An unexpected pathway for the catalytic oxidation of methylidyne on Rh{111} as a route to syngas

This study investigates the adsorption properties of methylidyne (CH) on Rh{111}, its partial and full oxidation as well as its surface mobility, by means of plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Besides investigating known oxidation pathways on rhodium, such as decomposition of CH and subsequent oxidation of the decomposition products, new pathways such as direct reaction of methylidyne and oxygen toward a surface aldyhyde-type species and the decomposition of this species are considered. The unexpected and novel pathway determined here by DFT is utilized for a microkinetic model of the formation of CO and CO2 from methylidyne. A comparison of this microkinetic study with experimental data shows that our novel mechanism can indeed describe the observations. This comparison strongly suggests that this new alternative route is the main reaction pathway for the conversion of methylidyne.     

Rh/SiO_2催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气的反应机理

采用原位Raman光谱技术,在原料气中的O2未完全耗尽的条件下,对CH4部分氧化制合成气反应的Rh/SiO2催化剂床层前部贵金属物种的化学态以及由CH4解离所生成的碳物种进行了表征.在此基础上采用脉冲反应和同位素示踪技术,比较了CH4的部分氧化及其与H2O和CO2的重整等反应对催化剂床层氧化区内CO和H2生成的相对贡献,并将实验结果与Ra-man光谱表征结果进行了关联.结果表明,在600°C下将还原后的4%Rh/SiO2催化剂切入CH4:O2:Ar=2:1:45原料气,催化剂床层前部未检测到铑氧化物的Raman谱峰,但可清晰检测到源于CH4解离的碳物种;在700°C和接触时间小于1ms的条件下,催化剂床层的氧化区内已有大量CO和H2生成,在相同的实验条件下,CH4与H2O或CO2重整反应对氧化区内合成气生成的贡献则很小;以CH4:16O2:H218O:He=2:1:2:95为原料气的同位素示踪实验结果表明,在原料气中16O2未完全耗尽的情况下,反应产物中C16O的含量占CO生成总量的92.3%,表明CO主要来自CH4的部分氧化反应.上述结果均表明,在O2存在下Rh/SiO2催化剂上CO和H2可以通过CH4直接解离和部分氧化机理生成.     

Comparative theoretical study of formaldehyde decomposition on PdZn, Cu, and Pd surfaces

Methanol steam reforming, catalyzed by Pd/ZnO (PdZn alloy), is a potential source of hydrogen for on-board fuel cells. CO has been reported to be a minor side product of methanol decomposition that occurs in parallel to methanol steam reforming on PdZn catalysts. However, fuel cells currently used in vehicles are very sensitive to CO poisoning. To contribute to the understanding of pertinent reaction mechanisms, we employed density functional slab model calculations to study the decomposition of formaldehyde, a key intermediate in methanol decomposition and steam reforming reactions, on planar surfaces of Pd, Cu, and PdZn as well as on a stepped surface of PdZn. The calculated activation energies indicate that dehydrogenation of formaldehyde is favorable on Pd(111), but unfavorable on Cu(111) and PdZn(111). On the stepped PdZn(221) surface, the dehydrogenation process was calculated to be more competitive to formaldehyde desorption than on PdZn(111). Thus, we ascribe the experimentally observed small amount of CO, formed during steam reforming of methanol on the Pd/ZnO catalyst, to occur at metallic Pd species of the catalyst or at defect sites of PdZn alloy.     

In situ ATR-IR spectroscopic and reaction kinetics studies of water-gas shift and methanol reforming on Pt/Al2O3 catalysts in vapor and liquid phases

Reaction kinetics measurements of the water-gas shift reaction were carried out at 373 K on Pt/Al2O3 in vapor phase to investigate the effects of CO, H2, and H2O partial pressures. Results of in situ ATR-IR studies conducted in vapor phase under similar conditions suggest that the Pt surface coverage by adsorbed CO is high (approximately 90% of the saturation coverage), leading to a negligible effect of the CO pressures on the rate of reaction. The negative reaction order with respect to the H2 pressure is caused by the increased coverage of adsorbed H atoms, and the fractional positive order with respect to the water pressure is consistent with non-equilibrated H2O dissociation on Pt. Results of in situ ATR-IR studies carried out at 373 K show that the presence of liquid water leads to a slight decrease in the Pt surface coverage by adsorbed CO (approximately 80% of the saturation coverage) when the CO partial pressure is the same as in the vapor-phase studies. The rate of the WGS reaction in the presence of liquid water is comparable to the rate under complete vaporization conditions when other factors (such as CO partial pressure) are held constant. Reaction kinetics measurements of methanol reforming were carried out at 423 K over a total pressure range of 1.36-5.84 bar. In situ ATR-IR studies were conducted at 423 K to determine the Pt surface coverage by adsorbed CO in completely vaporized methanol feeds and in aqueous methanol solutions. The decomposition of methanol is found to be slower during the reforming of methanol in liquid phase than in vapor phase, which leads to a lower rate of hydrogen production in liquid phase (0.08 min(-1) at 4.88 bar) than in vapor phase (0.23 min(-1) at 4.46 bar). The lower reaction order with respect to methanol concentration observed for vapor-phase versus liquid-phase methanol reforming (0.2 versus 0.8, respectively) is due to the higher extent of CO poisoning on Pt for reforming in vapor phase than in liquid phase, based on the higher coverage by adsorbed CO observed in completely vaporized methanol feeds (55-60% of the saturation coverage) than in aqueous methanol feed solutions (29-40% of the saturation coverage).     

Electrocatalytic mechanism and kinetics of SOMs oxidation on ordered PtPb and PtBi intermetallic compounds: DEMS and FTIRS study

The electrocatalytic activities and mechanisms of PtPb and PtBi ordered intermetallic phases towards formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol oxidation have been studied by DEMS and FTIRS, and the results compared to those for a pure polycrystalline platinum electrode. While PtPb exhibits an enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of all three organic molecules when compared to a Pt electrode, PtBi exhibits an enhanced catalytic activity towards formic acid and formaldehyde oxidation, but not methanol. FTIRS data indicate that adsorbed CO does not form on PtPb or PtBi intermetallic compounds during the oxidation of formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol, and therefore their oxidation on both PtPb and PtBi intermetallic compounds proceeds via a non-CO(ads) pathway. Quantitative DEMS measurements indicate that only CO(2) was detected as a final product during formic acid oxidation on Pt, PtPb and PtBi electrodes. At a smooth polycrystalline platinum electrode, the oxidation of formaldehyde and methanol produces mainly intermediates (formaldehyde and formic acid), while CO(2) is a minor product. In contrast, CO(2) is the major product for formaldehyde and methanol oxidation at a PtPb electrode. The high current efficiency of CO(2) formation for methanol and formaldehyde oxidation at a PtPb electrode can be ascribed to the complete dehydrogenation of formaldehyde and formic acid due to electronic effects. The low onset potential, high current density and high CO(2) yield make PtPb one of the most promising electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications using small organic molecules as fuels.     

Structured Catalysts Prepared by Electroless Plating Technique onto a Metal Substrate, for a Wall-Type Hydrogen Production System

This article reviews our works on the structured catalysts for a wall-type hydrogen production system including methanol steam reforming (MSR), CO shift reaction (CO SR) and methanol decomposition (MD). The structured catalysts were copper-based, palladium-based and nickel-based catalysts. Such a series of structured catalysts were prepared by the electroless plating technique that is a novel method for preparing a structured type catalyst onto a metal-substrate. The copper-based catalyst exhibited high performance for MSR and CO SR, the palladium-based catalyst high for MSR, and the nickel-based catalyst high for MD. The catalytic properties of these catalysts were affected by the difference of the plating condition and the pretreatment condition prior to the reaction. In the copper-based catalyst, the reforming and shift activities were enhanced by the oxidation treatment. One of the factors of such activity enhancement by the oxidation was thought to be in close proximity existence of copper and zinc atoms. A lot of monodentate-type formate species having high reactivity was formed on the oxidized catalyst, which would be correlated to the activity enhancement. In the palladium-based catalyst, the reforming activity was improved by the continuous reduction treatment followed by the oxidation. Such continuous pretreatment formed the PdZn alloy species thought to be a reforming site in the surface layer. The decomposition performance of the nickel-based catalyst depended on the ratio of the crystallite size of nickel particles to that of aluminum particles. The electronic influence of zinc and phosphorous components incorporated in the plated layer contributed to the improvement of the selectivity of product.     

Pathways for methanol steam reforming involving adsorbed formaldehyde and hydroxyl intermediates on Cu(111): density functional theory studies

Plane-wave density functional theory calculations have been carried out to explore possible pathways in methanol steam reforming (MSR) on Cu(111). We focus on reactions involving the adsorbed formaldehyde intermediate (CH(2)O) produced by methanol decomposition and the surface hydroxyl (OH) species generated by dissociative adsorption of H(2)O. Several possible pathways leading to the H(2) + CO(2) products have been identified. The two most likely pathways involve the formate (CHOO), rather than the carboxyl (COOH), intermediate, and they possess barriers lower than that of the rate-limiting step of MSR, namely the dehydrogenation of adsorbed methoxyl (CH(3)O) species.     

甲烷直接转化研究进展

本文对甲烷直接活化转化制化学品进行了综述,详细介绍了甲烷部分氧化制C1含氧化合物、甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯和乙烷以及甲烷无氧芳构化的最新研究进展.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ni/TiO2催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以TiO2为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对H2的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性.采用脉冲-质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ni/TiO2催化剂脉冲CH4,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关.CH4与Ni/TiO2催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ni/TiO2催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能.     

用于甲烷分解和甲烷二氧化炭重整的碳材料催化剂研究进展

The decomposition and CO2 reforming of methane,respectively,are promising alternatives to industrial steam methane reforming. In recent years,research has been focused on the development of catalysts that can operate without getting deactivated by carbon deposition,where,in particular,carbon catalysts have shown positive results. In this work,the role of carbon materials in heterogeneous catalysis is assessed and publications on methane decomposition and CO2 reforming of methane over carbon materials are reviewed. The influence of textural properties(BET surface area and micropore volume,etc.) and oxygen surface groups on the catalytic activity of carbon materials are discussed. In addition,this review examines how activated carbon and carbon black catalysts,which are the most commonly used carbon catalysts,are deactivated. Characteristics of the carbon deposits from methane are discussed and the influence of the reactivity to CO2 of fresh carbon and carbonaceous deposits for high and steady conversion during CO2 reforming of CH4 are also considered.     

甲烷在Ni/TiO_2催化剂表面的活化

考察了Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂甲烷部分氧化和二氧化碳重整制合成气的反应活性,实验表明,以ＴｉＯ２为载体的镍系催化剂对于甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的活性,尤其对Ｈ２的选择性较高,对二氧化碳重整制合成气反应具有较好的低温反应活性．采用脉冲－质谱在线分析等技术,在无气相氧条件下向Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂脉冲ＣＨ４,发现甲烷在催化剂表面的活化（转化）及其氧化产物的选择性与金属催化剂表面氧的浓度密切相关．ＣＨ４与Ｎｉ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂作用过程中存在明显的氢溢流和氧溢流现象,可能是这种溢流效应使得Ｎ／ＴｉＯ２催化剂具有良好的反应活性和抗积碳性能．     

蜂窝催化剂上甲醇自热重整制氢的动力学研究

400 ℃～460 ℃,400 h－1～1 600 h－1,O2/CH3OH(mol ratio)=0.10～0.25,H2O/CH3OH (mol ratio) =1.0～1.8下,通过正交实验设计方法,用BSD-2A型内循环无梯度反应器研究了Zn-Cr/CeO2-ZrO2蜂窝催化剂上甲醇自热重整制氢反应的宏观动力学。以甲醇水蒸气重整反应、甲醇分解反应和甲醇完全氧化反应为独立反应进行了研究,得出了幂指数型反应速率表达式,并根据实验结果,利用最小二乘法求解了动力学参数值。F检验表明该动力学模型是高度显著的。该多重反应动力学方程的得出为蜂窝反应器的进一步模拟、优化和设计提供了数据。     

Methane oxidation at redox stable fuel cell electrode La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O(3-delta)

Because of its widespread availability, natural gas is the most important fuel for early application of stationary fuel cells, and furthermore, methane containing biogases are one of the most promising renewable energy alternatives; thus, it is very important to be able to efficiently utilize methane in fuel cells. Typically, external steam reforming is applied to allow methane utilization in high temperature fuel cells; however, direct oxidation will provide a much better solution. Recently, we reported good electrochemical performance for an oxide anode La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3 (LSCM) in low moisture (3% H2O) H2 and CH4 fuels without significant coking in CH4. Here, we investigate the catalytic activity of this oxide with respect to its ability to utilize methane. This oxide is found to exhibit fairly low reforming activity for both H2O and CO2 reforming but is active for methane oxidation. LSCM is found to be a full oxidation catalyst rather than a partial oxidation catalyst as CO2 production dominates CO production even in CH4-rich CH4/O2 mixtures. X-ray adsorption spectroscopy was utilized to confirm that Mn was the redox active species, clearly demonstrating that this material has the oxidation catalytic behavior that might be expected from a Mn perovskite and that the Cr ion is only present to ensure stability under fuel atmospheres.     

Kinetics of methanol steam reforming over COPZr-2 catalyst

The COPZr-2 catalyst, which was prepared in our prophase research, showed good catalytic performance in methanol steam reforming reaction. In this article, the best one was chosen as an example to study the reaction kinetics of methanol steam reforming over this type of catalyst. First, the effects of methanol conversion to outlet CO2 and methanol conversion to outlet CO on methanol pseudo contact time W/FMeOH were investigated. Then by applying the reaction route that methanol direct reforming （DR） and methanol decomposition （DE） were carried out in parallel, the reaction kinetic model with power function type was established. And the parameters for the model were estimated using a non-linear regression program which computed weighted least squares of the defined objects function. Finally, the kinetic model passed the correlation test and the F-test.     

In situ FTIR studies on the effect of temperature on the electro-oxidation of small organic molecules at the Ru(0001) electrode

The adsorption and electro-oxidation of formaldehyde, formic acid and methanol at the Ru(0001) electrode in perchloric acid solution have been studied as a function of temperature, potential and time using in situ FTIR spectroscopy, and the results interpreted in terms of the surface chemistry of the Ru(000 1) electrode and compared to those obtained during our previous studies on the adsorption of CO under the same conditions. It was found that no dissociative adsorption or electro-oxidation of methanol takes place at Ru(0001) at potentials < 900 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, and at all three temperatures employed, 10, 25 and 50 degrees C. However, both formaldehyde and formic acid did undergo dissociative adsorption, even at -200 mV, to form linear (CO(L)) and 3-fold-hollow (COH) binding CO adsorbates. In contrast to the adsorption of CO, it was found that increasing the temperature to 50 degrees C markedly increased the amount of CO adsorbates formed on the Ru(0001) surface from the adsorption of both formaldehyde and formic acid. On increasing the potential, the electro-oxidation of the CO adsorbates to CO2 took place via reaction with the active (1 x 1)-O oxide. Formic acid was detected as a partial oxidation product during formaldehyde electro-oxidation. At all three temperatures employed, it was found that adsorbed CO species were formed from the adsorption of both formic acid and formaldehyde, and were oxidised to CO2 faster than was observed in the experiments involving CO adsorbed from CO(g), suggesting a higher mobility of the CO adsorbates formed from the adsorption of the HCOOH and HCHO. At potentials > 1000 mV, both the oxidation of formic acid to CO2 and the oxidation of formaldehyde to both CO2 and formic acid were significantly increased, and the oxidation of methanol to CO2 and methyl formate was observed, all of which were attributed to the formation of an active RuO2 phase on the Ru(0001) surface.     

Experimental microkinetic approach of the photocatalytic oxidation of isopropyl alcohol on TiO2. Part 2. from the surface elementary steps to the rates of oxidation of the C3H(x)O species

The present study concerns an experimental microkinetic approach of the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) into acetone on a pure anatase TiO2 solid according to a procedure previously developed. Mainly, the kinetic parameters of each surface elementary step of a plausible kinetic model of the PCO of IPA are experimentally determined: natures and amounts of the adsorbed species and rate constants (preexponential factors and activation energies). These kinetic parameters are used to evaluate a priori the catalytic activity (turnover frequency, TOF, in s(-1)) of the solid that is compared to the experimental value. The kinetics parameters are obtained by using experiments in the transient regime with either a FTIR or a mass spectrometer as a detector. The microkinetic study shows that only strongly adsorbed IPA species (two species denoted nd-IPA(sads) and d-IPA(sads) due to non- and dissociative chemisorption of IPA respectively) are involved in the PCO of IPA. A strong competitive chemisorption between IPA(sads) and a strongly adsorbed acetone species controls the high selectivity in acetone of the PCO at a high coverage of the surface by IPA(sads). The apparent rate constant (1.4 10(-3) s(-1)) of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood elementary step between IPA(sads) and the active oxygen containing species generated by the UV irradiation provides the TOF of the PCO for IPA/O2 gas mixtures. The kinetic parameters of the elementary steps determined by the experimental microkinetic approach allow us to provide a reasonable simulation of the experimental data (coverages of the adsorbed species and partial pressures of the gases of interest) recorded during a static PCO of IPA(sads) species.     

Synthesis Gas Production from Natural Gas on Supported Pt Catalysts

Auto-thermal reforming of methane, combining partial oxidation and reforming of methane with CO2 or steam, was carried out with Pt/Al2O3, Pt/ZrO2 and Pt/CeO2 catalysts, in a temperature range of 300-900℃. The auto-thermal reforming occurs in two simultaneous stages, namely, total combustion of methane and reforming of the unconverted methane with steam and CO2, with the O2 conversion of 100% starting from 450 ℃. For combination with CO2 reforming, the Pt/CeO2 catalyst showed the lowest initial activity at 800 ℃, and the highest stability over 40 h on-stream. This catalyst also presented the best performance for the reaction with steam at 800 ℃. The higher resistance to coke formation of the catalyst supported on ceria is due to the metal-support interactions and the higher mobility of oxygen in the oxide lattice.     

Experimental microkinetic approach of the photocatalytic oxidation of isopropyl alcohol on TiO2. Part 1. Surface elementary steps involving gaseous and adsorbed C3H(x)O species

The present study concerns an experimental microkinetic approach of the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) into acetone on a pure anatase TiO2 solid according to a procedure previously developed. Mainly, the kinetic parameters of each surface elementary step of a plausible kinetic model of PCO of IPA are experimentally determined: natures and amounts of the adsorbed species and rate constants (preexponential factor and activation energy). The kinetics parameters are obtained by using experiments in the transient regime with either a FTIR or a mass spectrometer as a detector. The deep oxidation (CO2 and H2O formation) of low concentrations of organic pollutants in air is one of the interests of the PCO. For IPA, literature data strongly suggest that acetone is the single route to CO2 and H2O and this explains that the present study is dedicated to the elementary steps involving gaseous and adsorbed C3H(x)O species. The microkinetic study shows that strongly adsorbed IPA species (two species denoted nd-IPA(sads) and d-IPA(sads) due to non- and dissociative chemisorption of IPA, respectively) are involved in the PCO of IPA. A strong competitive chemisorption between IPA(sads) and a strongly adsorbed acetone species controls the high selectivity in acetone of the PCO at a high coverage of the surface by IPA(sads). The kinetic parameters of the elementary steps determined in the present study are used in part 2 to provide a modeling of macroscopic kinetic data such as the turnover frequency (TOF in s(-1)) of the PCO using IPA/O2 gas mixtures.     

甲烷/甲醇光催化转化研究进展

在能源需求不断上涨及石油供应日益紧张的背景下,开展对煤、天然气或生物质等非油基资源(CO、CO_2、CH_3OH、CH_4等)的高效利用显得尤为重要。C_1小分子(CO、CO_2、CH_3OH、CH_4等)经催化转化可得到燃料及多种化学品,一直受到学术界及工业界的广泛关注。甲烷/甲醇作为重要的C_1平台分子,其催化转化在C_1化学中占据重要地位。为了提高目标产物的选择性,需要有效地控制甲烷/甲醇中C―H键的活化。传统热催化作为甲烷/甲醇最常见的转化方法发展已久,但仍然面临着反应条件苛刻、能耗大、产率和选择性低等问题。光催化反应通过引入光能弥补反应中吉布斯自由能的上升,同时具有反应条件温和、操作简单、能耗低等特点,从而为甲烷/甲醇转化提供了新的途径。通过调节光的波长、强度以及催化剂的氧化能力可以实现甲烷/甲醇的选择性转化,减少副产物的生成。此外,光催化能够选择性活化甲醇的C―H键而非O―H键,从而实现甲醇的C―C偶联反应。本文主要围绕甲烷/甲醇的重整、氧化和偶联反应,总结近年来的光催化转化进展,并对进一步提高光催化性能做了展望。     

镍基中空纤维催化剂实现甲烷高效电催化转化

随着天然气以及页岩气为代表的非常规天然气的大规模开采,甲烷作为化工原料的直接转化利用受到了越来越多的关注.然而,甲烷分子具有极其稳定的正四面体结构,其物理化学性质非常稳定,如具有高达439 kJ/mol的C-H键能、极弱的电子亲和力、相当大的离子化能量和低的极化率,这都使得甲烷分子C-H键的活化相当困难.如何实现甲烷直接高效催化转化被誉为催化领域的'皇冠式'课题.与经甲烷重整制合成气,然后通过F-T合成获取化学品的间接转化法相比,甲烷直接转化无论在物料、能量转换效率还是在设备成本、环境保护等方面都有着非常明显的优势.以甲烷氧化偶联以及非氧化偶联(如无氧芳构化等)为典型代表的甲烷直接转化研究不断取得突破,但其各自都存在一定的局限性.相比于热催化转化路径,电催化转化路径在许多方面存在着十分明显的优势:(1)反应条件温和,甚至在常温常压条件下也能实现甲烷电催化转化反应的发生;(2)可调控程度高,仅需调节关键实验参数如电压和电流等,就能实现对反应过程热力学以及动力学的调控;(3)能够利用可再生电能驱动甲烷转化反应的发生,可将低品阶的电能转化并存储为化学能.本文采用Ni中空纤维作为基底,在其表面构筑NiO活性层,将NiO@Ni中空纤维作为电极,实现了常温常压条件下的甲烷电催化转化.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等表征手段,确定了中空纤维特有的多孔三维结构、气体传输规律、NiO活性层分布状态等物化性质.通过电化学交流阻抗与循环伏安等测试手段,获得了电荷传递、电化学活性比表面积等电化学性质.恒电压电氧化甲烷研究发现,1%NiO@Ni中空纤维具有最优的催化活性,分别在1.44 V与1.46 V(vs.RHE)电势下获得54%的甲醇法拉第效率和85%的乙醇法拉第效率.