Detection of halogen bond formation by correlation of proton solvent shifts. 1. Haloforms in n-electron donor solvents

The solvent shifts of haloformic protons, (Cl₃CH, Br₃CH, I₃CH), have been measured in 24 n-electron donor solvents consisting of halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, ethers and amines. Deviations of Δ_Br and Δ₁ from linear dependence with Δ_Cl are indicative of the presence of halogen bond formation competitive with hydrogen bonding interactions. Bromoform interacts predominantly by hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding being detected to a small extent in chlorinated hydrocarbons and amines. Iodoform shows halogen bonding interactions which increase in relative importance to hydrogen bonding with solvent basicity. Halogen bonding is predominant for solutions of iodoform in amines.     

The role of solvent in some oxygen-transfer reactions of peroxy compounds

Solvent–solute interactions in the peroxyacid oxidations are believed to be specific rather than electrostatic in nature. The kinetic solvent effects reported for the oxidations of organic sulfides, olefins, acetylenes, nitrosobenzenes, thioketones, and aryl sulfines reveal that in each case the rates are fast in nonbasic solvents (e.g., benzene, nitrobenzene, and halogenated hydrocarbons) relative to those in basic solvents such as DMF, dioxane, and alcohols. The rates in CF₃CH₂OH and aqueous or partially aqueous media are again higher than those in the basic solvents. This remakably similar pattern of sensitivity of rates to changes in the solvent nature appears to be characteristic of these oxidations as demonstrated by the existence of linear free-energy relationship. The behavior is best understood in terms of cyclic transition states for these oxidations in which charge separation is avoided by intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding depending on the nature of the solvent. Solvent effects on sulfoxide oxidation and on oxidations by hydrogen peroxide and t-butylhydroperoxide are also briefly discussed.     

Solvent Effects in Halogen and Hydrogen Bonding Mediated Electrochemical Anion Sensing in Aqueous Solution and at Interfaces

Sensing anionic species in competitive aqueous media is a well-recognised challenge to long-term applications across a multitude of fields. Herein, we report a comprehensive investigation of the electrochemical anion sensing performance of novel halogen bonding (XB) and hydrogen bonding (HB) bis-ferrocene-(iodo)triazole receptors in solution and at self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), in a range of increasingly competitive aqueous organic solvent media (ACN/H₂O). In solution, the XB sensor notably outperforms the HB sensor, with substantial anion recognition induced cathodic voltammetric responses of the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple persisting even in highly competitive aqueous solvent media of 20 % water content. The response to halides, in particular, shows a markedly lower sensitivity to increasing water content associated with a unique halide selectivity at unprecedented levels of solvent polarity. The HB sensor, in contrast, generally displayed a preference towards oxoanions. A significant surface-enhancement effect was observed for both XB/HB receptive films in all solvent systems, whereby the HB sensor generally displayed larger responses towards oxoanions than its halogen bonding analogue.     

Halogen Bonding or Hydrogen Bonding between 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidine-noxyl Radical and Trihalomethanes CHX3 (X=Cl,Br, I)

The halogen and hydrogen bonding complexes between 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-noxyl and trihalomethanes (CHX₃, X=Cl, Br, I) are simulated by computational quantum chem-istry. The molecular electrostatic potentials, geometrical parameters and interaction energy of halogen and hydrogen bonding complexes combined with natural bond orbital analysis are obtained. The results indicate that both halogen and hydrogen bonding interactions obey the order Cl相似文献   

Triangular Halogen Bond and Hydrogen Bond Supramolecular Complex Consisting of Carbon Tetrabromide,Halide, and Solvent Molecule： A Theoretical and Spectroscopic Study

The theoretical calculation and spectroscopic experiments indicate a kind of triangular three bonding supramolecular complexes CBr4…X^-…-H-C, which consist of carbon tetrabromide, halide, and protic solvent molecule （referring to dichloromethane, chloroform and acetonitrile）, can be formed in solution. The strength of halogen and hydrogen bonds in the triangular complexes using halide as common acceptor obeys the order of iodide〉bromide〉chloride. The halogen and hydrogen bonds work weak-cooperatively. Charge transfer bands of halogen bonding complexes between CBra and halide are observed in UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy in three solvents, and then the stoichiometry of 1：1, formation constants K and molar extinction coefficients ε of the halogen bonding complexes are obtained by Benesi-Hildebrand method. The K and ε show a dependence on the solvent dielectric constant and, on the whole, obey an order of iodide〉bromide〉chloride in the same solvents. Furthermore, the C-H vibrational frequencies of solvent molecules vary obviously with the addition of halide, which indicates the C-H…X- interaction. The experimental data indicate that the halogen bond and hydrogen bond coexist by sharing a common halide acceptor as predicted by calculation.     

A naked-eye colorimetric sensor for chloroform

A phenoxazine based sensor molecule shows fast response (within 5 s) to halogenated solvents, especially chloroform via obvious color change under 365 nm UV light irradiation.     

Effects of solvent on weak halogen bonds: Density functional theory calculations

In recent years, many applications of solution‐phase halogen bonding in anion recognition, catalysis, and pseudorotaxane formation have been reported. Moreover, a number of thermodynamic data of halogen bonding interactions in organic solution are now available. To obtain detailed information of the influence of the surrounding medium on weak halogen bonds, a series of dimeric complexes of halobenzene (PhX) with three electron donors (H₂O, HCHO, and NH₃) were investigated by means of DFT/PBE calculations in this work. The PCM implicit solvation approach was utilized to include the effects of three solvents (cyclohexane, chloroform, and water) as representatives for a wide range of dielectric constant. In some cases, halogen‐bond distances are shown to shorten in solution, accompanied by concomitant elongation of the C? X bonds. For the remaining systems, the intermolecular distances tend to increase or remain almost unchanged under solvent effects. In general, the solvent has a slight destabilizing effect on weak halogen bonds; the strength order of halogen bonds observed in vacuum remains unchanged in liquid phases. Particularly, the interaction strength attenuates in the order I > Br > Cl in solution, consistent with the experimental measurements of weak halogen bond door abilities. The similarities between halogen and hydrogen bonding in solution were also elucidated. The results presented herein would be very useful in future applications of halogen bonding in molecular recognition and medicinal chemistry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012     

Theoretical studies of the tautomeric equilibria for five-member N-heterocycles in the gas phase and in solution

Tautomeric equilibria have been studied for five-member N-heterocycles and their methyl derivatives in the gas phase and in different solvents with dielectric constants of epsilon = 4.7-78.4. The free energy changes differently for tautomers upon solvation as compared to the gas phase, resulting in a shift of the equilibrium constant in solution. Solvents with increasing dielectric constant produce more negative solute-solvent interaction energies and increasing internal energies. The methyl-substituted imidazole and pyrrazole form delicate equilibria between two tautomeric forms. Depending on the solvent, the methyl-substituted triazoles and tetrazole have one or two major tautomers in solution. When estimating the relative solvation free energies by means of an explicit solvent model and using the FEP/MC method, one observes that the preferred tautomers differ in several cases from those predicted by the continuum solvent model. The 1,2-prototropic shift, as an intramolecular tautomerization path, requires about 50 kcal/mol activation energy for imidazole in the gas phase, and this route is also disfavored in a solution. The calculated activation free energy along the intramolecular path is 48-50 kcal/mol in chloroform and water as compared to a literature value of 13.6 kcal/mol for pyrrazole in DMSO. A molecular dynamics computer experiment favors the formation of an imidazole chain in chloroform, making the 1,3-tautomerization feasible along an intermolecular path in nonprotic solvents. In aqueous solution, one strong N-H...Ow hydrogen bond is formed for each species, whereas all other nitrogens in the ring form weaker, N...HwOw type hydrogen bonds. The tetrahydrofuran solvent acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor and forms N-H...Oether bonds. Molecules of the dichloromethane solvent are in favorable dipole-dipole interactions with the solute. The results obtained are useful in the design of N-heterocyclic ligands forming specified hydrogen bonds with protein side chains.     

Solvent effect on the photophysical properties of the anticancer agent ellipticine

This paper investigates how solution conditions, especially solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding, affect the fluorescence of ellipticine, a natural plant alkaloid with anticancer activity. A total of 16 solvents that cover a wide range of polarities were tested. The ultraviolet (UV) absorption and fluorescence emission of ellipticine were found to be solvent dependent. The absorption and emission maximum shifted to higher wavelengths (red shift) with increased solvent polarity. The difference in absorption and emission maximum (Stokes' shift) was large, approximately 10,000-11,000 cm-1, in polar solvents (with orientation polarizability Deltaf>0.2) but unusually small, approximately 8900 cm-1, in nonpolar solvents (hexane and cyclohexane). Large Stokes' shifts were due to an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), which was enabled by large solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding of ellipticine with the solvents. Two transitions were found in the Lippert-Mataga plot between (1) nonpolar and semipolar solvents and between (2) semipolar and polar solvents. The first transition reflected the formation of hydrogen bonds between ellipticine and the solvents whereas the second transition indicated that ellipticine underwent an ICT. In addition, the larger extinction coefficients and the longer lifetime of ellipticine obtained in protic solvents were attributed to the formation of stronger hydrogen bonds. The photophysical response of ellipticine to changes in solvent polarity and hydrogen bond formation could be used to infer the location of ellipticine in a heterogeneous medium, namely liposomes in aqueous solution. A relatively large red shift of emission in liposomes indicated that ellipticine may be in a more polar environment with respect to the lipid bilayer, possibly close to the hydrophilic interface.     

Mechanism of olefin epoxidation in the presence of a titanium-containing zeolite

The effect of the nature of a solvent on the liquid-phase epoxidation of olefins with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide over a titanium-containing zeolite is studied. Butanol-1, butanol-2, propanol-1, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, isobutanol, and tert-butanol are examined as solvents. A mechanism of olefin epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide in an alcohol medium over a titanium-containing zeolite is proposed. Epoxidation reactions involving hydrogen peroxide and different olefins are studied experimentally.     

Solvent effect on epoxidation of allyl chloride with hydrogen peroxide on titanium-containing silicalite

The solvent effect on liquid-phase epoxidation of allyl chloride with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide on TS-1 titanium-containing silicalite was examined. 1-Butanol, 2-butanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and 1-pentanol were tested as solvents.     

Spectrophotometric determination of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron and manganese as their pyridine thiocyanates Simultaneous determination in mixtures

Spectrophotometric determinations of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, and manganese, based on the chloroform extraction of the metal pyridine thiocyanates, have been investigated. Optimum conditions require the pH of the aqueous solution to be in the range about 5–8; tartaric acid is used to prevent precipitation of hydrous oxides. An excess of pyridine must be used because chloroform readily extracts pyridine from the aqueous solution. Results are improved by making the extraction from a solution of high ionic strength (2 or above), which is provided by magnesium nitrate. Perchlorate decreases the absorbance, but the effect is essentially constant over a perchlorate concentration range of 0.8 to 2M. Although the metal pyridine thiocyanates are extracted by benzene, substituted benzenes, and halogenated hydrocarbons, chloroform is superior to other solvents in extraction efficiency and in colour stability of the extracted species. An example is given of the simultaneous determination of copper, nickel, cobalt, and iron in the same solution. Anions that also form metal pyridine compounds must be absent.     

Hydrogen bond donor solvents enabled metal and halogen-free Friedel–Crafts acylations with virtually no waste stream

We have developed a metal and halogen-free Friedel–Crafts acylation protocol with virtually no waste stream generation. We propose a hydrogen bonding donor solvent will form a hydrogen bonding network and may provide significant rate enhancement for Friedel–Crafts reactions. Trifluoroacetic acid is one of the strongest H-bond donor solvents, which is also volatile and can be easily recovered by distillation without need for reaction workup. Our protocol is a ‘green’ Friedel–Crafts acylation process: 1) the catalyst can be recovered and reused; 2) using halogen free starting material (carboxylic acids anhydride or carboxylic acids); 3) no need for aqueous reaction work-up; 4) minimum or no waste steam generation.     

阳离子荧光敏感器的器件化问题研究

通过对石英玻片表面修饰, 制作了联有多氨基链萘基的超薄膜荧光敏感器件, 研究了它在镍、铜等金属离子水溶液及有机溶剂中的荧光猝灭现象. 发现其荧光光谱无论在水或其他有机溶剂中都存在着单体和激基缔合物(ex-cimer)的发射峰, 当处于镍离子水溶液中时, 其单体峰随离子浓度的增大出现了先增强后减弱的现象, 而激基缔合物的发光峰则仅略有减弱但变化不大. 在铜离子水溶液中其荧光的变化情况和镍离子有所不同, 对单体荧光只能观察到强度减弱的趋势, 而激基缔合物则变化不大. 比较了未联结的敏感器化合物分子在有机溶剂中荧光被铜离子猝灭的行为, 发现与其在器件表面时有很大的差别, 表明其分子结构和构象也有很大的不同.     

Effect of Organic Compounds and Salts on the Tris(2,2"-Bipyridyl)Ruthenium(II)-Photosensitized Substitution of the Sulfo Group for Halogen in Halogenated Naphthalenes in Aqueous Solutions

The effect of the addition of organic compounds and salts on the occurrence of the chain radical-ion reaction of replacement of halogen by sulfo group in halogenated hydroxynaphthalenes in a sodium sulfite aqueous solution, which was photosensitized by a tris(2,2"-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex, was studied. It was shown that both organic compounds and salts in small concentrations increase the quantum yield of the substitution reaction. The kinetic scheme of the reaction is discussed.     

Photophysics and photochemical studies of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives

The absorption and fluorescence properties of nifedipine (NPDHP), felodipine (CPDHP) and a series of structurally related 1,4-dihydropyridines were studied in aqueous solution and organic solvents of different properties. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were found to depend on the chemical nature of the substituents at the position 4 of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring (DHP) and on solvent properties. In aqueous solution, the fluorescence spectra of 4-phenyl substituted compounds are blue-shifted with respect to the alkyl substituted compounds. The more fluorescent compound is CPDHP. Nifedipine is not fluorescent. All compounds, with the exception of CPDHP, present monoexponential fluorescence decay with very short lifetime (0.2-0.4 ns). CPDHP showed a biexponential emission decay with a long-lived component of 1.7 ns; this behavior is explained in terms of different conformers because of the hindered rotation of the phenyl group by the ortho-substitution. Analysis of the solvent effect on the maximum of the absorption spectrum by using the linear solvent-energy relation solvato-chromic equation indicates the redshifts are influenced by the polarizability, hydrogen bonding ability and the hydrogen bond acceptance of the solvent. Whereas, the fluorescence characteristics (spectra, quantum yields and lifetimes) are sensitive to the polarizabilty and hydrogen bond ability of the solvents. Photo-decomposition of nifedipine is dependent on the solvent properties. Faster decomposition rates were obtained in nonprotic solvents. The 4-carboxylic derivative goes to decarboxylation. Under similar conditions, the other DHP compounds did not show appreciable photodecomposition.     

Membrane-based solvent extraction for selective removal and recovery of metals

A membrane-based solvent extraction process was developed for selective removal and recovery of metals from aqueous solutions. The process utilizes microporous membranes as an interface between an aqueous solution and organic solvents containing liquid ion exchangers. Metal ions are transported from the aqueous solution to the organic phase at the interface created in the pores of membrane. The organic solvent, which is loaded with metal ions in the extraction module, is regenerated in contact with the stripping solution in the stripping module. One important feature of this process is the stability of the membrane system, which results from using an aqueous—organic separator to remove aqueous solution from the organic circulating line. This process was evaluated for enrichment of copper using solvents containing LIX 64N. The process is applicable to selective recovery of metals from ore leachates or metal-containing wastewater.     

Solvent‐Dependent Self‐Discrimination of Bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)diamides

Solvent‐dependent, self‐discrimination of diamides is described. Mixing a solution of (R)‐ 1 a and (S)‐ 1 a , which are valine‐derived, bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)diamide‐bearing, multiple hydrogen‐bonding modules, in dichloromethane immediately led to the formation of a thick suspension comprising a 1:1 heterochiral aggregate of 1 a . The solubility of heterochiral 1 a was substantially lower in halogenated solvents than in ethyl acetate. A perusal of racemic crystal structures obtained from chloroform and ethyl acetate revealed a significant difference in the crystal‐packing pattern, which is likely to be the basis for the pronounced difference in solubility. Specific self‐discrimination of 1 a in an ensemble of eight structurally related molecules showcased the specific aggregation through the hydrogen‐bonding network of the bis(2‐hydroxyphenyl)diamide framework. The low solubility of heterochiral 1 a in halogenated solvent was exploited to achieve high stereoselectivity in a catalytic asymmetric reaction by using a low enantiomeric excess sample of 1 a .     

Aspects of chloride interference in zinc determination by atomic-absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomization

During the determination of zinc in a polluted stream by atomic-absorption with electrothermal atomization, chloride was found to exercise a large negative interference (40%) when a carbon-filament atomizer was used, but not when a graphite-furnace atomizer was used. The effect on the filament method was confirmed and shown to be due to the formation of zinc chloride, and further complicated by interaction of this with iron. This interference could be overcome by the use of aqueous ammonia solution or silver nitrate added as matrix modifier. The absence of interference in the graphite-furnace method is attributed to the liberation of hydrogen and removal of chloride as hydrogen chloride. It is further suggested that these observations offer a basis for the exploration of apparently contradictory reports in the literature.     

2-Amino-7-nitro-fluorenes in neat and mixed solvents-optical band shapes and solvatochromism

Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of amino-nitro-fluorenes in the UV-visible range shows that the dynamic Stokes shift of the emission band is sensitive to infrared-active modes of the solvent. Bandshapes for stationary absorption and emission are needed to quantify the observed spectral evolution. They are reported for 2-amino-7-nitro-fluorene (ANF), 2-dimethylamino-7-nitro-fluorene (dM-ANF), and 2-di(n-butyl)amino-7-nitro-9-di(n-propyl)-fluorene (dBdP-ANF) in a variety of solvents. Bands broaden systematically with increasing solvent polarity. This effect is taken into account in an improved location of band positions. The resulting solvatochromic plots differ significantly from those that use peak positions of absorption spectra and fluorescence quantum distributions. Absorption spectra were also measured in aqueous solvent mixtures, and shifts are described by binding curves for hydrogen bonding and stepwise solvent exchange.