切削加工提供理论参考。     

Origin of the broad-band noise in acoustic cavitation

The broad-band noise has been experimentally used to monitor the cavitation activity in a sonochemical reactor, an ultrasonic cleaning bath, a biological tissue, etc. However, the origin of the broad-band noise is still under debate. In the present review, two models for the mechanism of the broad-band noise are discussed. One is acoustic emissions from chaotically (non-periodically) pulsating bubbles. The other is acoustic emissions from bubbles with temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. It is suggested that the latter mechanism is sometimes dominant. Further studies are required on the role for bubble cluster dynamics as well as the bubble–bubble interaction in the broad-band noise especially at relatively low ultrasonic frequencies.     

水下声学浮标南中国海海洋环境噪声实测分析

海洋环境噪声是多种自然噪声和人为噪声的复杂组合,其谱级大小和频率组成是影响声呐系统探测性能的重要参数,鉴于海洋环境噪声时空域特性非常复杂,需要对海洋环境噪声进行长时间和大范围的观测才足以分析其特性。该文通过在多剖面水下浮标平台基础上集成声学测量系统,研制了一种具有海洋环境噪声监测能力的水下声学浮标平台,该浮标平台可多次上浮、下潜,具备原位坐底和定深漂流两种工作模式,能连续观测海洋环境噪声时长多达数月。利用2019年8月在南中国海海区组织的多台水下声学浮标试验某一天的数据,给出了20 Hz、63 Hz、100 Hz、200 Hz、400 Hz、800 Hz、1.6 kHz和3.15 kHz 8个频点中心处海洋环境噪声谱级随时间变化,讨论了附近航船噪声对其的干扰影响。试验表明,水下声学浮标可作为一种潜在的优势水下漂流移动平台,用于监测关注海域海洋环境噪声特性。     

HDP-HSMM的磨削声发射砂轮钝化状态识别*

在高精度金属材料磨削加工中,刀具即砂轮的状态对加工效率和加工质量具有重要的影响。钝化程度较高的砂轮不适于加工精密工件,需提前预警并修整更换砂轮。该文提出一种通过磨削声发射信号来检测砂轮钝化状态的方法。首先,对于采集到的信号进行小波软阈值降噪。然后,将其分割成多个有重叠的帧,并提取每帧信号的8个特征组成声发射数据集。最后,通过分层Dirichlet过程-隐半马尔可夫模型来建立声发射数据集和不同的砂轮钝化状态之间的非线性关系,旨在识别砂轮钝化状态。结果表明,上述检测方法能有效识别砂轮的不同钝化状态并能对整个加工过程中的砂轮钝化程度进行自动划分,其在测试数据集上的准确率达到93.7%,可以为实际工业应用提供理论指导。     

An inversion modelling method to obtain the acoustic power of the noise sources in a large factory

A common problem for large factories that wish to decrease their environmental acoustic impact on neighbouring locations is to find out the acoustic power of every noise source. As these factories cannot stop their activity in order to measure each source individually, a procedure is needed to obtain the acoustic powers with the factory under normal operating conditions. Their contribution to the overall sound pressure level at each neighbouring location can then be found and it is possible to calculate the improvements obtained after any modification of the sources. In this paper an inversion modelling method is used to do so. Acoustic powers are obtained by means of field sound pressure level measurements and with the use of a sound propagation software. A careful analysis of the solution has been carried out by simulating errors on the measured data in order to detect possible correlations between the acoustic power of different sources and avoid misleading interpretations of the results. The whole methodology has been applied to a liquid-gas production factory.     

On the amplified spontaneous emission noise modeling of semiconductor optical amplifiers

We perform a theoretical investigation of two modeling approaches for the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), namely a stochastic time-domain and a deterministic frequency-domain approach. The theoretical results are compared to one another having as reference experimental measurements obtained from a commercial device. Special emphasis is placed on the modeling of the material gain as it is a key parameter in determining the ASE spectral characteristics. A comprehensive set of equations for both modeling approaches is developed and their numerical solution is analyzed in detail.