Nonlinear stability of timber column strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer

By taking into account the effect of the bi-modulus for tension and compression of the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheet in the reinforcement layer, a general mathematical model for the nonlinear bending of a slender timber beam strengthened with the FRP sheet is established under the hypothesis of the large deflection deformation of the beam. Nonlinear governing equations of the second order effect of the beam bending are derived. The nonlinear stability of a simply-supported slender timber column strengthened with the FRP sheet is then investigated. An expression of the critical load of the simply-supported FRP-strengthened timber beam is obtained. The existence of postbuckling solution of the timber column is proved theoretically, and an asymptotic analytical solution of the postbuckling state in the vicinity of the critical load is obtained using the perturbation method. Parameters are studied showing that the FRP reinforcement layer has great influence on the critical load of the timber column, and has little influence on the dimensionless postbuckling state.     

Bending of simply-supported circular timber beam strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer简

The bending behavior of the circular cross-section timber beam strengthened with a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheet is investigated. The tight bonding is on the interface between the surface of a timber beam and the reinforcement layer of the FRP sheet. An analytical expression for the bending moment-curvature relation is presented, and its failure modes are analyzed. The governing equation for nonlinear small deflection of the FRP-strengthened circular timber beam is established, and the corresponding numerical method is given. The bending deformation of the simply-supported circular timber beam strengthened with the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet subject to a uniform load is studied numerically. The influence of the angle and thickness of the CFRP layer as well as the timber strength on the bending deflection of the FRP-strengthened circular timber beam is examined. It is revealed that, with the increases of the thickness and angle, the deflection of the CFRP-strengthened circular timber beam is decreased, and its carrying capacity and ductility are increased. However, when the angle of the layer reaches a certain value, the deflection will no longer decrease with the increase of the angle. At the same time, the nonlinear bending moment-curvature relation of the CFRP-strengthened circular timber beam is simplified as an approximate bilinear constitutive model. The approximate deflections of the simply-supported circular timber beam strengthened with the CFRP sheet are obtained. The results are compared with the linearly elastic bending and nonlinear bending models, showing that the mid-span deflections of a CFRP-strengthened circular timber beam with the approximate bilinear constitutive model are greater than those with the nonlinear constitutive model. The results of its stiffness analysis are on the safe side.     

纤维增强聚合物布加固裂纹木梁的稳定性

梁中横向裂纹等效为无质量内部转动弹簧，假定纤维增强聚合物(FRP)布与梁表面紧密粘贴，建立了考虑轴向压力二阶效应FRP 布加固裂纹梁线性弯曲的控制方程，并得到其显式解析通解．在此基础上，研究了FRP加固简支裂纹木梁的稳定性，通过数值求解方程，分析了纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)布含量、裂纹深度和位置以及数量等因素对CFRP 布加固简支裂纹杉木梁临界载荷的影响，结果表明：CFRP 加固可明显减小裂纹深度和数量等对裂纹杉木梁临界载荷的影响，且裂纹处弯矩较大或裂纹较深时加固效应愈加显著；CFRP 加固裂纹木梁临界载荷随CFRP 布加固层含量的增加而增加，但当CFRP 布含量达到一定值后，进一步增加CFRP 含量对CFRP加固裂纹梁临界载荷提高并不明显．     

Thermal-induced snap-through buckling of simply-supported functionally graded beams

The instability of functionally graded material (FGM) structures is one of the major threats to their service safety in engineering applications. This paper aims to clarify a long-standing controversy on the thermal instability type of simply-supported FGM beams. First, based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and von Kármán geometric nonlinearity, a nonlinear governing equation of simply-supported FGM beams under uniform thermal loads by Zhang's two-variable method is formulated. Second, an approximate analytic solution to the nonlinear integro-differential boundary value problem under a thermal-induced inhomogeneous force boundary condition is obtained by using a semiinverse method when the coordinate axis is relocated to the bending axis (physical neutral plane), and then the analytical predictions are verified by the differential quadrature method (DQM). Finally, based on the free energy theorem, it is revealed that the symmetry breaking caused by the material inhomogeneity can make the simply-supported FGM beam under uniform thermal loads occur snap-through postbuckling only in odd modes; furthermore, the nonlinear critical load of thermal buckling varies non-monotonically with the functional gradient index due to the stretching-bending coupling effect. These results are expected to provide new ideas and references for the design and regulation of FGM structures.     

Debonding analysis of FRP–concrete interface between two balanced adjacent flexural cracks in plated beams

A cohesive interface modeling approach to debonding analysis of adhesively bonded interface between two balanced adjacent flexural cracks in conventional material (e.g., concrete or wood) beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP plates is presented. Both the strengthened beam and strengthening FRP are modeled as two linearly elastic Euler–Bernoulli beams bonded together through a thin adhesive layer. A bi-linear cohesive model, which is commonly used in the literature, is adopted to characterize the stress-deformation relationship of the FRP–concrete interface. Completely different from the single-lap or double-shear pull models in which only the axial pull force is considered, the present model takes the couple moment and transverse shear forces in both the substrates into account to study the second type of intermediate crack-induced debonding (IC debonding) along the interface. The whole debonding process of the FRP–concrete interface is discussed in detail, and closed-form solutions of bond slip, interface shear stress, and axial force of FRP in different stages are obtained. A rotational spring model is introduced at locations of the two adjacent flexural cracks to model the local flexibility of the cracked concrete beam, with which the relationship between the local bond slip and externally applied load is established and the real bond failure process of the FRP-plated concrete beam with the increasing of the externally applied load is revealed. Parametric studies are further conducted to investigate the effect of the thickness of adhesive layer on the bond behavior of FRP–concrete interface. The present closed-form solution and analysis on the local bond slip versus applied load relationship for the second type of IC debonding along the interface shed light on the bond failure process of structures externally strengthened with FRP composite plates and can be used effectively and efficiently to predict ductility and ultimate load of FRP-strengthened structures.     

Analytic postbuckling solution of a pre-stressed infinite beam bonded to a linear elastic foundation

The postbuckling deflection of an infinite beam that is bonded to a linear elastic foundation and is subjected to an internal compressive stress is analyzed. The nonlinear equilibrium equation that governs the problem considers extensional deformation of the beam. An analytic solution of the nonlinear equilibrium equation is presented and is found to be in good agreement with numerical simulations of the problem. The numerical simulations confirm that for a linear elastic foundation the postbuckling deflection is periodic. The analytic solution shows that the postbuckling wavelength is unaffected by the level of internal stress, and is equal to the wavelength at the critical state.     

Bending of Timoshenko beam with effect of crack gap based on equivalent spring model

Considering the effect of crack gap,the bending deformation of the Timoshenko beam with switching cracks is studied.To represent a crack with gap as a nonlinear unidirectional rotational spring,the equivalent flexural rigidity of the cracked beam is derived with the generalized Dirac delta function.A closed-form general solution is obtained for bending of a Timoshenko beam with an arbitrary number of switching cracks.Three examples of bending of the Timoshenko beam are presented.The influence of the beam’s slenderness ratio,the crack’s depth,and the external load on the crack state and bending performances of the cracked beam is analyzed.It is revealed that a cusp exists on the deflection curve,and a jump on the rotation angle curve occurs at a crack location.The relation between the beam’s deflection and load is bilinear,each part corresponding to an open or closed state of crack,respectively.When the crack is open,flexibility of the cracked beam decreases with the increase of the beam’s slenderness ratio and the decrease of the crack depth.The results are useful in identifying non-destructive cracks on a beam.     

Reddy高阶组合梁弯曲的一般解析解法

基于Reddy高阶梁的轴向位移模式,考虑组合梁界面滑移变形,利用最小势能原理建立了Reddy组合梁弯曲问题的控制微分方程和边界条件,,并将控制方程转化为含12个基本未知量的一阶常微分方程组,给出一般求解方法和解表达式。其次,研究了横向均布荷载作用下Reddy简支组合梁的弯曲,所得结果与有限元解吻合良好,说明本文解析解的有效性和可靠性。最后,数值分析了组合梁界面滑移剪切刚度kcs、弹性模量-剪切模量比E/G、梁长-高比L/h和子梁厚度比hs/hc等参数对Reddy简支组合梁弯曲的影响。分析表明：滑移刚度显著影响横截面应力的分布;组合梁长-高比越小、弹性模量-剪切模量比越大或界面滑移刚度越大,组合梁的剪切效应对其挠度影响越显著,此时不宜忽略其剪切变形。     

考虑轴力二阶效应的损伤梁弯曲摄动解

将损伤梁等效为阶梯型变刚度Euler-Bernoulli梁,利用Heaviside广义函数,给出了阶梯型变刚度梁抗弯刚度的统一表达式．在此基础上,考虑轴向压力二阶效应,并以损伤为摄动参数,得到了均布横向载荷作用下,简支损伤梁弯曲挠度的一阶和二阶摄动解析解,并数值分析了摄动解析解的精度和损伤梁的弯曲变形特性,结果表明：随着轴向压力和刚度损伤参数的增加,挠度一阶和二阶摄动解析解误差增加,挠度二阶摄动解析解误差通常小于其一阶摄动解析解误差,且二阶摄动解的误差很小,满足工程应用的精度．同时,损伤梁的挠度和转角分布与完整梁的挠度和转角分布差异较大,在刚度变化位置处损伤梁转角斜率存在突变．这些结果可为轴力作用下Euler-Bernoulli梁损伤识别提供理论支撑．     

纵横载荷作用下功能梯度梁的弯曲和过屈曲

基于一阶非线性梁理论和物理中面概念,导出了纵横向载荷作用下功能梯度材料(FGM)梁非线性弯曲和过屈曲问题的控制方程,并获得了该问题的精确解;据此解研究了梯度材料性质、外载荷、横向剪切变形以及边界条件等因素对功能梯度材料梁非线性力学行为的影响,分析中假设功能梯度材料性质只沿梁厚度方向,并按成分含量的幂指数函数形式变化。结果表明:纵横载荷共同作用下,功能梯度梁的弯曲构形将有无限多个;随着梯度指数的增大,梁的变形减小,临界载荷升高;随着长高比的增大,横向剪切变形的影响减小。     

Nonlinear stability of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich cylindrical shells reinforced by FGM stiffeners in thermal environment

In this paper, Donnell's shell theory and smeared stiffeners technique are improved to analyze the postbuckling and buckling behaviors of circular cylindrical shells of stiffened thin functionally graded material(FGM) sandwich under an axial loading on elastic foundations, and the shells are considered in a thermal environment. The shells are stiffened by FGM rings and stringers. A general sigmoid law and a general power law are proposed. Thermal elements of the shells and reinforcement stiffeners are considered. Explicit expressions to find critical loads and postbuckling load-deflection curves are obtained by applying the Galerkin method and choosing the three-term approximate solution of deflection. Numerical results show various effects of temperature, elastic foundation, stiffeners, material and geometrical properties, and the ratio between face sheet thickness and total thickness on the nonlinear behavior of shells.     

轴向扩散下简支饱和多孔弹性梁的大挠度分析

基于多孔介质理论和弹性梁的大挠度理论,并考虑轴向变形,在孔隙流体仅沿轴向扩散的假设下,建立了微观不可压饱和多孔弹性梁大挠度弯曲变形的一维非线性数学模型.在此基础上,忽略饱和多孔弹性梁的轴向应变,并利用Galerkin截断法,研究了两端可渗透的简支饱和多孔弹性梁在突加横向均布载荷作用下的拟静态弯曲,给出了饱和多孔梁弯曲时挠度、弯矩和轴力以及孔隙流体压力等效力偶等沿轴线的分布曲线.揭示了大挠度非线性和小挠度线性模型的结果差异,指出大挠度非线性模型的结果小于相应小挠度线性模型的结果,并且这种差异随着载荷的增大而增大.计算表明:当无量纲载荷参数q>5时,应该采用大挠度非线性数学模型进行研究.     

基于等效弹簧模型的裂纹Euler-Bernoulli梁弯曲变形分析

考虑裂纹的缝隙效应,研究了开闭裂纹Euler-Bernoulli梁的弯曲变形．首先,将裂纹等效为内部旋转弹簧,利用广义函数,给出了考虑裂纹缝隙影响的Euler-Bernoulli梁的等效抗弯刚度,推导了具有任意数目开闭裂纹梁弯曲变形的显式通解．在此基础上,研究了均布载荷作用下上侧单裂纹简支梁以及裂纹处承受集中力和集中力偶共同作用的固支梁的弯曲变形,分析了梁长细比、裂纹深度和位置以及载荷等对裂纹开闭状态和梁弯曲变形的影响。结果表明：梁挠度分布在裂纹处存在尖点,而转角分布存在跳跃;梁挠度与载荷的响应关系一般为双折线形式,分别对应于裂纹的张开和闭合状态;且裂纹张开时,裂纹梁的柔度随着梁长细比的增加和裂纹深度的减小而减小。这些结果对梁裂纹无损检测具有指导意义．     

Cohesive zone model of intermediate crack-induced debonding of FRP-plated concrete beam

External bonding of FRP plates or sheets has emerged as a popular method for strengthening reinforced concrete structures. Debonding along the FPR–concrete interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. In this study, debonding induced by a flexural crack in a FRP-plated concrete beam is analyzed through a nonlinear fracture mechanics method. The concrete beam and FRP plate are modeled as linearly elastic simple beams connected together through a thin layer of FRP–concrete interface. A bi-linear cohesive (bond-slip) law, which has been verified by experiments, is used to model the FRP–concrete interface as a cohesive zone. Thus a cohesive zone model for intermediate crack-induced debonding is established with a unique feature of unifying the debonding initiation and growth into one model. Closed-form solutions of interfacial stress, FRP stress and ultimate load of the plated beam are obtained and then verified with the numerical solutions based on finite element analysis. Parametric studies are carried out to demonstrate the significant effect of FRP thickness on the interface debonding. The bond-slip shape is examined specifically. In spite of its profound effect on softening zone size, the bond-slip shape has been found to have little effect on the ultimate load of the plated beam. By making use of such a unique feature, a simplified explicit expression is obtained to determine the ultimate load of the plated concrete beam with a flexural crack conveniently. The cohesive zone model in this study also provides an efficient and effective way to analyze more general FRP–concrete interface debonding.     

Secondary buckling of an elastic column with spring-supports at clamped ends

Summary The postbuckling behavior of an elastic column with spring supports of equal stiffness of extensional type at both clamped ends is studied. Attention is focused on those of spring stiffnesses near the critical value at which, under axial load, the column becomes critical with respect to two buckling modes simultaneously. By using the Liapunov-Schmidt-Koiter approach, we show that there are precisely two secondary bifurcation points on each primary postbuckling state for the spring stiffness greater than the critical value. The bifurcation takes place at one of the two least buckling loads. The corresponding secondary postbuckling states connect all the secondary bifurcation points in a loop. For the spring stiffness less than the critical value, no secondary bifurcation occurs. Asymptotic expansions of the primary and secondary postbuckling states are constructed. The stability analysis indicates that the primary postbuckling state for the spring stiffness greater than the critical value is bifurcating from the first buckling load and becomes unstable from a stable state via the secondary bifurcation, i.e., secondary buckling occurs. Received 22 April 1997; accepted for publication 22 December 1997     

Non-linear buckling and postbuckling behavior of thin-walled beams considering shear deformation

The static stability of thin-walled composite beams, considering shear deformation and geometrical non-linear coupling, subjected to transverse external force has been investigated in this paper. The theory is formulated in the context of large displacements and rotations, through the adoption of a shear deformable displacement field (accounting for bending and warping shear) considering moderate bending rotations and large twist. This non-linear formulation is used for analyzing the prebuckling and postbuckling behavior of simply supported, cantilever and fixed-end beams subjected to different load condition. Ritz's method is applied in order to discretize the non-linear differential system and the resultant algebraic equations are solved by means of an incremental Newton-Rapshon method. The numerical results show that the beam loses its stability through a stable symmetric bifurcation point and the postbuckling strength is in relation with the buckling load value. Classical predictions of lateral buckling are conservative when the prebuckling displacements are not negligible and the non-linear buckling analysis is required for reliable solutions. The analysis is supplemented by investigating the effects of the variation of load height parameter. In addition, the critical load values and postbuckling response obtained with the present beam model are compared with the results obtained with a shell finite element model (Abaqus).     

基于细长梁单元的悬索桥主缆线形分析Study on main cable shape of suspension bridge based on slender beam element

悬索桥主缆线形的精细化计算需要同时考虑弯曲刚度及初始弯曲的影响,为此将主缆离散为小挠度的细长梁单元,推导包含自重项的细长梁单元的刚度矩阵,其中考虑了轴力对弯曲刚度的影响及弯矩引起的轴向刚度修正系数。基于细长梁单元编制主缆线形计算的有限元程序,采用改进的迭代法求解几何非线性结构的平衡状态,并考虑鞍座处主缆线形的修正。利用程序计算了两座悬索桥主缆在恒载作用下的变形,结果表明,主缆弯曲刚度对跨中和桥塔附近主缆线形的影响较大,且矢跨比越大,主缆线形的计算误差就越大。由弯曲刚度引起的主缆线形计算误差将会带来吊索下料长度计算不准确、索夹放样坐标不准确、成桥桥面线形达不到设计线形以及成桥吊索力分布不均匀等问题,尤其是对矢跨比较大的自锚式悬索桥,需要在设计和施工中引起足够的重视。     

Process of debonding in RC beams shear-strengthened with FRP U-strips or side strips

Reinforced concrete (RC) beams may be strengthened for shear using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the form of side bonding, U-jacketing or complete wrapping. The shear failure of almost all RC beams shear-strengthened with side bonded FRP and the majority of those strengthened with FRP U-jackets, is due to debonding of the FRP. The bond behavior between the externally-bonded FRP reinforcement (referred to as FRP strips for simplicity) and the concrete substrate therefore plays a crucial role in the failure process of these beams. Despite extensive research in the past decade, there is still a lack of understanding of how debonding of FRP strips in such a beam propagates and how the debonding process affects its shear behavior. This paper presents an analytical study on the progressive debonding of FRP strips in such strengthened beams. The complete debonding process is modeled and the contribution of the FRP strips to the shear capacity of the beam is quantified. The validity of the analytical solution is verified by comparing its predictions with numerical results from a finite element analysis. This analytical treatment represents a significant step forward in understanding how interaction between FRP strips, steel stirrups and concrete affects the shear resistance of RC beams shear-strengthened with FRP strips.     

Distributed piezoelectric actuation of a bistable buckled beam

Bistable structures, such as buckled beams or plates, are characterized by a two-well potential. Their nonlinear properties are currently exploited in actuators design (e.g. MEMS micropumps, switches, memory cells) to produce relatively high displacements and forces with low actuation energies. We investigate the use of distributed multiparameter actuation to control the buckling and postbuckling behavior of a three-layer piezoelectric beam pinned at either end. A two-parameter bending actuation controls the transversal motion, whilst an axial actuation and a beam end-shortening modulate the tangent bending stiffness. The postbuckling behavior is studied by reducing to a 2 dof system a nonlinear extensible elastica model. When the bending actuation is spatially symmetric, the postbuckling phenomena are analogue to those obtained for a transversal midspan force, being characterized by a snap-through instability. The use of a two-parameter actuation opens new transition scenarios, where it is possible to get true quasi-static transitions between the two specular equilibria of the buckled beam, without any instability phenomenon. The efficiencies of these different transition paths are discussed in terms of energetic requirements and stability properties. A numerical example shows the technical feasibility of the proposed actuation technique.     

Chaos in a single equilibrium point system: Finite deformations

The purpose of this paper is to examine a highly nonlinear model of a slender beam which yields chaotic solutions for some forcing amplitudes. The study is unique in that the governing partial differential equations are solved directly, and that the model lends itself to a more physical analysis of the beam than traditional chaotic models. In addition, the analysis will provide proof that a beam experiencing moderate deformations without stops or an initial axial force can exhibit chaotic motion. The model represents a simply-supported. Euler-Bernoulli beam subjected to a transverse load. The forcing function is sinusoidally distributed in space with an amplitude which also varies sinusoidally in time and is assumed to reach a maximum sufficient to allow nonlinearities associated with finite deformations to become important. During motion, even though displacements are large, the beam is assumed to attain only small strain levels and thus is assumed to be linearly elastic. The results indicate that for most levels of the forcing function the response of the beam is periodic. However, the steady state motion is not sinusoidal in time and in fact exhibits some bifurcated motions. At a certain level of the forcing amplitude, an asymmetry is observed and the periodicity of the motion breaks down as the beam experiences a period doubling cascade which culminates in a chaotic motion. The progression from periodic to chaotic motion is presented through a series of phase plane and Poincané plots, and physical variables such as bending moment are examined.