Solvent extraction of silver and thallium picrates with poly- and bis-(crown ether)s

Summary Solvent extraction of silver and thallium picrates by new poly- and bis(crown ether)s, which contain benzo-15-crown-5 or benzo-18-crown-6 moieties, was carried out in water-chloroform system. The poly- and bis(crown ether)s showed higher extractability for both metals than the corresponding monocyclic crown ethers.Especially poly- and bis(benzo-15-crown-5) were found to be quite effective extracting agents for Tl⁺.The extraction equilibrium constants and the complexation constants for the chloroform phase were also estimated.

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Lösungsmittelextraktion von Silber- und Thalliumpikraten mit Poly- und Bis-Kronenethern

Zusammenfassung Die Extraktion der Pikrate wurde in Wasser/Chloroform mit neuen Poly- und Bis-Kronenethern durchgeführt, die Benzo-15-Krone-5- oder Benzo-18-krone-6-Komponenten enthielten. Die Poly- und Bis-Kronenether wiesen für beide Metalle eine bessere Extrahierbarkeit auf als die entsprechenden monocyclischen Kronenether. Insbesondere Poly- und Bis(benzo-15-krone-5) erwiesen sich als wirkungsvolle Extraktionsmittel für Thallium(I). Die Extraktions-Gleichgewichtskonstanten und die Komplexbildungskonstanten für die Chloroformphase wurden bestimmt.

     

Solvent extraction of alkaline earth metal picrates with poly- and bis(crown ether)s

Summary Solvent extraction of alkaline earth metal picrates with poly- and bis(crown ether)s containing benzo-15-crown-5- and benzo-18-crown-6 moieties was carried out in a water-chloroform system. The poly- and bis(crown ether)s showed larger extractability for the metal picrates than the corresponding monocyclic crown ethers. Especially, poly- and bis(benzo-15-crown-5), and bis(benzo-18-crown-6) were found to have relatively high extractability and selectivity for Ba²⁺ and Sr²⁺, respectively.

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Lösungsmittelextraktion von Erdalkalipikraten mit Hilfe von Poly- und Bis-Kronenethern

Zusammenfassung Poly- und Bis-Kronenether mit Benzo-15-krone-5- und Benzo-18-krone-6-Einheiten wurden zur Extraktion von Erdalkalipikraten im Wasser-Chloroform-System verwendet. Die genannten Ether zeigten eine bessere Extraktionsfähigkeit für die Pikrate als die entsprechenden monocyclischen Kronenether. Im Falle von Ba²⁺ und Sr²⁺ ergab sich eine besonders gute Extrahierbarkeit und Selektivität mit Poly- und Bis(benzo-15-krone-5)- und Bis(benzo-18-krone-6)-Ethern.

     

New Poly - and Bis(crown ether)s as Extracting Reagents

Abstract

New poly- and bis(crown ether)s containing benzo-15-crown-5 or benzo-18-crown-6 moieties were synthesized as extracting reagents, and by a preliminary solvent extraction of alkali metal picrates the poly- and bis-(crown ether)s were found to extract the cations capable of forming sandwich-type 2:1 complexes more effectively than their monomeric analogs.     

Properties of cis- and trans-bis(crown ether)s for complexation and extraction of alkali metal picrates

The properties of cis- and trans-bis(crown ether)s containing benzo-15-crown-5 or benzo-18-crown-6 units as complexants and extractants for alkali metal picrates have been studied. The optical spectra suggest that the cis-bis(crown ether)s can form intramolecular 2:1 crown ether unit/cation complexes with particular metal cations easily, while the trans-bis(crown ether)s can form only 1:1 crown ether unit/cation complexes because of the unfavourable trans configuration for the formation of the 2:1 complexes. It was found that the cis isomer possesses much higher extractive power than the trans isomer for the metal cations, which also reflects their complexing properties. The extraction equilibrium constants and thermodynamic quantities have been also evaluated, and the effect of the stereochemical structure of the bis(crown ether) on the complexing and extractive properties is discussed.     

腙型双冠醚对碱金属的配位性能

本文报道了五个腙型双冠醚的合成。电导测定结果表明含苯并-15-冠-5单元的双冠醚与四苯基硼酸钾、铷、铯,含苯并-18-冠-6单元的双冠醚与四苯基硼酸铯生成2:1夹心型配合物(冠醚单元:金属离子)。并用这些双冠醚的氯仿溶液萃取苦味酸碱金属盐水溶液,测定了萃取百分率和计算了萃取平衡常数,结果表明腙型双冠醚的萃取能力及选择性优于相应的单冠醚。     

双冠醚配位作用的热力学性质V. 双(苯并-15-冠-5)与稀土(III)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中分子内夹心配位作用

本文用分光光度滴定法测定了双(苯并-15-冠-5)(1)与轻稀土(III)硝酸盐在无水乙腈溶液中, 20.0-35.0℃时分子内夹心配位作用的稳定常数, 进而计算了配位焓和配位熵, 并与母体苯并15-冠-5(2)的实验结果作了比较。化学计量法表明, 所有稀土硝酸盐均与双(苯并-15-冠-5)形成了1 : 1的配合物。从热力学的观点, 讨论了双冠醚分子结构、尺寸效应和空间构型等配位稳定性的影响。研究结果发现, 双冠醚(1)对于Eu^3^+具有较强的配位能力和配位选择性, Nd^3^+次之。配合物的稳定性主要来自于熵的贡献。     

Thermodynamics of Amino Acid Methyl Ester Hydrochlorides—Crown Ether Complexes in Methanol at 25°C

Stability constants, free energies, and enthalpies and entropies of the complexation of L-alanine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-Ala-HCl), L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-Phe-HCl), and valine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-Val-HCl) with 15-crown-5 (15C5), benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5), 18-crown-6 (18C6), benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6), and dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 (DC24C8) in methanol are reported for 20°C. No significant variation in the stability constants and free energies of complexation is observed, indicating that the various crown ethers are poorly selective in binding the amino acids. However, the nature of the crown ether and the amino acid and their pattern of substitution cause a remarkable variation in the enthalpies and entropies of complexation. This indicates a strong enthalpy–entropy compensation effect. The enthalpy–entropy compensation effect for the crown ether complexes of the amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides reported herein is compared with that of the crown ethers complexes of the amino alcohols and the free amino acid. It is found that the enthalpy–entropy compensation effect holds equally for the three classes of complexes.     

酚醛冠醚共缩聚物的合成与性能

用2,6-二羟甲基-4-苯基苯酚分别与二苯并-18-冠-6(2B18C6)、二苯并-24-冠-8(2B24C8)、二苯并-30冠-10(2B30C10)、苯并-15-冠-5(B15C5)、苯并-18-冠-6(B18C6)缩聚合成了五种酚醛型冠醚共聚物。我们用聚冠醚的氯仿溶液萃取苦味酸碱金属盐水溶液,研究了它们对金属离子的络合性能。结果表明,聚冠醚(PB15C5)和(PB18C6)的萃取能力和选择性显著优于相应的单冠醚。     

Study of isotope effect upon lithium iodide complexation with benzo-15-crown-5 in water–chloroform extraction system

Extraction characteristics of chloroform–water system in lithium iodide extraction with benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) were studied. The complexation of the crown ether with LiI in organic phase was shown by IR spectroscopy. Isotope effect multiplication was performed by extraction chromatography technique. The magnitude of isotope separation factor (α) for ⁶Li-⁷Li pair was 1.017. The light lithium isotope is concentrated in organic phase.     

二苯并-18-冠-6与碱金属苦味酸盐在氯仿中的相互作用

研究一种方法以测定二苯并-18-冠-6在氯仿中与碱金属苦味酸盐相互作用的若干参数。这些参数是:络合物的无限稀释摩尔电导 A_0,络合物的解离常数 K_d(或 k_d),络合物中冠醚与盐的分子比,冠醚对苦味酸盐的络合常数 K_c(或 k_c),以及冠醚存在下苦味酸盐紧密离子对的饱和浓度[MA]等。     

Thermodynamic study of solvent extraction of 15-crown-5- and 18-crown-6-s-block metal ion complexes and tetraalkylammonium ions with picrate anions into chloroform

Enthalpy and entropy changes for ion-pair extractions of tetraalkylammonium ions (R(4)N(+)) with picrate anions, overall extractions of s-block metal picrates with 15-crown-5 (15C5) and 18-crown-6 (18C6) and the partition of 15C5 itself were determined between chloroform and water. The distribution behaviour of crown ethers and the extraction process of s-block metal picrates with the crown ethers are discussed in detail on molecular grounds from the thermodynamic point of view. Moreover, enthalpy and entropy changes for ion-pair extractions of 1:1 15C5- and 18C6-s-block metal ion complexes with picrate anions are calculated from these experimental thermodynamic parameters and the literature values for complex-formation reactions of the crown ethers with the s-block metal ions in water. Enthalpy and entropy changes are negative for overall extractions of all the s-block metal picrates with 15C5 and 18C6. The extractions of the metal picrates with 15C5 and 18C6 at 25 degrees are completely enthalpy driven. Plots of thermodynamic parameters for ion-pair extractions of R(4)NA vs. the number of carbon atoms of R(4)N(+) show a linear relationship. From these experimental data, contributions of a methylene group and an ether oxygen atom to the thermodynamic parameters of the ion-pair extraction of R(4)NA and the partition of the crown ethers, respectively, between chloroform and water were obtained. Enthalpy and entropy changes for ion-pair extractions of 15C5- and 18C6-s-block metal picrate complexes were compared with those of R(4)NA. A striking difference in the ion-pair extraction process was found between the crown ether complexes and R(4)NA.     

Allylation of phenoxides by crown ethers and their polymers

Allylation of sodium phenoxide in the presence of crown ethers produces a high ratio of O/O + C allylation when conducted in water, phenol, benzene, or diethyl ether. The striking increase in the product ratios is attributed to specific complexation of the crown ethers that facilitate the dissociation of the ion pair aggregate of the sodioderivative in benzene or diethyl ether. The crown ethers may act as a phase transfer catalyst when the reaction is run in water. Furthermore, the O/O + C ratios of the allylation strongly depend on the kind of crown ethers used. To examine their effect the allylation of sodium phenoxide was studied with various crown ethers, such as 18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6, benzo-15-crown-5, poly(vinylmonobenzo-15-crown-5), and poly(vinylmono-benzo-18-crown-6), as catalysts. It was found that among these crown ethers poly(vinylmono-benzo-15-crown-5) was the most effective catalyst.     

含嘧啶环的双冠醚（Ⅱ）

由4，6－二氯－5－硝基嘧啶、2，4－二氯－5－硝基－6－甲基嘧啶分别与4′-氨基苯并冠醚反应合成了6种以嘧啶环为桥链的新双冠醚，其中分别含有苯并－12－冠－4（Al,Bl)、苯并－15－冠－5（A2，B2）和苯并－18－冠－6（A3，B3）单元。用这些双冠 氯仿溶液绎碱金属苦味酸盐水溶液进行了萃取，计算了萃取平衡常数Kc。结果表明双冠醚（A1，B1）、（A2，B2）和（A3，B3）分别对钠、钾和铯具有较高的萃取能力，其选择性显著优于相应的单冠醚。     

Effect of rigid fragments in the macrocycle on the adaptation of crown ethers to alkali-metal ions

Complexation selectivity curves were obtained by theoretical conformational analysis and penalty functions in terms of the conformational factors in the following crown ethers: 15-crown-5; benzo-15-crown-5: 18-crown-6; benzo-18-crown-6; dibenzo-18-crown-6; cyclohexano-18-crown-6. In the last case the effect of cis—trans isomerism in the bridging bonds on the selectivity of complexation with the ligand was investigated. Analysis of the selectivity curves shows that the introduction of aromatic fragments into the macrocycle reduces its adaptive capabilities. The complexation selectivity of the ligands from the selectivity curves is compared with the experimental stability series of the crown ether complexes with alkali metals.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 355–360, May–June, 1990.     

Formation Constants of Complexes of Monovalent Cations with Benzocrown Ethers in Nitromethane

The complexation reactions between the macrocyclic polyethers dibenzo-18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6, benzo-15-crown-5 and polyethers bearing a stilbene unit with alkali metal and silver cations have been studied conductometrically in nitromethane. The formation constants of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (metal : ligand) complexes were determined and found to decrease with increasing cation diameter. The stability of the stilbene crown – metal cation complexes is lower than for complexes of other investigated crown ethers with analogous cations. There seem to be some effects of double bond-silver ion interactions.     

Microcalorimetric determination of thermodynamic parameters for ionophore-siderophore host-guest complex formation

Thermodynamic parameters (delta H, delta S, and delta G) were determined by microcalorimetry in wet chloroform for host-guest assembly formation involving second-sphere complexation of the siderophore ferrioxamine B by crown ether (18-crown-6, cis-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, benzo-18-crown-6) and cryptand (2.2.2 cryptand) hosts. Similar data were also collected for the same hosts with the pentylammonium ion guest, which corresponds to the pendant pentylamine side chain of ferroxamine B. Host-guest assembly formation constants (Ka) obtained from microcalorimetry agree with values obtained indirectly from chloroform/water extraction studies in those cases where comparable data are available. On the basis of a trend established by the pentylammonium guest, an enhanced stability relative to the crown ethers is observed for the assembly composed of ferrioxamine B and 2.2.2 cryptand that is due to entropic effects. Trends in delta H and delta S with changes in host and guest structure are discussed and attributed directly to host-guest complex formation, as solvation effects were determined to be insignificant (delta Cp = 0).     

Potentiometric study of complexation of phenylaza-15-crown-5, 4-nitrobenzo-15-crown-5 and dibenzopyridino-18-crown-6 and other derivative of 18-crowns-6 with Na+ ion in methanol

The complexation reaction of phenylaza-15-crown-5, and 4-nitrobenzo-15-crown-5, benzo-15-crown-5 and dibenzopyrdino-18-crwon-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6,dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6(cis and trans), and 18-crown-6 with Na⁺ ion in methanol have been studied by potentiometric method. The Na⁺ ion-selective electrode has been used both as indicator and reference electrode. The stoichiometry and stability constants of complexes of these crown ethers with sodium ion were evaluated by MINIQUAD program. The major trend of stability of resulting complexes of these macrocycle with Na⁺ ion varied in the order DCY18C6 > DB18C6 > 18C6 > DBPY18C6 > phenylaza-15C5 > benzo-15C5 > 4-nitrobenzo-15C5. The obtained results in particular stability constant of complexes of DBPY18C6, phenylaza-15C5 and 4-nitrobenzo-15C5 with sodium ion in comparison with other crowns ether are novel, and interesting.     

双冠醚研究(Ⅴ)——Schiff碱型和仲胺型双-(苯并-18-冠-6)对碱金属苦味酸盐的萃取性质

用两类结构不同的Schiff碱型、仲胺型双-(苯并-18-冠-6)在氯仿-水体系中对碱金属苦味酸盐进行萃取,测量了配合物组成比和萃取平衡常数。     

Caesium-selective PVC membrane electrodes based on bis(crown ether)s

Caesium-selective PVC membrane electrodes based on bis(crown ether)s containing benzo-18-crown-6 moieties were prepared using two kinds of plasticizers. Selectivity coefficients for various interfering monovalent ions were determined by the mixed solution method, and were found to relfect the complexing property and extractability of the bis-(benzo-18-crown-6)s. The electrochemical selectivity was also compared with that of the corresponding monocyclic analog and valinomycin.     

Extraction and determination of crown ethers from water samples using a membrane disk and gas chromatography

A method for rapid extraction and determination of some crown ethers in aqueous matrices using octadecyl-bonded silica membrane disks and gas chromatography is presented. Extraction efficiency and the influence of vacuum pressure. pH, and type and least amount of eluting solvent used to extract the crown ethers from the membrane disks were evaluated. Extraction efficiencies > 95% were obtained for benzo-15-crown-5, benzo-18-crown-6 and dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 using 5 ml of acetonitrile as eluting solvent. The limit of detection of the proposed method for the determination of the crown ethers is reported.