Simultaneous determination of methyl tert.-butyl ether and its degradation products,other gasoline oxygenates and benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in Catalonian groundwater by purge-and-trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In Catalonia (northeast Spain), a monitoring program was carried out to determine methyl tert.-butyl ether (MTBE), its main degradation products, tert.-butyl alcohol (TBA), tert.-butyl formate (TBF), and other gasoline additives, the oxygenate dialkyl ethers ethyl tert.-butyl ether, tert.-amyl methyl ether and diisopropyl ether and the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in 21 groundwater wells that were located near different gasoline point sources (a gasoline spill and underground storage tank leakage). Purge-and-trap coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was optimised for the simultaneous determination of the above mentioned compounds and enabled to detect concentrations at ng/l or sub-microg/l concentrations. Special attention was given to the determination of polar MTBE degradation products, TBA and TBF, since not much data on method performance and environmental levels are given on these compounds in groundwater. All samples analysed contained MTBE at levels between 0.3 and 70 microg/l. Seven contaminated hot spots were identified with levels up to US Environmental Protection Agency drinking water advisory (20-40 microg/l) and a maximum concentration of 670 microg/l (doubling the Danish suggested toxicity level of 350 microg/l). Samples with high levels of MTBE contained 0.1-60 microg/l of TBA, indicating (but not proving) in situ degradation of parent compound. In all cases, BTEX was at low concentrations or not detected showing less solubility and persistence than MTBE. This fact confirms the suitability of MTBE as a tracer or indicator of long-term gasoline contamination than the historically used BTEX.     

Continuous on-line determination of methyl tert-butyl ether in water samples using ion mobility spectrometry

A rapid analytical procedure for the on-line determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in water samples was developed. A new membrane extraction unit was used to extract the MTBE from water samples. The concentration of MTBE was determined using ion mobility spectrometry with 63Ni ionization and corona discharge ionization without chromatographic separation. Both ionization methods permit the sensitive determination of MTBE. A detection limit of 100 microg/L was established for the on-line procedure. Neither the inorganic compounds, humic substances nor gasoline were found to exert a significant influence on the peak intensity of the MTBE. The screening procedure can be used for concentrations of monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene) up to 600 microg/L. No sample preparation is required and the analysis results are available within 5 min. In order to determine concentrations between 10 microg/L and 100 microg/L, a discontinuous procedure was developed on the basis of the same experimental set-up.     

A simple gas chromatographic method for the analysis of oxygenates in gasoline

Chromatographia - A number of oxygenated compounds such as C1?C4 alcohols, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and tertamyl methyl ether (TAME) are increasingly being used in gasoline as octane...     

Study on the Nondestructive Analysis of Methanol,Ethanol and Methyl tert-butyl ether in Gasoline by Principal Component Analysis Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Methanol, ethanol, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates can be added to gasoline to increase octane number and to reduce emission. Concentration of these oxygenates are specified and regulated to ensure acceptable commercial gasoline quality. Thus,the determination of these oxygenates in gasoline are of interest. The amounts of methanol, ethanol and MTBE have been determined by a gas chromatography.     

Simultaneous quantification of polar and non-polar volatile organic compounds in water samples by direct aqueous injection-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A direct aqueous injection-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (DAI-GC/MS) method for trace analysis of 24 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water samples is presented. The method allows for the simultaneous quantification of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes (BTEX), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), as well as a variety of chlorinated methanes, ethanes, propane, enthenes and benzenes. Applying a liquid film polyethylene glycol or a porous layer open tubular (PLOT) divinylbenzene GC capillary column to separate the water from the VOCs, volumes of 1-10 microL aqueous sample are directly injected into the GC. No enrichment or pretreatment steps are required and sample volumes as low as 100 microL are sufficient for accurate quantification. Method detection limits determined in natural groundwater samples were between 0.07 and 2.8 microg/L and instrument detection limits of <5 pg were achieved for 21 out of the 24 evaluated VOCs. DAI-GC/MS offers both good accuracy and precision (relative standard deviations 相似文献   

异丁烯二聚反应

由于甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对水源的污染,它作为汽油添加剂的应用受到环保限制,并对其生产和应用前景带来消极影响。MTBE经裂解、二聚和加氢生产异辛烷成为国外现有MTBE装置转产的主要途径。本文对异丁烯二聚催化剂、反应活性位、机理及动力学研究成果进行了综述,试图解释在异丁烯二聚时,加入的叔丁醇对二聚反应选择性提高的作用机理,为今后二聚反应的研究提供参考。     

Separation and determination of methyl tert-butyl ether and its degradation products by a laboratory-constructed micro-cryogenic chromatographic oven.

A laboratory-made micro-cryogenic chromatographic oven was mainly improved in size, which was controlled at 6 x 6 x 2.5 cm. A thermoelectric system was used to cool the capillary column instead of the traditional liquid cryogen. A cold block connected to the cryogenic module was directly solidified at room temperature with thermally conductive adhesive so that the uniformity of transferring heat was greatly improved, and the size of the system was reduced. Moreover, this system was inexpensive and convenient for both operation and control. The newly developed device coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was successfully applied to the determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and its degradation products. During the analysis procedure, a 65 microm polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber was used to extract MTBE and its degradation products. The extraction was controlled at 50 degrees C for 30 min and the NaCl content in the sample was maintained at 35%. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.006 microg mL(-1) (for MTBE) to 0.206 microg mL(-1) (for methyl acetate) and the relative standard deviations (RSD%) were below 4%. The spiked recoveries for the developed method were evaluated using various water samples as a matrix.     

Characterization and modelling of a gasoline containing 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether (MTBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE) or 1,1-dimethylpropyl methyl ether (TAME) as fuel oxygenate based on new isothermal binary vapour–liquid data

Experimental isothermal P–x data at T=313.15 K for seven binary systems (1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether (MTBE)+2,2,4-trimethylpentane); (1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether (MTBE)+toluene); (toluene+2,2,4-trimethylpentane); (toluene+1-hexene); (toluene+cyclohexane); (2,2,4-trimethylpentane+1-hexene) and (2,2,4-trimethylpentane+cyclohexane) are reported. Data reduction by Barker’s method provides correlations for G^E using the Margules equation, Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC models, which have been applied successfully. We have compared the behaviour in the vapour–liquid equilibrium of the aromatic compounds benzene and toluene and the paraffins heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. And finally we have modelled a gasoline of five components using the Wilson model, and we have compared the influence of three different ethers used as oxygenated additives in gasolines.     

分子筛催化FCC混合C4烯烃液相水合反应

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as an octane promoter in automobile fuels has been phased out in some countries due to environmental problems. This motivates substantial interest in finding new ways for upgrading gasoline[1,2]. The use of a replacement for MTBE, such as ethanol, is a feasible method to enhance the oxygenates and increase the octane number of gasoline[3].     

Determination of fuel dialkyl ethers and BTEX in water using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection

A simple procedure for the determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), ethyl butyl ether (EBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in water using headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was developed. The analysis was carried out by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) and 100% dimethylpolysiloxane fused capillary column. A 2 Plackett-Burman design for screening and a central composite design (CCD) for optimizing the significant variables were applied. Fiber type, extraction temperature, sodium chloride concentration, and headspace volume were the significant variables. A 65 microm poly(dimethylsiloxane)-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) SPME fiber, 10 degrees C, 300 g/l, and 20 ml of headspace (in 40 ml vial) were respectively chosen for the best extraction response. An extraction time of 10 min was enough to extract the ethers and BTEX. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for the procedure varied from 2.6 (benzene) to 8.5% (ethylbenzene). The method detection limits (MDLs) found were from 0.02 (toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) to 1.1 microg/l (MTBE). The optimized method was applied to the analysis of the rivers, marinas and fishing harbors surface waters from Gipuzkoa (North Spain). Three sampling were done in 1 year from June 2002 to June 2003. Toluene was the most detected analyte (in 90% of the samples analyzed), with an average concentration of 0.56 microg/l. MTBE was the only dialkyl ether detected (in 15% of the samples) showing two high levels over 400 microg/l that were related to accidental fuel spill.     

液相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二乙酯的新型催化体系CuCl/1,10-菲罗啉/N-甲咪唑

Diethyl carbonate (DEC) is one of the important green chemicals widely used for organic synthesis because of its various functional groups. DEC is a better octane blending fuel, and has more oxygen in the molecule than methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), 40.6% versus 18.2%, which reduces emissions from gasoline and diesel engine. For these reasons many studies on the production of DEC have been extensively carried out.     

Simultaneous determination of gasoline oxygenates and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in water samples using headspace-programmed temperature vaporization-fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A sensitive method is presented for the fast analysis of seven fuel oxygenates (methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) and diisopropyl ether (DIPE)) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p-xylene (BTEX) in water samples. The applicability of a headspace (HS) autosampler in combination with a GC device equipped with a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) and a MS detector is explored. The proposed method achieves a clear improvement in sensitivity with respect to conventional headspace methods due to the use of the PTV. Two different packed liners with materials of different trapping strengths (glass wool and Tenax-TA) were compared. The benefits of using Tenax-TA instead of glass wool as packed material for the measurement of the 11 compounds emerged as better signal-to-noise ratios and hence better detection limits. The proposed method is extremely sensitive. The limits of detection are of the order of ng/L for six of the compounds studied and of the order of microg/L for the rest, with the exception of the most polar and volatile compound: methanol. Precision (measured as the relative standard deviation for a level with an S/N ratio close to 3) was equal to or lower than 15% in all cases. The method was applied to the determination of the analytes in natural matrixes (tap, river and sea water) and the results obtained can be considered highly satisfactory. The methodology has much lower detection limits than the concentration limits proposed in drinking water by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Union for compounds under regulation.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定饮用水中的卤乙酸

参照美国EPA Method 552.3方法中的液-液微萃取、酸化甲醇衍生化技术,以高纯水代替甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）做溶剂配制标准贮备液,采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术对饮用水中的卤乙酸(HAAs)进行测定。结果表明:在所确立的检测条件下,样品分析时间短,内标、HAAs组分峰在谱图上能够得到很好的分离。低、中、高3个浓度水平的加标水样的HAAs回收率为82%~103%。该方法的检测限:二氯乙酸为0.72 μg/L、三氯乙酸为0.44 μg/L。用水做溶剂配制的标准贮备液在4 ℃条件下贮存时,贮存时间为2个月。     

Investigation of methyl tert-butyl ether levels in river-, ground-, and sewage-waters analyzed using a purge-and-trap interfaced to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer

River water collected from 27 sites in 21 rivers, groundwater from 66 sites in 34 cities, and 2 sewage plants in the Niigata Prefecture, Japan (total 301 samples) were analyzed for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) using an improved purge-and-trap-GC-MS method. The amount of MTBE found in water samples from the 27 river sites ranged from 0.003 to 5.3 microg l(-1). MTBE was found in all 27 sites during winter but it was found at only 9 sites and 14 sites, respectively, during the summer. MTBE was found most frequently (in 21 sites) at levels ranging from 0.003 to 0.009 microg l(-1) during February. The highest levels of MTBE were always found in the samples collected from the same site. The amount of MTBE found in sewage water samples ranged from <0.003 to 0.025 microgl(-1). No significant differences were observed between the amounts of MTBE recovered from inflow and outflow waters. Relatively high levels (0.02-0.034 microg l(-1) ) of MTBE were found in January at two sites, which were located on the upper course of the Shinano River. MTBE levels ranged from 0.004 to 0.035 microgl(-l) and from 0.005 to 0.041 microgl(-1) at the mouths of the Shinano River and Agano River, respectively. The levels of MTBE in groundwater collected from 66 sites in 34 cities in Niigata Prefecture ranged from <0.003 to 5.9 microg l(-1).     

Influence of temperature on thermodynamics of ethers + xylenes

The densities and ultrasonic velocity of the binary mixtures methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) + (o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene) at the range 288.15–323.15 K and atmospheric pressure, have been measured over the whole concentration range. The experimental excess volumes and deviation of isentropic compressibilities data have been analyzed. The experimental values have been studied in terms of different theoretical models. The gathered data improve open literature related to gasoline additives, as the comparison has proved, and help to understand the ether effect into aromatic environment in terms of steric hindrance and oxygen group polar potency.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蜂胶原胶中氯霉素的残留量

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)测定蜂胶原胶中氯霉素残留量的分析方法。样品用叔丁基甲醚溶解,氢氧化钠溶液去除黄酮类等杂质,叔丁基甲醚层加正己烷降低氯霉素的溶解度,再用乙酸钠缓冲液反萃氯霉素,反萃溶液调至碱性后用乙酸乙酯萃取,经浓缩、复溶和过滤后,进行测定。采用甲醇-水(65∶35,体积比)为流动相,反相Atlantis T_3色谱柱进行液相色谱分离,电喷雾负离子电离(ESI-),多反应监测模式(MRM)进行检测,内标法定量。结果表明,氯霉素在0.1~5.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好;方法的定量下限(S/N≥10)为0.3μg/kg;在0.3、0.6、3.0μg/kg加标水平下,氯霉素的平均回收率为97.3%~103%,相对标准偏差为4.8%~6.4%。该法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合兽药残留检测的要求。     

Method for determination of methyl tert-butyl ether in gasoline by gas chromatography

A simple method for the determination of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline has been developed. The separation of MTBE from other analytes was controlled by the use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in the full scan mode using the characteristic primary, secondary and tertiary ions m/z 73, 57 and 43. The sample mass spectrum did not show any superimposition of other analytes. The separation from the common gasoline component 2-methylpentane was sufficient for reliable quantitation. An application of the developed conditions using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was performed by the analysis of regular, euro super, super premium unleaded and ‘Optimax’ gasoline from petrol stations in the area of Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Regular unleaded gasoline shows an average MTBE content of 0.4% (w/w), whereas the MTBE content in euro super gasoline varies between 0.4 and 4.2% (w/w). The blending of MTBE to super premium has increased from 8.2% (w/w) in 1998 to 9.8% (w/w) on average in 1999. The recently introduced gasoline ‘Optimax’ shows an average MTBE content of 11.9% (w/w). The presented method might also be used for the analysis of other ethers, such as ethyl tert-butyl ether, which requires the use of another internal standard.     

Vapor-liquid equilibria of binary mixtures containing methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and/or substitution hydrocarbons at 298.15 K and 313.15 K

An up-to-date high accuracy vapor-liquid equilibrium apparatus (Van Ness' type) for binary and ternary mixtures has been newly built and successfully tested. A program on thermodynamic characterization of binary and ternary mixtures of oxygenate additives and/or hydrocarbons substituting the main classes of constituents of a real gasoline is presented. Some of the early results are reported, discussed and compared with literature data. These systems are the binary mixtures cyclohexane + n-heptane, benzene + cyclohexane and methyl tert-buthyl ether (MTBE) + n-hexane, all have been measured at 313.15 K and the first of them at 298.15 K too.     

Resolution, quantification and confirmation of betamethasone and dexamethasone in equine plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

This method describes the simultaneous separation, identification, quantification and confirmation of betamethasone (BTM) and dexamethasone (DXM) in equine plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) integrated with multidimensional tandem mass spectrometry. Analytes were directly extracted from equine plasma by methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The residues were reconstituted with sample solvent. LC separation of the analytes was performed on a Hypercarb column using acetonitrile/water/formic acid (95:5:0.5, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Sample screening, quantification and confirmation were performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.1-75 ng/mL for both analytes. Limit of detection (LOD) was 50 pg/mL and that of quantification (LOQ) was 100 pg/mL for both analytes. The limit of confirmation (LOC) for the presence of BTM or DXM by MRM was 0.5 ng/mL. The intra-and inter-day precisions expressed as coefficient of variation (CV) for quantification of DXM and BTM from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL were less than 7% and the accuracy was in the range of 97-105%. This method is capable of distinguishing BTM from DXM when both analytes are simultaneously present in equine plasma. Measurement uncertainty for both analytes was estimated at less than 16%. The method is rapid, specific, selective, sensitive, simple and reliable. The importance of this method is its usefulness in directly identifying and differentiating BTM from DXM without derivatization.     

Determination of methyl tert-butyl ether in gasoline: a comparison of three fast methods based on mass spectrometry

A high-speed quantitative analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) using three different methods with mass spectrometry detection has been performed. The first method is based on fast chromatography and required an analysis time of 5.23 min per sample, although a certain period (6 min) was necessary for the initial measurement conditions to be regained prior to analysing the next sample. The other two are non-separative methods and are based on direct injection and headspace generation. The analysis times were 1.5 and 3.5 min, respectively, although in the latter case an additional period of time was required to extract volatiles from the sample. The analytical characteristics of all three methods are highly satisfactory in terms of linearity, lack of fit, precision and accuracy. The methods were applied to the determination of MTBE in different gasoline samples. The non-separative methods afforded slightly higher concentrations than those found when fast chromatography was used; this is due to the presence of other minor components that contribute to the abundance of the ion at m/z 73, characteristic of MTBE. We propose a correction that removes this error very satisfactorily and allows the same results to be obtained with all three methodologies proposed.