High-performance supported catalysts with an ionic liquid layer for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Pd-Ag shell catalysts impregnated with two different ionic liquids show considerable improvements both in ethylene selectivity and reduced ethane formation in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene under tail-end conditions.     

Activity of some crystal faces of supported palladium catalysts for benzene hydrogenation

Using known coverages of preadsorbed carbon monoxide as a specific poison on supported polycrystalline Pd, the degree of benzene conversion into cyclohexane was measured and compared with the conversion over a CO-free catalyst surface. Palladium crystal faces adsorbing carbon monoxide in various manners are uniformly active for benzene hydrogenation, which appears to be a structure insensitive reaction.

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Development of magnetic,ferrite supported palladium catalysts for 2,4-dinitrotoluene hydrogenation

Cobalt, copper, and nickel ferrite spinel nanoparticles have been synthesized by using a combination of sonochemical treatment and combustion. The magnetic nanoparticles have been used as supports to prepare ~4 wt% palladium catalysts. The ferrites were dispersed in an ethanolic solution of Pd(II) nitrate by ultrasonication. The palladium ions were reduced to metallic Pd nanoparticles, which were then attached to the surface of the different metal oxide supports. Thus, three different catalysts (Pd/CoFe₂O₄, Pd/CuFe₂O₄, Pd/NiFe₂O₄) were made and tested in the hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). A possible reaction mechanism, including the detected species, has been envisaged based on the results. The highest 2,4-diaminotoluene (TDA) yield (99 n/n%) has been achieved by using the Pd/NiFe₂O₄ catalyst. Furthermore, the TDA yield was also reasonable (84.2 n/n%) when the Pd/CoFe₂O₄ catalyst was used. In this case, complete and easy recovery of the catalyst from the reaction medium is ensured, as the ferrite support is fully magnetic. Thus, the catalyst is very well suited for applicationy in the hydrogenation of DNT or other aromatic nitro compounds.     

Structure sensitivity of selective acetylene hydrogenation over the catalysts with shape-controlled palladium nanoparticles

The structure sensitivity of acetylene hydrogenation on catalysts with controlled shape of palladium nanoparticles was studied. Palladium particles of cubic (Pd_cub), cuboctahedral (Pd_co) and octahedral (Pd_oct) shapes were obtained by a colloidal method. Poly(N-vinyl)pyrrolidone (PVP) was used as the stabilizer of colloidal solutions. In order to eliminate the effect of the polymer on the properties of the catalyst, PVP was removed from the surface of the particles after their transfer to the support by simultaneous treatment with ozone and UV radiation. This allowed complete cleaning of the catalyst surface from the organic stabilizer without any change in the morphology of particles. The effectiveness of this treatment method was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found experimentally that the shape of nanoparticles does not influence the catalyst selectivity, but the activity decreases in the order Pd_oct > Pd_co > Pd_cub. Since octahedrons consist of (111) faces, the cubes contain only (100) faces, and the cuboctahedrons are composed of faces of both types, Pd₁₁₁ is more active than Pd₁₀₀. Calculations with the use of a statistical method showed that the ～3-nm Pd octahedrons are nanoparticles with optimum shape and size, giving maximum catalyst activity.     

On the mechanism of auto-oscillations in CO hydrogenation on supported palladium catalysts

A mechanism accounting for the occurrence of auto-oscillations in the formation rates of CH₃Cl and (CH₃)₂O during CO hydrogenation on chlorine-containing supported palladium catalysts is proposed.

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, CH₃Cl (CH₃)₂O CO .

     

Highly active supported palladium catalysts for selective hydrogenation of conjugated dienes into olefins

Products of the interaction of PdCl₂ with oxide-supported tertiary aliphatic amines were found to be extremely active in the selective hydrogenation of conjugated dienes into olefins. Promoting action of molecular oxygen on their activity has been established.

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硫存在下Beta沸石负载钯催化剂上的芳烃加氢性能研究

采用浸渍和离子交换方法，制备了一系列H-Beta沸石负载钯催化剂，并用XRD，N2吸附和氨程序升温脱附进行了表征。采用连续流动固定床反应器，在总压4 MPa，270 ℃，液体空速为16 h－1和硫的质量分数为100×10－6的条件下进行了四氢萘的加氢反应。实验结果表明，钯催化剂的催化性能与催化剂制备方法及载体的硅铝比有关系。对Pd/Beta25(25是硅铝比，下同)来说,离子交换(IE)催化剂的加氢活性高于对应的初湿浸渍(IWI)样品。对于所有离子交换催化剂，Pd/Beta80(IE)在整个反应期间催化活性及抗硫性最好。Pd/Beta25(IE)四氢萘的初始转化率高达77％，失活最快，8 h降到10％；Pd/Beta60(IE)初始转化率为60％，8 h后为16％；Beta80负载催化剂最稳定，起始和8 h后转化率分别为75％和55％。离子交换的Beta80负载Pd催化剂的优良催化活性可以归结为催化剂中有较高比例的中强和强酸性位的存在，尤其中强酸比例较高，同时较多中孔的存在也是其中的影响因素之一。少量Al2O3的添加可以改善催化剂的活性。     

Influence of oxygen on catalytic properties of supported palladium catalysts in CO hydrogenation

It has been established that the addition of oxygen to synthesis gas has a positive effect of the activity and selectivity of supported palladium catalysts in methanol synthesis. The degree of the effect of oxygen depends on the chemical nature of the support and the conditions of catalysis, preceding the addition of oxygen to the reaction mixture. The probable causes for the influence of oxygen on the catalytic properties of palladium, supported on oxide supports, have been discussed.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 557–563, September–October, 1989.     

Membrane catalysts for hydrogenation with cryochemically synthesized palladium clusters

New type of membrane catalysts has been prepared through blinding of 2–3 µm pores of cermet membranes with Pd clusters from its cryochemically synthesized sol in toluene. Those catalysts display 30 times superior activity with respect to Pd weight than the membrane catalysts in the form of foil from Pd alloys.     

有机高分子固载钯催化剂的羰基化和加氢催化性能

本文利用耐温性能较好的主链上含有多个配位原子(N,O)能成膜的直链高分子杂环联苯聚醚酮(PEK),带酚酞侧基的聚醚砜(PES-C)和两种聚酰亚胺(PCK和PIK)为载体固载PdCl~2,制备了高分子固载钯催化剂。研究了它们在烯丙基溴的常压羰基化反应和1-辛烯的常压加氢反应中的催化性能。考察了催化剂的制备方法、Pd含量、溶剂和高分子的主链结构对催化剂活性的影响。催化剂Pd-PEK(Ⅰ) (Pd wt%=0.22%)和Pd-PES-C(Ⅱ)(Pd wt%=0.28%)在温和的条件下对上述两反应都表现出了很高的催化活性。在极低的Pd含量(Pd wt%=0.04%)时,催化剂Pd-PES-C(Ⅲ)显示出了特别高的初活性,TOF~m~a~x分别达345mol CO/mol Pd·min和493mol H~2/mol Pd·min。实验结果表明制备方法等因素对催化剂的活性有很大的影响。     

Kinetics of phenol hydrogenation over supported palladium catalyst

Kinetics of vapor phase hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone over Pd/MgO system has been studied in a flow microreactor under normal atmospheric pressure. The reaction rate is found to be negative order with respect to the partial pressure of phenol and has increased from −0.5 to 0.5 with increasing temperature (473 to 563 K). The apparent activation energy (E_a) of the process is found to be close to 65 kJ per mol. On the basis of kinetic results a surface mechanism is proposed.     

Thermal coarsening of supported palladium combustion catalysts

An essential property of combustion catalysts is long-term (>8000 h) stability at high temperatures in an environment (approximately 1 atm of both oxygen and water vapor) that aggressively promotes sintering of the supporting oxide and coarsening of the active component. Extrapolation of accelerated coarsening rate measurements, determined from shorter exposures at higher temperatures, can be made with more confidence if the physical processes of the coarsening and sintering processes were well understood. The current work examines in detail the coarsening of a high-weight-loaded palladium catalyst supported by silica-stabilized alumina at 900 degrees C in such an aggressive environment. The results of this investigation showed that the Pd particle size distribution was consistently log-normal for time periods from 100 to 4000 h, the mean particle growth rate was roughly inverse second-order in mean particle diameter, and the support not only sintered but also underwent phase transformation. The results implicate both coalescence and Ostwald ripening as important coarsening processes.     

Active carbon supported S-promoted Bi catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction

We synthesized a S doped Bi/AC catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination. The addition of H₂SO₄ changes the structure of the Bi atoms in the catalyst, resulting in the improvement of the specific surface areas and catalytic efficiency of the Bi-based catalyst under reaction conditions.     

Gas phase hydrogenation of m-xylene on palladium catalysts

Gas phase hydrogenation of m-xylene on palladium supported catalysts was studied and compared with the hydrogenation of o-xylene. The modification in the stereoselectivity of palladium due to an increase in the acidity of the support is explained in terms of an increased residence time of the reactive species on the active surface, leading to a product composition closer to that predicted by thermodynamics.

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Liquid-phase hydrogenation of thiophenes on palladium sulfide catalysts

Palladium sulfide catalysts are active for the hydrogenation of thiophenes of different structure in hydrocarbons at 22O-30O‡C and 3.0-9.5 MPa. Thiophenes and benzothiophenes are close in reactivity. An increase in palladium sulfide concentration in the catalyst leads to an increase in the reaction rate per 1 g of the catalyst but has only a slight effect on the specific reaction rate of hydrogenation calculated per 1 g of Pd. The specific activity of palladium sulfide supported on aluminosilicate is one order of magnitude higher than that of PdS without a support and the catalysts supported on the aluminum oxide and carbon. The aluminosilicate-supported catalyst is also more selective.     

Polymer-supported palladium and rhodium species as hydrogenation catalysts

The synthesis of new copolymers containing amino and heterocyclic ligands and their use for anchoring Pd and Rh species is described. The supported catalysts are effective for the hydrogenation of alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and nitrobenzene under very mild conditions. The catalysts have been characterized by chemical analysis, particle size measurement, IR, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Relative reactivities and the effects of substrate structure, solvents, catalyst loading, anchoring ligands, metal species, and particle size on the rates of hydrogenation have been determined using a wide variety of substrates. The kinetics of hydrogenation have been analyzed using concepts suitable under slurry reaction conditions. Comparisons between different oxidation states of the same metal and between different metal species have also been made. The recycling efficiencies of the catalysts have been determined and found to be very good. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Polymer-supported palladium and platinum species as hydrogenation catalysts

The synthesis of new hydrogel copolymers and their use for anchoring Pd and Pt species is described. The supported catalysts are effective for the reduction of alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and nitroaromatics under mild conditions. The catalysts have been characterized by chemical analysis, particle size measurement, IR, TGA, and x-ray photoelectron spectra. Relative reactivities and the effects of substrate structure, solvents, catalyst loading, particle size of the catalysts, and partial pressure of hydrogen have been determined. The kinetics of hydrogenation have been analyzed using concepts useful under slurry reaction conditions. The recycling efficiencies of the catalysts and product analysis to establish selectivities have been assessed. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Phosphorus modification of supported Pt catalysts for carbon monoxide hydrogenation

Modifying effect of phosphorus on the catalytic activity of supported Pt and Pt–Fe catalysts for CO hydrogenation has been studied. Phosphorus-containing compounds decrease significantly the methane yield with increasing yield of C₂–C₇ hydrocarbons.

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CO Pt- Pt–Fe-. , C₂–C₇.