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1.
The stability relative to decomposition to oxides has been estimated for alkali metal borates M2nB2O3(M=Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs), wheren=1,2,3 and 4. The correlation between the degrees of dissociation and the enthalpies of formation is discussed.
Zusammenfassung Es wurde die relative Stabilität von Alkalimetallboraten der Formel M2nB2O3 mitM=Li, K, Rb, Cs undn= 1, 2, 3, 4 gegenüber der der Oxide ermittelt. Der Zusammenhang von Dissoziationsgrad und Bildungsenthalpie wird besprochen.

M2nB2O3, M=, , , , =1–4, . .
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2.
Adsorption of CO and O2 on Pt(110) was studied by XPS, LEED and TDS methods to elucidate the role of Oads states and structural rearrangements of the surface under the action of COads in the appearance of self-oscillations in the rate of CO oxidation on Pt(110).
, CO O2 Pt(110) O CO CO Pt(110).
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3.
Transformation of cis- and trans-2-butene at 40°C was investigated over a MoO3/A2O3 catalyst reduced with hydrogen and subjected to different pretreatments. Isomerization is accelerated by hydrogen preadsorbed either at low or high temperatures. The cometathesis of 2-butenes with the 1-butene intermediate, however, is enhanced only by hydrogen preadsorbed at low and suppressed by hydrogen adsorbed at high temperatures.
- -2- 40°C MoO3/Al2O3, . , , . 2- 1- , ; , .
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4.
A simple electronic autonull-type recording balance using a helical quartz spring is described. Deviation from the null position is detected by a pair of photoemissive cells. The error signal generated across the cells as a result of weight change is processed by a servo-system which, in turn, produces an electric current in the balancing coil proportional to the force required to restore the null position. This current, recorded as the potential drop across a standard resistor, is a direct measure of the weight change.The balance has good linear response and can record weight changes up to 150 mg. The performance of the balance was tested in a thermogravimetric set-up, by studying the decomposition in air of the oxalates of copper, nickel and magnesium. The decomposition of nickel oxalate was also studied in flowing hydrogen. The weighing accuracy of the balance, compared against a Mettler model H-15 single-pan balance, was found to be within±1.5%.
Zusammenfassung Eine einfache elektronische registrierende Quartz-Spiralfeder Kompensationswaage wird beschrieben. Die Abweichung von der Nullposition wird durch zwei Photoemissionszellen angezeigt. Das infolge der Gewichtsänderung durch die Zellen erzeugte Fehlersignal wird durch ein Servosystem empfangen, das seinerseits in der Ausgleichsspirale einen elektrischen Strom erzeugt, der proportional zur für die Wiederherstellung der Null-position benötigten Kraft ist. Dieser Strom, der als Spannungsgefälle in einem Standardwiderstand registriert wird, ist eine direkte Maßzahl der Gewichtsänderung.Die Waage zeigt ein gutes lineares Verhalten und kann Gewichtsänderungen bis zu 150 mg registrieren. Die Leistung der Waage wurde in einer thermogravimetrischen Vorrichtung durch Untersuchungen der Zersetzung der Oxalate von Kupfer, Nickel und Magnesium in Luft geprüft. Die Zersetzung von Nickeloxalat wurde auch in strömendem Stickstoff untersucht. Die Meßgenauigkeit der Waage, vergleichen mit der Einschalenwaage Mettler H-15 wurde im Bereich von±1.5% gefunden.

Résumé On décrit une balance électronique enregistreuse simple du type auto-zéro, à hélice de quartz. La déviation de la position zéro est décelée par une paire de cellules photoémissives. Le signal de déséquilibre décelé par les photocellules et résultant d'un changement de poids, est reçu par un système asservi qui, à son tour, produit un courant électrique dans la bobine de la balance, proportionnel à la force nécessaire pour rétablir la position zéro. Ce courant, enregistré comme chute de potentiel dans une résistance étalon, est une mesure directe du changement de poids.La balance donne une bonne réponse linéaire et peut enregistrer des changements de poids allant jusqu'à 150 mg. Ses caractéristiques ont été examinées dans un montage thermogravimétrique, en étudiant la décomposition dans l'air des oxalates de cuivre, nickel et magnésium. La décomposition de l'oxalate de nickel a aussi été étudiée sous courant d'hydrogène. L'exactitude de la balance, comparée à celle d'un modèle Mettler monoplateau (type H-15), coïncide à±1.5%.

, . . , , -, , . , , . 150 . , . . -15 +1.5%.


The authors wish to express their thanks to Mr. S. P. Sen, Manager. Catalyst Development and Production Department of Fertilizer (Planning and Development) India Limited, for his keen interest and valuable suggestions.  相似文献   

5.
For planning of the conditions of Claisen condensation the relationship between CH-acidity and reactivity of 2-hydroxypropiophenones was investigated. It was found that there is a linear correlation between the acidity of the -methylene group of these compounds and the rate of base-catalyzed Claisen condensation in the synthesis of chromones.
CH- 2-- . - , .
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6.
Ammonium nitrate was heated and cooled in consecutive steps in a high temperature device mounted on a X-ray goniometer. Diffraction patterns were measured at each temperature, using a Si-Li detector together with a multichannel analyzer. The results strongly support the existence of a phase II'. They show that the phase change IV/III goes via a transition state similar to or consistent with phase II'.
Zusammenfassung Ammoniumnitrat wurde in einer Hochtemperaturkammer auf einem Röntgengoniometer schrittweise aufgeheizt und abgekühlt. Bei jeder Temperatur wurde ein Beugungsdiagramm aufgenommen mit einem Si-Li-Detektor und angeschlossenem Vielkanalanalysator. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Annahme einer Phase II'. Sie zeigen, daß die Phasenumwandlung IV/III über einen Übergangszustand verläuft ähnlich oder identisch mit der Phase II'.

Résumé Le nitrate d'ammonium était chauffé et refroidi pas à pas dans un four fixé sur un goniomètre de rayons X. A chaque température, des diagrammes de diffraction étaient mesurés par un détecteur semiconducteur, combiné avec un sélecteur multicanaux. Les résultats supportent l'existence d'une phase IF. Ils montrent, que la transition des modifications IV/III procède par une phase de transition, qui ressemble à la phase II'.

, . , Si-Li . II. , IV/III , II.
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7.
A continuous microdispenser with rates of delivery from 2.6 to 80 cm3/hr is described. The design permits operation at pressures up to 10 atm and higher, with heating or cooling of the liquid. The apparatus has proved to be stable and reliable in operation.
–2,6 80 qm3/. 10 . .
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8.
With the aims of accounting for the effects of the internal thermal resistance of the sample holder on the parameters of recorded DTA curves, and of estimating the difference between the instrument with a thermally insulated sample holder and the gradientless model, a novel two-point method of differential thermal analysis has been developed. Its essence is that two thermoanalytical curves are recorded simultaneously, with the differential thermocouple at central and side positions relative to the sample. The theory of the method has been elaborated, and formulae are derived which allow quantitative estimation of the thermal resistance of the sample holder, depending on the manner of packing and on the state of the sample in the holder, and which also indicate the optimum manner of packing. If the packing is not dense and not uniform, the thermal resistance of the holder increases and the accuracy of instrument calibration at the tail-end of the differential curve decreases by 10–20%. Through introduction of a correction term into the formula, this effect can be eliminated. A basic formula is given for DTA calculation in the general case of a sample holder with non-zero internal thermal résistance.
Zusammenfassung Zur Erklärung des Effektes des inneren thermischen Widerstandes des Probenhalters auf die Parameter der registrierten DTA-Kurven und zur Schätzung der Abweichung zwischen einem Gerät mit isoliertem Probenhalter und dem gradientenfreien Modell wurde eine neue Zweipunkt-Methode der Differentialthermoanalyse entwickelt, die im wesentlichen darauf beruht, daß zwei thermoanalytische Kurven bei in Bezug auf die Probe zentraler bzw. seitlicher Anordnung des Thermoelements gleichzeitig registriert werden. Die Theorie der Methode wurde ausgearbeitet und Gleichungen wurden abgeleitet, mit deren Hilfe der thermische Widerstand des Probenhalters in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Packung und des Zustandes der Probe im Halter quantitativ bestimmt werden kann und die ermöglichen, die optimale Packungsart zu ermitteln. Bei nicht genügend dichter und gleichmäßiger Packung steigt der thermische Widerstand des Probenhalters an und die Genauigkeit der Gerätekalibration nimmt am Schweifende der differentiellen Kurve um 10–20% ab. Durch Einführung eines Korrektionsgliedes in die Gleichung konnte dieser Effekt eliminiert werden. Eine grundlegende Gleichung für DTA-Berechnungen wurde für den allgemeinen Fall eines Probenhalters mit einem von Null abweichenden inneren thermischen Widerstands abgeleitet.

, , , ( ) . . . (10–20%). . .
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9.
Single crystals of [Ni(Phen)(iBu2PS2)2] (I) and [Ni(Phen)3](iBu2PS2)2 (III) compounds were grown, and their structures were determined by Xray diffraction analysis (CAD4 diffractometer, MoK radiation, 3336 F hkl , R = 0.0373 for I and 2575 F hkl for III). The crystals of complex I have a triclinic unit cell with the following parameters: a = 11.097(1) , b = 14.903(2) , c = 22.650(3); = 75.18(1)°, = 80.50(1)°, = 75.07(1)°, V = 3479.2(7)3, Z = 4, calc = 1.255 g/cm3, and space group 1; the crystals of III have a monoclinic unit cell with the following parameters: a = 19.010(3), b = 15.481(1) , c = 17.940(3); = 97.58(1)°, V = 5233.5(12)3, Z = 4, calc = 1.292 g/cm3, and space group C2/c. The structure of complex I is built from mononuclear molecules, and the structure of III, from [Ni(Phen)3]2+ complex cations and i Bu2PS2 - outersphere anions. The NiN2S4 coordination polyhedra in the structure of I and NiN6 in the structure of III are distorted octahedra. Based on structural data, the interaction between the coordinated Phen molecules of complexes I, [Ni(Phen)2(iBu2PS2)](iBu2PS2) (II), and III is considered, as well as the packing modes of these complexes.  相似文献   

10.
(-H)2Os3(,2-(O,N)-6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-one oxime)(CO)10 isomeric clusters have been synthesized, separated chromatographically, and investigated by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of one of the isomers has been determined (Enraf-Nonius CAD-4 automatic diffractometer, graphite monochromator, MoK , /2 scan mode at a variable rate). The crystals are monoclinic with unit cell parameters: a = 9.125(2) , b = 13.629(3) , c = 10.098(2) , = 90.16(3)°, V = 1255.8(4) 3, space group P21, Z = 2, composition (-H)2Os3(,2-ONC10H14)(CO)10, d calc = 2.647 g/cm3. The structure is molecular; the planes of the Os3 triangle and the OsONOs bridging ligand are linked according to the butterfly pattern with an angle of 102.0° between the planes. The Os-Os bonds vary within the range 2.840 –2.882 .Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by V. A. Maksakov, N. V. Pervukhina, S. V. Korenev, N. V. Podberezskaya, V. P. Kirin, and A. V. TkachevTranslated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 698–705, July–August, 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.  相似文献   

11.
Crystal structure refinement was performed of the metastable modification of glycine (space gr. P21, a = 5.092(2) , b = 6.273(3) , c = 5.384(3), = 113.17(4)°, Z = 2, R = 0.0274). The crystals were obtained by a new method (not described in the literature): they were precipitated from a water solution with the addition of glacial acetic acid. The crystal structure of the glycine modification [space gr. P21/n, a =5.106(1) , b = 11.979(5) , c = 5.463(2) , = 111.75(2)°:, Z =4] was refined for comparison. Transition from the to the modification in a damp atmosphere was revealed, resulting in the formation of a strongly strained crystal of a mosaic structure. The orientation of the crystallographic axes in the newly formed crystal of the modification relative to the axes in the initial crystal of the modification was determined. It is shown that as in glycine, the lengths of the intramolecular C—O bonds in the modification are fairly similar [1.248(2) and 1.253(2) ] and the previously found significant difference between them is most likely due to the errors of the photomethod. A comparative analysis of the crystal structures of the and glycine modifications (glycine zwitterion packings and structure of intermolecular hydrogen bond networks) was performed. Data of the analysis are used to discuss the properties of the glycine modifications, the possible reasons for the stability of the modification in dry air, the difficulties of crystal growth from solutions, and the ease of crystallization of the modification under various conditions.  相似文献   

12.
Within the prospect of quantifying the geometrical dissimilarity of molecular models on the basis of a thermodynamical formalism, the algebra of stereogenic pairing equilibria is reviewed and applied to molecular geometry: developing Rassat's proposition, an interaction energy of two figures F and F is taken as proportional tod H Emphasis>/2 (F, F), whered H denotes the Hausdorff distance. IfG is a group of rotations in E n the geometrical version of the general equation (E) of the chemical algebra defines a distance extensionD p(F,F) ofd H(F,F), which is independent of the orientations of F and F, and where the coefficientp is interpreted as the reciprocal of a temperature-like parameter:p 1/T. At K (p = ), no formal entropy contributes to the definition of the uniform distanceD . At K (p = 0), the discrimination between homo- and hetero-pairing of figures by the harmonic distance Do is averaged over orientation states. Temperature-dependent chirality measuresc p are derived fromD p, andc is analogous to Mislow's chirality measure. If T and oT are normalized enantiomorphic triangles with coincident centroids inE 2,c p(T) =D p (T, T) is calculated forp = 0 andp = , and discussed for 0 <p < . Finally, the Hausdorff interaction model is putatively related to energy profiles versus dihedral angle inmeso- anddl-molecules.  相似文献   

13.
The crystal and molecular structures of a guest–host complex of cucurbituril with 4methylpyridinium, {(4MePyH) (C36H36N24O12)}(NO3) · 4H2O, were determined by Xray structural analysis. The crystals are monoclinic with a = 26.276(3) , b = 25.861(2) , c = 17.375(2) , = 124.17(1)°, Vcell =9768.6(18) 3, space group Cc, and Z = 8. The structure contains two crystallographically independent supramolecular complexes. They are arranged in pillars oriented along the a axis. In each pillar, the complexes are parallel to each other. The pillars are shifted with respect to each other by onehalf of the crystallographic translation. The centers of the supermolecules are arranged according to a pseudobodycentered motif. Distortions of the cucurbituril molecule depending on the guest type have been analyzed with the use of results obtained in the present and previous studies.  相似文献   

14.
Crystals of the [(H3NCH2CCCCCH2NH3)]Cu2Cl4 -complex, formed in the oxidative dimerization of propargylammonium cations, were obtained by ac electrochemical synthesis from CuCl2 · 2H2O and propargylammonium chloride ([CCCH2NH3]Cl) and studied by X-ray diffraction analysis (DARCh automated diffractometer, MoK radiation, /2 scan mode; 2275 reflections with F 4(F), R = 0.048). Crystals are monoclinic: space group B2/b, a = 19.591(6) Å, b = 7.299(3) Å, c = 8.636(3) Å, = 106.83(3)°, Z = 4. The structure consists of individual [(H3NCH2CCCCCH2NH3)]Cu2Cl4 moietes united through the elongated Cu···Cl contacts (2.827(5) Å) into chains oriented along the [010] direction. The bond of the centrosymmetric propargylammonium dimer is -coordintated by copper(I) atom and is elongated to 1.227(6) Å.  相似文献   

15.
An Xray structural investigation of 2nitro1ureidoguanidine has been carried out. The crystals are monoclinic: a = 4.4690(2), b = 15.566(1), c = 9.4131(7), = 94.896(5)°, V = 652.4(3)> 3, space group P21/n, Z = 4, calc = 1.650 g/cm3. The molecule consists of two planar fragments: carbamide and nitroguanidine. The geometrical characteristics of the molecule are analyzed. The system of intra and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal is considered.  相似文献   

16.
The microwave spectrum of 1,3dioxolane (C3H6O2) in the ground and first three excited states of hindered pseudorotation was studied. The transitions corresponding to the b, c, and a components of the dipole moment were identified. The spectrum was analyzed using numerical diagonalization of the effective rotational Hamiltonian for four interacting states of hindered pseudorotation. The rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, the constants of interaction between general rotation and hindered pseudorotation, and the distances between the quasidegenerate vibrational levels 01 = 64840.5, 12 = 122231.7 and 23 = 119732.7 MHz are determined. From the Stark effect of microwave transitions, the dipole moment components (in Debye units) in the hinderedpseudorotation states v = 0, 1, 2, and 3 are determined: 0|b|0 = 1|b|1 = 1.22, 2|b|2 = 1.20, 3|b|3 = 1.21, 0|c|1 = 0.77, 2|c3 = 0.66, and 1|a|2 = 0.19.  相似文献   

17.
The well-known simple adsorption methods used to evaluate the micropore size distribution from low pressure adsorption isotherms were examined by employing model isotherms for slit-like graphite micropores obtained from nonlocal density functional theory. It was shown that in the range of pore sizes from about 0.4 to 0.9 nm, the Horvath Kawazoe (HK) method satisfactorily reproduces the shape of the micropore size distribution, but the pore sizes are underestimated. In the case of micropores wider than 0.9 nm, the method fails as the formation of the monolayer on the pore walls produces a peak corresponding to 0.6 nm micropores on the HK pore size distribution. Therefore, the HK method indicates the presence of microporosity even for nonporous samples. The Dubinin-Astakhov adsorption isotherms were also examined and it was shown that their application to represent local adsorption isotherms for homogeneous pores is questionable. However, the adsorption potential distributions seem to be promising for micropore analysis.Nomenclature A Adsorption potential kJ/mol - C 1 Constant in Eq. 3 and 4 kJ * nm/mol - C 2 Constant in Eq. 3 and 4 nm3 - C 3 Constant in Eq. 3 and 4 nm9 - C 4 Constant in Eq. 3 and 4 - d Adsorbate molecule diameter nm - d A Adsorbent atom diameter nm - G Change in the Gibbs free energy kJ/mol - J Pore size distribution cm3/(g*nm) - R The universal gas constant = 8.31431 J/(mol * K) - T Absolute temperature K - V Amount adsorbed expressed in cm3 of liquid adsorbate per 1 g of the adsorbent = 0.0015468 * amount adsorbed expressed in cm3 STP/g cm3/g - x Pore width nm - X Differential adsorption potential distribution cm3 * mol/(g*kJ) - Constant defined as nm - p Pressure Pa - p 0 Saturated pressure = 760 torr = 101325 Pa Pa - P c Condensation pressure Pa - Degree of pore filling - S BET BET specific surface area m2/g - S ex External surface area obtained fromt-plot method m2/g - V mi Micropore volume obtained fromt-plot method cm3/g - V 1 Total pore volume cm3/g - E Characteristic energy in the Dubinin-Astakhov equation kJ/mol - n Exponent in the Dubinin-Astakhov equation   相似文献   

18.
Some physicochemical and biological properties of a new branched cyclodextrin, 6-O--(4-O--d-glucuronyl)-d-glucosyl--cyclodextrin GUG--CyD) were investigated. Further, theinteraction of GUG--CyD with several drugs was studied by the solubility and spectroscopic methods, and compared with those of parent -CyD and 6-O--maltosyl--CyD(2--CyD).The hemolytic activity of GUG--CyD on rabbit erythrocytes was lower than those of -CyD and 2--CyD. GUG--CyD and 2--CyD showed negligible cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells up to at least 0.1 M. The inclusion ability of GUG--CyD to neutral and acidic drugs was comparable to or slightly smaller than those of -CyD and 2--CyD, probably because of a steric hindrance of the branched sugar. On the other hand, GUG--CyD showed greater affinity for the basic drugs, compared with -CyD and 2--CyD, owing to the electrostatic interaction of its carboxylate anion with positive charge of basic drugs. Thus GUG--CyD may be useful as a safe solubilizing agent particularly for basic drugs.  相似文献   

19.
A method for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of cobalt, nickel and iron based on the formation of their complexes with 1,5-bis(di-2-pyridylmethylene) thiocarbonohydrazide is proposed. The absorption curves of these complexes overlap severely in the scanning range 390–510 nm. The analyte concentrations are calculated by a least squares fit of the pure spectra to the mixture spectra, which therefore makes the simultaneous determination of these metallic ions possible without tedious pretreatment. The detection limits afforded by the proposed method range from 0.05 g/ml for Fe and Ni to 0.1 g/ml for Co. Root-mean-squared errors of prediction of 0.085 g/ml for Co, 0.048 g/ml for Ni and 0.1172 g/ml for Fe were obtained using the wavelength range 400–510 nm and 0.147 g/ml for Co, 0.107 g/ml for Ni and 0.127 g/ml for Fe using the wavelength range 420–434 nm. The effect of interferences is studied and the proposed method is applied to analysis for the above elements in synthetic samples and real samples, such as biological materials and alloys.  相似文献   

20.
The results of structural studies of the synthetic analog of the radtkeite mineral Hg3S2Cl1.00I1.00 are analyzed. The crystal structure of the compound has been refined; the unit cell parameters are a m = 16.827(4) , b m = 9.117(1) , c m = 13.165(5) , = 130.17(2)°, V = 1543.3(8) 3, space group C2/m, Z = 8, R = 0.0527. A possible transition a 0 = a m; b 0 = a m + 2c m; c 0 = –b m to the pseudo-orthorhombic F cell previously determined for radtkeite, where one of the angles ( 0 ) is slightly different from 90° (89.55°), has been found. Each sulfur atom in the structure is bonded to three mercury atoms, forming SHg3 umbrellas with distances 2.240(6) –2.474(8) and angles HgSHg 94.7(2)°–102.9(2)°. The SHg3 fragments are linked through Hg vertices to form corrugated [Hg12S8] layers. The halogen atoms lie inside and between the [Hg12S8] layers; the distances are Hg-Cl and Hg-I 2.783(7) , 2.961(7) , and 3.083(4) –3.311(3) , respectively.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by N. V. Pervukhina, S. V. Borisov, S. A. Magarill, D. Yu. Naumov, V. I. Vasiliev, and B. G. NenashevTranslated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 755–758, July–August, 2004.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with a corrected cover date.  相似文献   

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