水溶液中掺铬层状二氧化锰可充性研究

由高温分解KMnO₄制备层状K-birnessite前驱体, 再经过离子交换反应制备Cr-birnessite. 在2.5 mol/L LiOH水溶液中研究了Cr-birnessite电极的可充性. 据AAS测试和锰的价态分析得Cr-birnessite的分子式为Cr_0.26Mn_0.84O_2＋0.04. SEM显示Cr-birnessite为片状颗粒, XRD分析表明其层状结构在充放电前后没有明显变化. 恒电流充放电实验表明在2.5 mol/L LiOH水溶液中以1 C大电流速率对Cr-birnessite进行全充全放循环可达70次而保持初始容量的93%, 显示了良好的循环可逆性. AAS表明在充放电过程中材料中的铬离子没有脱嵌, Li^＋脱嵌/嵌入. 循环伏安曲线表明在大约 －0.3和0 V出现两个氧化峰, 在－0.1 V左右出现一个还原峰, 循环20周电流大小没有明显变化. 利用恒电位阶跃法测得Li^＋在Cr-birnessite 中的扩散系数平均值为1.57×10^－10 cm²·s^－1 .     

锌离子在λ—MnO2中的电化学嵌入

由于二氧化锰氧原子与中心锰原子所组成的八面体[MnO_6],可按照不同的方式连接,形成β,γ和δ-MnO_2等多种结构形式。Hunter用稀酸处理LiMn_2O_4得到具有尖晶石结构的λ-MnO_2。这种结构具有相互连通的三维离子迁移隧道。显然它比仅含一维隧道的β-     

电解液对水系可充电池MnO2正极电化学性能的影响

研究了水系电解液中Li⁺、Zn²⁺和Mn²⁺阳离子对具有不同晶型结构和形貌的MnO₂正极电化学性能的影响,探讨其储能机理。结果表明,在不含Mn(II)离子的水溶液中,MnO₂电极所表现的电化学性能趋同,容量低,衰减快。含有Zn²⁺离子的水溶液中,MnO₂电极因二价锌离子的嵌入-脱出,容量明显提升,但衰减严重。当溶液中同时含有Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺离子时,基于Mn²⁺和Zn²⁺离子之间的协同作用和Mn²⁺离子氧化/还原反应过程的作用,有效抑制MnO₂颗粒的聚集和结构塌陷,削弱碱式硫酸锌杂质不利的影响,保持了锌离子在MnO₂电极中嵌入-脱出的高容量特性(200 mAh·g^-1,电流密度：100 mA·g^-1),及良好的循环稳定性。     

锌离子在水相介质Zn/V_2O_5二次电池中的迁移性能研究

利用间歇性恒电流测定法和Ｘ Ｒａｙ衍射法,研究水相介质的Ｚｎ／Ｖ２Ｏ５二次电池中的锌离子在正极材料中的迁移性能及其放电机理;讨论锌离子在正极材料中发生迁移时的某些动力学参数与放电深度的关系．实验结果表明,该电池的正极放电反应为锌离子在ＺｎｘＶ２Ｏ５中的嵌入过程．     

MnO2电极在含NH4溶液中的不可充电性

ＭｎＯ_２电极在含ＮＨ_４~＋溶液中的不可充电性李伟善，江琳才黄仲涛（华南师范大学化学系，广州５１０６３１）（华南理工大学化工系，广州５１０６４１）锌锰电池应用面广，使用量大，一次性使用存在原材料浪费、环境污染等问题。因此，二次性锌锰电池的开发研究一直?..     

水系锌二次电池MnO2正极的晶体结构、反应机理及其改性策略

Because of the advantages of high safety, environment-friendliness, affordability, and ease of processing, aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries (ARZBs) are promising candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage systems. In recent years, various cathode materials based on vanadium/manganese/cobalt oxides, Prussian blue analogs, and organic compounds have been reported. Among them, manganese dioxide (MnO₂) is widely used in ARZBs due to their outstanding advantages of low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and high capacity (616 mAh∙g⁻¹ based on two-electron transfer). However, the diversity of the crystal structures of MnO₂ and the unpredictability of the electrochemical reaction make it difficult to investigate the specific internal storage mechanism, which impedes further development of the optimal modification strategies. To date, the main recognized energy storage mechanisms are (de)intercalation and dissolution-deposition mechanisms. In the traditional (de)intercalation mechanism, the predominant issues related to MnO₂ during the cycling process include Mn dissolution, irreversible phase transformation, structural collapse, and sluggish ion diffusion kinetics. On the other hand, the detailed reaction path for the dissolution-deposition mechanism, which was developed in recent years, remains controversial. In addition, the incomplete dissolution-deposition of MnO₂ and the highly acidic environment inevitably leads to corrosion and hydrogen evolution of the zinc anode, as well as low Coulombic efficiency. Accordingly, optimization strategies for different reaction mechanisms have been proposed to make zinc-manganese batteries more competitive. For the (de)intercalation mechanism, modification of composite materials and nanostructure optimization strategies can be adopted to inhibit the dissolution of MnO₂ and increase the number of highly active reaction sites, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance. Moreover, the guest pre-intercalation strategy can help optimize the crystal structure of MnO₂, preventing the collapse of the internal structure during cycling. Besides, defect engineering and element doping strategies focus on regulating the distribution of the electronic structure for affecting the properties of MnO₂, resulting in lowering the energy barrier of zinc insertion. For the dissolution-deposition mechanism, the introduction of a neutral acetate and a halide mediator can effectively facilitate the dissolution-deposition of MnO₂. Meanwhile, metal element catalysis can accelerate the reaction kinetics of the MnO₂ dissolution-deposition, so that high-rate performance can be achieved. Furthermore, the decoupling battery system can separate the cathodic and anodic electrolytes to restrain the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions and enhance the potential difference. The flow battery system can effectively eliminate the influence of concentration polarization and stabilize the ion concentration in the electrolytes, thus leading to a large capacity (> 100 mAh). Undoubtedly, MnO₂ as a high-capacity, high-voltage cathode material has broad development prospects for ARZBs. Here, we systematically summarize the crystal structures and reaction mechanisms of MnO₂. We also discuss the optimization strategies toward advanced MnO₂ cathode materials for resolving the highlighted issues in zinc-manganese batteries, which are expected to provide research directions for the design and development of high-performance ARZBs.      

水系锌二次电池MnO2正极的晶体结构、反应机理及其改性策略

水系锌二次电池凭借其安全性高、环境友好、成本低廉、能量密度较高等诸多优势,有望应用于下一代大规模储能系统。电池的发展依赖于电极材料,二氧化锰由于其高丰度、低成本、毒性小等优势,在水系锌二次电池领域得到广泛应用。本文将从二氧化锰的晶体结构、反应机理及电化学性能出发,对其在水系锌二次电池中的研究进展进行系统综述。特别地,针对其容量低、循环稳定性差等问题,本文从储能机理(包括嵌入-脱嵌机制和溶解-沉积机制)角度出发,总结相对应的优化策略,为先进水系锌锰二次电池的设计开发提供参考。     

锌离子在水相介南Zn／V2O5二次电池中的迁移性能研究

利用间歇性恒电流测定法和Ｘ－Ｒａｙ衍射法，研究水相介质的Ｚｎ／Ｖ２Ｏ５二次电池中的锌离子在正材料中的迁移性能及其放电机理；讨论锌离子正极材料中发生迁移时的某些动力学参数与放电深度的关系，实验结果表明，该电池的正极放电反应为锌离子在ＺｎｘＶ２Ｏ５中的嵌入过程。     

纳米级MnO2的制备与电化学性质研究（II）溶胶凝胶法制备掺铋改性纳米...

用溶胶凝胶法制得掺铋二氧化锰。经ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ、ＩＣＰ、化学分析等测定，确定了所得样品的主要晶型为α－ＭｎＯ２，所掺铋的晶态为Ｂｉ２Ｏ３，为纳米级颗粒（记为ｎｍ－Ｂｉ－ＣＭＤ）。用它与掺铋电解二氧化锰（记为Ｃｉ－ＥＭＤ）以最佳配比混合，可大大提高充放电容量。通过循环伏安、交流电导率、交流电阻等测试所测得的电导率、电极表面的分形维数，初步解释了充入电性能改善的原因主要是由于提高了最佳配比样品的导电率     

球磨法制备锌酸钙研究

应用球磨法制备锌酸钙,并研究制备过程的影响因素.XRD,TG DTA等测试表明,合成的锌酸钙化学组成为Ca(OH)2·2Zn(OH)2·2H2O.粉末微电极和模拟电池实验显示该材料具有良好的循环可逆性.     

A Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Ni/MnO2 Nanocomposite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

A novel flower like 3D nickel/manganese dioxide (Ni/MnO₂) nanocomposite was synthesized by a kind of simple electrochemical method and the formation mechanism of flower like structure was also researched. In addition, morphology and composition of the nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Then the Ni/MnO₂ nanocomposites were applied to fabricate electrochemical non‐enzymatic glucose sensor. The electrochemical investigation for the sensor indicated that it possessed an excellent electrocatalytic property for glucose, and could applied to the quantification of glucose with a linear range from 2.5×10^?7 to 3.5×10^?3 M, a sensitivity of 1.04 mA mM^?1 cm^?2, and a detection limit of 1×10^?7 M (S/N=3). The proposed sensor also presented attractive features such as interference‐free, and long‐term stability. The present study provided a general platform for the one‐step synthesis of nanomaterials with novel structure and can be extended to other optical, electronic and magnetic nanocompounds.     

A Novel Application of Lithium Heteropoly Blue as Non-aqueous Electrolyte in Polyacenic Semiconductor-Li Secondary Batteries

Lithium heteropoly blue(Li5PW10^ⅥW2^ⅤO40)was used as a non-aqueous electrolyte in the polyacenic semiconductor(PAS)-Li secondary battery instead of LiClO4.The properties of the PAS-Li secondary battery,especially the effect of Li5PW10ⅥW2^ⅤO40 on the capacity,the cycle property and the self-discharging of the battery have been investigated.The results indicate that not only i5PW10ⅥW2^ⅤO40 can overcome the disadvantages of LiClO4,which is apt to explode when heated or rammed.but also the PAS-Li secondary battery assembled with the novel electrolyte has a larger capacity and smaller self-discharging than that assembled with LiClO4.Therefore,it is believed that lithium heteropoly blue is a better and novel electrolyte for the PAS secondary battery and exhibity significant and practical application.     

MnO2超级电容器充放电过程研究

采用机械化学法,在高锰酸钾和乙酸锰摩尔配比为1/1的条件下制备了弱结晶性α-MnO2。采用循环伏安、交流阻抗等方法对MnO2电极进行测试;对MnO2超级电容器在6mol/L KOH溶液中以1.2V放电窗口、200mA/g电流密度下进行充放电过程研究。结果表明,超级电容器在低电位范围表现出双电层电容,在高电位范围表现为法拉第假电容;Mn3O4电化学惰性物质主要在初始40次充放电过程中生成,其使循环伏安图中氧化还原峰逐渐消失、高电位法拉第假电容逐渐减小、放电曲线逐渐接近直线,表现为双电层电容特征。电极最大比容量为416F/g,200次循环后为240F/g,等效串联电阻由17Ω逐渐增到41Ω。     

IrO2基体上阳极电沉积MnO2的电化学行为

采用极化曲线和循环伏安等电化学方法, 对不同温度下IrO₂电极在MnSO₄镀液与硫酸溶液中的电化学行为进行对比研究, 并以镀液中极化曲线上不同电流密度值进行阳极电沉积, 测量镀速大小. 研究结果表明:IrO₂电极在镀液中同时发生阳极电沉积反应和析氧副反应, 阳极电沉积反应对析氧反应具有明显的抑制作用; MnO₂的阳极电沉积过程较复杂, 存在Mn³⁺中间产物, 既有Mn³⁺→Mn⁴⁺的电沉积过程, 也有Mn³⁺的水解及水解产物的脱附的过程, 水解反应的存在严重降低了MnO₂的阳极电沉积的电流效率; MnO₂的阳极电沉积存在一定的电位区间, 在此区间, 镀速存在最大值.     

Application of a novel redox-active electrolyte in MnO2-based supercapacitors

This paper reports a novel strategy for preparing redox-active electrolyte through introducing a redox-mediator(p-phenylenediamine,PPD) into KOH electrolyte for the application of ball-milled MnO 2-based supercapacitors.The morphology and compositions of ball-milled MnO 2 were characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry(CV),galvanostatic charge-discharge(GCD),and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) techniques.The introduction of p-phenylenediamine significantly improves the performance of the supercapacitor.The electrode specific capacitance of the supercapacitor is 325.24 F g-1,increased by 6.25 folds compared with that of the unmodified system(44.87 F g-1) at the same current density,and the energy density has nearly a 10-fold increase,reaching 10.12 Wh Kg-1.In addition,the supercapacitor exhibits good cycle-life stability.     

电解二氧化锰在MgSO4溶液中的电化学行为

应用循环伏安法、恒流充放电、X射线衍射研究了电解二氧化锰在MgSO4溶液中的可充性和充放电过程晶体结构的变化.结果表明:电解二氧化锰具有一定的电化学循环性能;经过初始几次充放电循环后,达到稳定状态;充放电过程电解二氧化锰的γ-MnO2晶体结构可逆地发生变化,保证了电解二氧化锰的可充性.     

SbOx+SnO2中间层对Ti/MnO2电极性能的影响

采用热分解方法制备了含SbO_x+SnO₂中间层的钛基二氧化锰电极. 在0.5 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄溶液中对添加和没有添加SbO_x+SnO₂中间层的二氧化锰阳极进行了加速电解试验. 采用极化曲线和循环伏安曲线测量电极的析氯反应. 用循环伏安曲线和电化学阻抗谱来分析电极电解过程中内部结构和表面的变化. 结果表明, 二氧化锰阳极钝化失效的主要原因是绝缘的TiO₂层的生成和变厚. 引入中间层可以降低钛基体和活性涂层间的电阻, 并且在电解过程中, 可以显著延缓接触电阻的升高, 从而可以显著提高其寿命.     

Improved performance of Bi2O3-doped MnO2 cathode on rechargeability in LiOH aqueous cell

Many attempts have been made to make the zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn-MnO₂) alkaline cell rechargeable, but all investigations are pertained to the proton insertion mechanism into MnO₂. In this paper, a new class of rechargeable bismuth oxide-doped MnO₂ electrode in lithium hydroxide (LiOH) electrolyte is described. The doping and the appropriate pH selection of the aqueous electrolyte improved the electrochemical performance of the aqueous cell. Hence, with an aim to understand the role of bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) during the discharge process, doped MnO₂ cathodes are characterized by various techniques like secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results suggest that the influence of the large radius of the cation (Bi₂O₃; Bi (III) ion (0.96 Å)) cannot be integrated into the spinel structure, thereby, improving the rechargeability. The electrode reaction of doped MnO₂ in LiOH electrolyte is shown to be lithium insertion while preventing the formation of a spinel structure that leads to a major formation of manganese oxy hydroxides.     

Oxidation of Methionine by Colloidal MnO2 in Aqueous and Micellar Media: A Kinetic Study

The oxidation of methionine by freshly prepared colloidal manganese dioxide in aqueous as well as micellar media was studied spectrophotometrically at 35°C. The reaction between methionine and MnO₂ in both media exhibits 1:1 stoichiometry (methionine:MnO₂). The oxidation reaction is first order with regard to the MnO₂ concentration, but is fractional-order in the methionine concentration and HClO₄ concentrations. A catalytic effect of nonionic surfactant TX-100 on the rate of oxidation was observed and reaction rate was found to be proportional to {k′ + k″ [TX-100]}, where k′ and k″ are the rate constants in absence and presence of surfactant, respectively. The use of surfactant micelles is highlighted as, in favorable cases; the micelles help the redox reactions by bringing the reactants in a close proximity through hydrogen bonding. The oxidation reaction in aqueous and micellar media is shown to proceed via methionine–MnO₂ and methionine–MnO₂–TX-100 complexes, respectively, which decomposes slowly in a rate determining step to give methionine sulfoxide as the product. A suitable mechanism is proposed for these observations.