Experimental research of circular incoherently synthetic aperture imaging ladar using chirped-laser and heterodyne detection

Synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) technique belongs fully coherent processing in both the time domain and space domain and has a rather high implement difficulty. To solve this problem, the concept of circular incoherently SAIL is introduced. A speckle version image of a two-dimensional (2D) letter ’E’ target is reconstructed from E-field projection data detected by a circular incoherently SAIL system. The experimental system is constructed by three subsystems using chirped-pulse laser as the light source and heterodyne detection to get the range information of the target. The reconstruction of the image and the noise effect are also discussed in detail.     

基于散斑抑制的合成孔径激光成像雷达的结构和工作模式

目标漫反射产生的激光回波散斑效应严重影响合成孔径激光成像雷达(SAIL)的成像质量。在体系结构上提出了抑制散斑效应的系统性解决方案,建立了SAIL结构和工作模式设计的理论基础。研究了SAIL中与目标分辨单元尺寸、啁啾波长变化、目标相关性质和接收面光强随机分布有关的散斑统计特性。定义了SAIL光学接收天线的散斑孔径积分场复相干函数,它是天线孔径相关函数和目标分辨单元相关因子的卷积,其宽度就是可实现的孔径合成长度,给出了实现较大的孔径合成长度的发射口径、接收口径和实际孔径合成长度的设计原则,发现和分析了由啁啾散斑移动产生的拍频信号波动。最后建议采用滑动聚束模式来有效使用散斑效应造成较短的孔径合成尺度,因为其光束扫描宽度对SAIL移动距离有放大作用。同时也提出了具有多发射机/多接收机的多通道结构以提高回波散斑光场的探测率。     

激光相干场成像散斑噪声复合去噪方法

噪声是影响激光相干场高分辨成像系统像质的重要因素,激光相干场成像系统既受背景光加性噪声影响,又受激光乘性散斑噪声影响.为解决激光相干场成像系统受激光乘性散斑噪声和背景光加性噪声叠加引起的成像像质退化效应问题,从噪声抑制角度提高激光相干场系统高分辨成像像质,研究建立了激光散斑乘性噪声和背景光加性噪声对大气下行链路激光回波场信号影响干扰模型,并基于该模型提出了一种基于同态滤波和稀疏基追踪级联复合去噪算法.首先基于同态滤波理论将激光乘性散斑噪声转化为加性噪声,再由高通滤波器滤除散斑噪声,最后采用基追踪稀疏理论方法抑制背景光等加性噪声对像质的影响.研究表明,较现有单一去噪方法,该级联复合去噪方法可一次性消除激光乘性散斑噪声和背景加性噪声两种不同性质的噪声,有效改善了激光相干场成像质量.     

一种机载合成孔径成像激光雷达聚束模式成像算法

合成孔径成像激光雷达是一种新的主动式有源的成像系统,可以获得比合成孔径雷达更高的分辨率,和更接近光学图片的效果.首先,在理想条件下分析了调频连续波的信号模型,推导出在连续波系统聚束模式下一种适用于机载合成孔径成像激光雷达系统的频率变标算法.然后,使用傅里叶变换法对符合von Karman谱的随机相位屏模拟大气湍流,并分析了Fried参量和合成孔径长度之间的关系.最后,仿真说明真空中采用方位预处理可以消除图像重影,并且补偿多普勒频移项可以消除8.6～9.3dB的能量损失和使图像散焦的现象.而在有大气影响时,合成孔径长度的选择小于Fried参量时,图像方位向可以良好聚焦.     

针对多散斑图的差分压缩鬼成像方案研究

鬼成像方案实现所需设备、成像的质量以及成像所花的时间是决定鬼成像技术可实用化的重要因素. 本文提出一种针对多散斑图的差分压缩鬼成像方案. 该方案通过连续探测多个独立的散斑图, 降低了热光鬼成像方案对探测器高时间分辨力的要求; 通过采用差分方法, 抑制了背景噪声和其他噪声源的干扰; 通过使用压缩感知重建算法, 有效地降低了鬼成像所需时间并同时提升成像的质量. 数值仿真结果表明, 对于二灰度“N” 图, 本方案在8000次的采样情形下与多散斑图鬼成像方案35000次采样的结果相比, 均方误差降低了96.9%、峰值信噪比提升15.1 dB. 对于八灰度“Pepper”图, 本方案与多散斑图鬼成像方案相比, PSNR提升11.4 dB. 本方案可降低探测设备的要求、提高成像质量、降低重建时间, 具有广阔的应用前景.     

Displacement measurement method based on laser self-mixing interference in the presence of speckle

In order to achieve the accurate measurement of displacement, this Letter presents a self-mixing interference displacement measurement method suitable for the speckle effect. Because of the speckle effect, the amplitude of the self-mixing interference signal fluctuates greatly, which will affect the measurement accuracy of displacement. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition is used to process the interference signal, which can filter out high-frequency noise and low-frequency noise at the same time. The envelope of the self-mixing interference signal is extracted by Hilbert transform, and it is used to realize the normalization of the signal. Through a series of signal processing, the influence of speckle can be effectively reduced, and the self-mixing interference signal can be transformed into standard form. The displacement can be reconstructed by fringe counting and the interpolation method. The experimental results show that the method is successfully applied to the displacement measurement in the presence of speckle, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the method.     

基于偏振滤波图像增强和动态散斑照明的宽场荧光层析显微镜

提出了一种基于偏振滤波图像增强和动态散斑照明的新型宽场荧光层析显微镜. 该显微镜采用了一种新型的偏振滤波图像增强技术, 基于激发光与荧光偏振态的差异, 利用偏振器件滤除激发光; 并利用动态散斑照明实现宽场层析. 该荧光层析显微镜具有结构简单、低成本、响应速度快、容易操作等特点. 实验研究结果表明, 本文提出的滤波方案能够显著地提高图像质量, 利用动态散斑照明实现宽场层析具有较高的纵向分辨能力. 研究丰富了在荧光显微镜中, 从强激发光中提取弱荧光信号的技术手段, 为今后发展具有快速响应, 波长可调谐的多光谱荧光层析等高端的显微镜具有重要参考意义.     

Imaging process and signal-to-noise ratio improvement of enhanced self-heterodyne synthetic aperture imaging ladar

This Letter gives the general construction of an enhanced self-heterodyne synthetic aperture imaging ladar(SAIL) system, and proposes the principle of image processing. A point target is reconstructed in the enhanced self-heterodyne SAIL as well as in down-looking SAIL experiments, and the achieved imaging resolution of the enhanced self-heterodyne SAIL is analyzed. The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of the point target final image in the enhanced self-heterodyne SAIL is higher than that in the down-looking SAIL. The enhanced self-heterodyne SAIL can improve the SNR of the target image in far-distance imaging, with practicality.     

Digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method

The digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method (USPM), which is introduced in this paper, can be applied to the measurement of small displacement that is smaller than speckle size at the test point compared to traditional ultrasonic speckle correlation method (USCM). Using USPM, a digital ultrasonic reference signal is introduced to interfere with the ultrasonic speckle signal, which is picked up at the test point on an object surface and is referred to as the object signal. As the phase of the reference signal is shifted several times using the software and then they superimpose with the object signal respectively, the phase of the object signal can be calculated according to the intensities of the superimposed signals. If the object surface moves a small distance, the phase variation of the object speckle can be detected by the same process. As a result, the displacement of the object surface can be measured. Based on the feature of ultrasonic speckles, inner surface displacement of an object can be measured using this proposed method. In this case, the effect of outer surface roughness to the measurement accuracy of USPM is examined experimentally. The experimental results show that the measurement is successful when the displacement is smaller than half of the speckle size at the test point and the roughness parameter R_a of the outer surface of the specimen is less than about 5.47 μm.     

基于空间广义相干系数加权的医学合成孔径超声成像

为解决广义相干系数用于合成孔径成像中所存在的运算量大,图像对比度改善有限等问题,提出空间广义相干系数加权成像方法。该算法根据单个孔径成像结果之间的相干性来计算相干系数,通过加权空间合成进行成像。采用对FieldⅡ仿真点目标和吸声斑目标的数据进行成像表明,算法不仅使运算量减少N(N为阵元数)倍,而且相对于传统的广义相干系数算法,算法对散射点成像可提高信噪比7 dB,对于吸声斑成像可提高对比度3.2 dB。可见算法可以有效地提高成像速度和成像质量。      

Speckle noise attenuation in optical coherence tomography by compounding images acquired at different positions of the sample

This study demonstrates a simple method for attenuating the speckle noise generated by coherent multiple-scattered photons in optical-coherence tomography images. The method could be included among the space-diversity techniques used for speckle reduction. It relies on displacing the sample along a weakly focused beam in the sample arm of the interferometer, acquiring a coherent image for each sample position and adding the individual images to form a compounded image. It is proven that the compounded image displays a reduction in the speckle noise generated by multiple scattered photons and an enhancement in the intensity signal caused by single-backscattered photons. To evaluate its potential biomedical applications, the method is used to investigate in vitro a caries lesion affecting the enamel layer of a wisdom tooth. Because of the uncorrelated nature of the speckle noise the compounded image provides a better mapping of the lesion compared to a single (coherent) image.     

改正重谱中噪声偏差的正性约束方法和天文高分辨率像复原实验

虽然斑纹掩模法能有效地消除大气流噪声引起的像质衰变,实现望远衍射极限分辨率像复原,但实际的斑纹探测器都不同程度地存在着多种噪声,它们在斑纹图平均功率谱和重谱中产生的偏差将使模和位相的复原受到严重干扰而最终导致像复原的失败。本文讨论了斑纹掩模法像复原中的噪声问题。提出正重谱噪声偏差的正性约束方法,报道了对天文目标：双星ＡＤＳ１６８００和三星Ｈｌｄ１７１ＡＤＳ１６６４８）的高分辨率像复原观测。     

High resolution optical image restoration for ground-based large telescope using phase diversity speckle

Phase diversity speckle (PDS) is an image restoration technique which is based on the idea of phase diversity (PD). It uses multi-frame short-exposure image sequence to calculate their corresponding wave-front information. Each image pair consists of two images collected by two cameras at the same time with one in focus and the other with known defocus value. Multi-frame processing can significantly improve the target signal to noise ratio, and decrease noise influence. In this paper, based on the principle of pupil Fourier imaging, by adjusting the pupil size, we get different scales of the optical point spread function (PSF). Also, we analysis different camera noise distribution channels, location differences and other factors to optimize the objective evaluation function, and this can reduce the computational complexity and improve the processing speed of image restoration. In the indoor environment, we build optical platform, and use multi-frame phase diversity speckle to make experiment under different turbulence conditions. The experimental results show that the image restoration effect of the proposed method is close to the diffraction limit.     

激光散斑图样的光流场分析研究

提出了一种基于动态图像处理的新的电子散斑计量方法－光流场分析法，从新的角度出发讨论了运用图像序列分析的概念秋解决散斑图样测量的可行性和简便性。并且解决了当散斑图像不满足进行光流场分析的约束条件时的测量问题，即通过多通道的图像处理方法来改变图像连续特性，从而扩大了测量范围。     

基于空间自适应非凸正则项全变差相干斑噪声抑制

全变差正则化方法是相干斑噪声抑制研究的热点.非凸正则项能够更好地保持图像的边缘、纹理细节信息;空间自适应正则化参数可以根据像素点所在的区域,合理地控制噪声抑制程度,从而提高噪声抑制效果.本文结合非凸正则项和空间自适应正则化参数提出了一种新的全变差相干斑噪声抑制模型,并且给出了一种模型求解的数值算法.数值试验结果表明该模型能够获得更好的相干斑噪声抑制效果.     

Study on the reduction of speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital hologram

As one of the most important 3-D display technique, reduction of speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography should be grounded on the digital hologram itself. Based on the whole process of the recording and reconstruction of digital holography, the optical distributions of recorded object and reconstructed image of digital holography have been studied. It has been proposed that the root formation cause of speckle noise in its reconstructed image is the speckle noise formed on the recorded object surface when illuminated by coherent light because of its optical roughness. A novel approach has been presented to reduce speckle noise in digital holography by changing the interference structure of hologram itself. First, by reducing the speckle noise in the reconstructed image, the distribution of ideal reconstruction light with reduced speckle noise is acquired. Then in turn, taking the ideal reconstruction light with reduced speckle noise as ideal object light, a new hologram can be rebuilt, which can reconstruct the ideal object light. The experimental results are given to confirm the proposed method. Therefore, it offers a brand-new thought and practical way to reduce the speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography.     

基于多角度无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息的散斑噪声抑制成像研究

在数字全息成像中,散斑噪声严重影响了再现像的信噪比和成像分辨率,因此为了提高数字全息成像质量,迫切需要抑制再现像的散斑噪声.分析并给出了矩形散射光斑的强度协方差,定量计算了特定实验条件下产生退相关散斑图样的最小角度差.结合透镜的性质设计并搭建了多角度无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息成像系统,利用光纤端面在透镜焦平面的二维机械移动代替传统反射镜的旋转,使照明光束在不改变照明位置和大小的同时,可任意改变光束方向.移动光纤端面使多角度照明满足最小角度差,获取了81幅数字全息图.利用单次快速傅里叶逆变换实现数值再现,对多幅再现像的强度像求平均,实验结果表明散斑对比度降低为单幅再现像的14.6%,使图像信噪比提高了6.9倍.该抑制散斑的多角度数字全息成像方法有效的抑制了散斑噪声,且成像光路结构简单,可操作性强.     

Improvement of the sensitivity in velocity sensing using dynamic speckles

Dynamic speckle patterns can be used for imaging of relative velocity of moving objects in fields of biomedical and mechanical measurements. In spite of the widespread use of this method, the effect of speckle size on velocity sensing has not fully been estimated so far. In addition, effects of speckle contrast and random noises on the sensitivity of velocity sensing have not been investigated yet. In the present study, we estimated condition of image processing of speckle patterns for reducing effects of random noises with relation to linearity and sensitivity in velocity sensing. We further introduced binarization of the speckle pattern to improve the sensitivity in velocity sensing. Experiments were conducted for sample models using a diffusive plate and fluid flows to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method.     

基于统计滤波的单幅散斑条纹图的相位恢复技术

基于统计信号处理技术的贝叶斯（Bayes）估计原理，提出一种新的滤波方法。该方法能有效减少散斑条纹图中的噪声，而且仅用一幅散区斑条纹图就能获得准确的条纹相位分布，通过实例说明了该方法的处理过程。     

直视合成孔径激光成像雷达原理

提出了直视合成孔径激光成像雷达(SAIL)概念,发射采用两个正交偏振同轴且相对扫描的空间抛物波差的光束,接收采用自差及相位复数化探测。在交轨向产生与目标点横向位置正比的线性项相位调制,在顺轨向产生以目标点纵向位置为中心的二次项相位历程,成像处理采用傅里叶变换实现交轨向聚焦和采用匹配滤波实现顺轨向聚焦。直视SAIL与侧视SAIL一样能够使用小光学孔径在远距离实现高分辨率二维成像,但具有本质独特性即线性和二次相位项和光学足趾及其相关联的成像分辨率无论在设计和使用时都具有很大的控制调整范围,并克服了存在于侧视SAIL中的许多技术难点。直视SAIL在原理和方法上都属于光学领域。给出了直视SAIL的一般性体系结构,在数学上详细描述了包括目标信息获取和成像处理的基本原理。