Time-resolved reconstruction of the full velocity field around a dynamically-scaled flapping wing

The understanding of the physics of flapping flight has long been limited due to the obvious experimental difficulties in studying the flow field around real insects. In this study the time-dependent three-dimensional velocity field around a flapping wing was measured quantitatively for the first time. This was done using a dynamically-scaled wing moving in mineral oil in a pattern based on the kinematics obtained from real insects. The periodic flow is very reproducible, due to the relatively low Reynolds number and precise control of the wing. This repeatability was used to reconstruct the full evolving flow field around the wing from separate stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements for a number of spanwise planes and time steps. Typical results for two cases (an impulsive start and a simplified flapping pattern) are reported. Visualizations of the obtained data confirm the general picture of the leading-edge vortex that has been reported in recent publications, but allow a refinement of the detailed structure: rather than a single strand of vorticity, we find a stable pair of counter-rotating structures. We show that the data can also be used for quantitative studies, such as lift and drag prediction.

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Investigation of the three-dimensional intermediate wake topology for a square cylinder at high Reynolds number

Simultaneous multi-point hotwire measurements are used to investigate the three-dimensional wake topology of a square cylinder at high Reynolds numbers. Wavelet techniques are applied to detect the flow structures and to inquire on the validity or extension of previously proposed low Reynolds number topological models to turbulent wakes. Our results suggest that a flow topological model similar to the horizontal perturbation model proposed by Meiburg and Lasheras (J Fluid Mech 190:1–37, 1988) but with alternate rib cuts in the horizontal plane is plausible for the intermediate wake topology.

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Calibration of an oscillating hot-wire anemometer for bidirectional velocity measurements

A novel compact low-frequency oscillating hot-wire (OHW) anemometer is calibrated in a custom-built wind tunnel. Laser Doppler anemometry is used for reference velocity measurements, phase-locked with the oscillating wire. Three probe designs are calibrated, examining the influence of prong shape on the wake contamination. Results for two oscillation amplitudes and several frequencies are discussed. Through non-dimensional analysis, the optimum probe design and operating parameters are extracted. The OHW features a maximum measurable negative velocity of −1.0 m/s which is comparable to existing oscillating and flying hot-wire anemometers. The compact OHW can be applied to reversing flow in confined geometries such as flow in exhaust systems.

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A model of a subcritical Joule–Thomson cryocooler with condensation inside the recuperator

To develop a tool for predicting of heat and mass transfer in Joule–Thomson cryocoolers working at subcritical pressures, we study a counter flow heat exchanger with condensation by employing the integral method. The effects of inlet pressure and working fluid are predicted. We also show that there is an optimal value of the enthalpy difference along the heat exchanger for which its length is minimal.

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Turbulence measurements in a swirling pipe flow

This paper reports laser-Doppler measurements of the mean flow and turbulence stresses in a swirling pipe flow. Experiments were carried out under well-controlled laboratory conditions in a refractive index-matched pipe flow facility. The results show pronounced asymmetry in mean and fluctuating quantities during the downstream decay of the swirl. Experimental data reveal that the swirl significantly modifies the anisotropy of turbulence and that it can induce explosive growth of the turbulent kinetic energy during its decay. Anisotropy invariant mapping of the turbulent stresses shows that the additional flow deformation imposed by initially strong swirling motion forces turbulence in the core region to tend towards the isotropic two-component state. When turbulence reaches this limiting state it induces rapid production of turbulent kinetic energy during the swirl decay.

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A distributed parameter integral model for predicting the thermal performance characteristics of single- and multi-wall radiation heat shield systems

Heat shielding has become an increasingly necessary means for protecting temperature-sensitive components from direct exposure to thermal radiation from high temperature sources. A simple but comprehensive distributed parameter integral model has been developed for predicting the temperature distribution of the shield and the protected component for a variety of heat shield systems. The integral model presented here is seen to be more accurate than lumped models, and can be computed with much greater speed than that required for numerical models.

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Fluid dynamics analysis of channel flow geometries for materials characterization in microfluidic devices

The fluid dynamics of geometries for liquid state materials characterization in microfluidic devices are investigated. Numerical simulation together with flow classification criteria are used to explore combinations of geometry and boundary conditions for which the flow type can be adjusted between simple shear and extension, while providing adequate flow strength and a stable environment for material observation. Two classes of flow geometries are identified. Both make use of opposing, laterally offset fluid streams that produce a stagnation point in the center of the geometry. In the first class, the flow type is manipulated by changing parameters inherent to the base geometry. This first case serves as a basis for identifying a second class in which the flow type is manipulated by changing the pressure boundary conditions, while keeping the geometry constant.Electronic Supplementary Material is available for this article if you access the article at .

A random synthetic jet array driven turbulence tank

We measure the flow above an array of randomly driven, upward-facing synthetic jets used to generate turbulence beneath a free surface. Compared to grid stirred tanks (GSTs), this system offers smaller mean flows at equivalent turbulent Reynolds numbers with fewer moving parts.

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DPIV study of the effect of a gable roof on the flow structure around a surface-mounted cubic obstacle

The present paper reports a thorough comparison of the turbulent flow characteristics exhibited by a cubic surface-mounted obstacle and a simple geometric variant (gable roof of 30° roof pitch). The measurements supporting this study were obtained by the use of a 2D-DPIV system. Significant differences in the large-scale vortical structures and turbulent kinetic energy fields implied drastic consequences with respect to the advective and turbulent dispersive characteristics of the flow at roof and ground levels.

Microscale Synthetic Schlieren

We develop the axisymmetric Synthetic Schlieren technique to study the wake of a microscale sphere settling through a density stratification. A video-microscope was used to magnify and image apparent displacements of a micron-sized random-dot pattern. Due to the nature of the wake, density gradient perturbations in the horizontal greatly exceed those in the vertical, requiring modification of previously developed axisymmetric techniques. We present results for 780 and 383 μm spheres, and describe the limiting role of noise in the system for a 157 μm sphere. This technique can be instrumental in understanding a range of ecological and environmental oceanic processes on the microscale.

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Selective seeding for micro-PIV

A novel seeding method for microscale particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) is presented. The method relies on selective seeding of a thin fluid layer within an otherwise particle-free flow. In analogy to the laser sheet in macroscale PIV, the generated particle sheet defines both the depth and the position of the measurement plane, independent of the details of the optical setup. Selectively seeded micro-PIV is applied to measure the instantaneous velocity field in a microchannel with a depth-wise resolution 20% below the estimated optical measurement depth of the micro-PIV system. In principle, a measurement depth corresponding to the diameter of the tracer particles may be achieved.

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Unsteady air–water flow measurements in sudden open channel flows

Measurements of air–water flow properties are reasonably simple in steady flows, but not so in unsteady flows. Some studies investigated periodic flows in which instantaneous data were averaged over several cycles. During the present work, new unsteady air–water flow measurements were performed in sudden open channel flow surges. Unsteady air–water flow measurements were performed in the wave front with an array of resistivity probes. The results demonstrated quantitatively strong aeration of the leading edge in terms of void fractions, bubble count rates and specific interface areas. Experimental results highlighted that this strongly aerated region was relatively short: i.e. typically 0.3 to 0.5 m long. Measurements of air and water chord sizes highlighted a wide range of bubble and droplet sizes. Time-variations of air–water flow structure were observed.

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Variational optical flow estimation for particle image velocimetry

We introduce a novel class of algorithms for evaluating PIV image pairs. The mathematical basis is a continuous variational formulation for globally estimating the optical flow vector fields over the whole image. This class of approaches has been known in the field of image processing and computer vision for more than two decades but apparently has not been applied to PIV image pairs so far. We pay particular attention to a multi-scale representation of the image data so as to cope with the quite specific signal structure of particle image pairs. The experimental evaluation shows that a prototypical variational approach competes in noisy real-world scenarios with three alternative approaches especially designed for PIV-sequence evaluation. We outline the potential of the variational method for further developments.The publications of the CVGPR Group are listed under .

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Analysis of interpolation schemes for image deformation methods in PIV

Abstract   Image deformation methods in particle image velocimetry are becoming more and more accepted by the scientific community but some aspects have not been thoroughly investigated neither theoretically nor with the aid of simulations. A fundamental step in this type of algorithm is reconstruction of the deformed images that requires the use of an interpolation scheme. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of this aspect on the accuracy of the PIV algorithm. The performance assessment has been conducted using synthetic images and the results show that both the systematic and total errors are strongly influenced by the interpolation scheme used in the reconstruction of the deformed images. Time performances and the influence of particle diameter are also analysed.

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An application of Gappy POD

An iterative procedure, based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), first proposed by Everson and Sirovich (J Opt Soc Am A 12(8):1657–1664, 1995) is applied to marred particle image velocimetry (PIV) data of shallow rectangular cavity flow at Mach 0.19, 0.28, 0.38, and 0.55. The procedure estimates the POD modes while simultaneously estimating the missing vectors in the PIV data. The results demonstrate that the absolute difference between the repaired vectors and the original PIV data approaches the experimental uncertainty as the number of included POD modes is increased. The estimation of the dominant POD modes is also shown to converge by examining the subspace spanned by the POD eigenfunctions.

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Potential benefit from the application of autoregressive spectral estimators in the analysis of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence

Spectral estimators other than the conventional periodogram technique exist. The autoregressive (AR) method is one of the alternative spectral estimation procedures currently available. The technique is particularly adapted to the detection of narrow-band components in the lower frequency domain for short data records. However, the technique may also be used in the analysis of more standard turbulent flow configurations where no specific wave modes are necessarily expected. An example is given here in the case of homogeneous and isotropic turbulence developing freely downstream of a heated grid. The results reported in this paper are in good agreement with earlier findings and would thus tend to confirm the idea that the technique might be used successfully over a wider range of signals in fluid dynamics. They provide us with the opportunity to highlight one particular additional benefit of the AR method with respect to the identification of spectral regions with constant slopes.

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Measurement of the aerodynamic forces on a small particle attached to a wall

Using operating principles similar to that applied in atomic force microscopes, we have developed a novel measuring method to study the aerodynamic forces, in particular the lift and drag force, acting on a small particle attached to a wall and immersed in a linear shear flow. Results thus far have shown that the system is capable of measuring both the minute aerodynamic lift and drag forces that a particle experiences as a result of the flow.C. Muthanna has also published under the name C. M. Kolera

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Two- and three-dimensional flows in nearly rectangular cavities driven by collinear motion of two facing walls

Two- and three-dimensional flows in nearly cuboidal cavities are investigated experimentally. A tight cavity is formed in the gap between two long and parallel cylinders of large radii by adding rigid top, bottom, and end walls. The cross-section perpendicular to the axes of the cylinders is nearly rectangular with aspect ratio Γ. The axial aspect ratio Λ > 10 is large to suppress end-wall effects. The fluid motion is driven by independent and steady rotation of the cylinders about their axes which defines two Reynolds numbers Re _1,2. Stability boundaries of the nearly two-dimensional steady flow have been determined as functions of Re _1,2 for Γ = 0.76 and Γ = 1. Up to six different three-dimensional supercritical modes have been identified. The critical thresholds for the onset of most of the three-dimensional modes, three of which have been observed for the first time, agree well with corresponding linear-stability calculations. Particular attention is paid to the flow for Γ = 1 under symmetric and parallel wall motion. In that case the basic flow consists of two mirror symmetric counter-rotating parallel vortices. They become modulated in span-wise direction as the driving increases. Detailed LDV measurements of the supercritical three-dimensional velocity field and the bifurcation show an excellent agreement with numerical simulations.

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Quantitative planar Raman imaging through a spectrograph: visualisation of a supersonic wedge flow

Planar Raman imaging through a spectrograph is demonstrated as a diagnostic tool for quantitative flow visualisation of internal supersonic wedge flow. A dedicated Bayesian deconvolution filter is used to remove the spectral structure that is introduced by the spectrograph. The 2D density field is determined with ca. 10% precision using average images over 6,000 laser pulses, down to 0.5 mm from the surface of the wedge. Direct interpretations of Raman intensities provide more precise density data than indirect interpretations based on shock geometry in 2D inviscid flow.

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The optimal drop shape for vortices generated by drop impacts: the effect of surfactants on the drop surface

Subsurface vortices are frequently created when a falling drop strikes a flat water surface. Prior work has demonstrated that the shape of the drop at the point of impact is critical in determining how deep or how fast the resulting vortex will penetrate into the water bulk. In the present study, the details of this phenomena are explored by using surfactants to vary surface tension. Specifically, Triton X-100 monolayers are created on the surface of the drop, and on the flat water surface. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no single optimal drop shape resulting in best vortex penetration. Rather, the data suggest that the optimal shape depends on the surface tension of the falling drop. An attempt is made to reconcile contradictory results in the literature using this result.

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