宽带恒定束宽波束形成器的设计与实现

本文提出了一种设计宽带恒定束宽波束形成器的方法,这对应用于海底探测和分类问题的声纳系统来说十分重要,对于给定频带宽度的信号,选择一定数量的频率点来表达其频率响应,对于一个给定的频点,可以通过现有方法导出满足恒定宽要求的加权矢量,例如对于一个线阵列,可用切比雪夫多项多得到其加权矢量,因此对于一个具有Ｎ个阵元的宽带阵,如果选择Ｍ个频率点,可以得到一个ＮＭ的加权矩阵,这个矩阵的每一行代表一个阵元的频率响     

Space-variant filtering with holographic multifacet elements

We present a spatial filtering method for space-variant operations. The method is based on the combination of a holographic lenslet array and an appropriate filter array. The lenslets produce local Fourier transforms of the object which are filtered in parallel and independently by the spatial filters. The most obvious space-variant setup based on lenslet arrays would consist of many narrow 4f-setups, arranged side by side. The total object would be partitioned into many small object patches, as many as there are lens elements in the lenslet array. However this setup shows the undesired effect of local inversion. Therefore we choose a setup with only one lenslet array and an imaging lens which avoids the local inversion.     

Sequential Bayesian geoacoustic inversion for mobile and compact source-receiver configuration

Geoacoustic characterization of wide areas through inversion requires easily deployable configurations including free-drifting platforms, underwater gliders and autonomous vehicles, typically performing repeated transmissions during their course. In this paper, the inverse problem is formulated as sequential Bayesian filtering to take advantage of repeated transmission measurements. Nonlinear Kalman filters implement a random-walk model for geometry and environment and an acoustic propagation code in the measurement model. Data from MREA/BP07 sea trials are tested consisting of multitone and frequency-modulated signals (bands: 0.25-0.8 and 0.8-1.6 kHz) received on a shallow vertical array of four hydrophones 5-m spaced drifting over 0.7-1.6 km range. Space- and time-coherent processing are applied to the respective signal types. Kalman filter outputs are compared to a sequence of global optimizations performed independently on each received signal. For both signal types, the sequential approach is more accurate but also more efficient. Due to frequency diversity, the processing of modulated signals produces a more stable tracking. Although an extended Kalman filter provides comparable estimates of the tracked parameters, the ensemble Kalman filter is necessary to properly assess uncertainty. In spite of mild range dependence and simplified bottom model, all tracked geoacoustic parameters are consistent with high-resolution seismic profiling, core logging P-wave velocity, and previous inversion results with fixed geometries.     

基于空时级联滤波的拖船自噪声抵消方法

拖船自噪声属于近场多途强干扰信号,具有显著角度扩展现象,是影响拖曳阵探测性能的重要因素之一。在逆波束形成自噪声抵消方法基础上,结合空域和时域滤波,提出了空时级联滤波的拖船自噪声抵消方法。首先,由方位估计器估计拖船自噪声方位,经过波束形成空域滤波估计得到自噪声信号;然后,利用自噪声空域滤波输出设计最优维纳滤波器,将自噪声抵消在阵元级。基于简正波声场模型的仿真和实际海试数据的处理表明,该方法能够有效抵消拖船自噪声,性能优于逆波束形成方法。     

Optimal design of FIR beamformer with frequency invariant patterns

Two approaches to the optimal design of FIR beamformers with frequency invariant patterns using second-order cone programming (SOCP) are proposed. The first approach is a two-step method, which is implemented via separately optimal array pattern synthesis and optimal FIR filters design. The array weights for each frequency bin within the working frequency band are designed to insure that the array patterns approximate the reference ones. And the FIR filter corresponding to each sensor is designed to insure that the frequency responses approximate the array weights. The second approach is a direct method, in which the beam response is expressed as a linear function of FIR filter tap weights and the filters are designed by jointly optimizing the spatial and frequency responses to achieve the desired array patterns. All the optimal design problems (array pattern synthesis, FIR filter design and joint optimization) are formulated as the SOCP, which can be solved efficiently using the well-developed interior-point methods. Results of computer simulations and lake experiment for a twelve-element semicircular array confirm satisfactory performance of the two approaches proposed in this paper.     

一种新型的低散射微带天线阵设计

本文将电磁表面(electromagnetic surface, EMS)的设计思想引入到微带天线阵的设计中,在设计天线单元的同时,也将其作为EMS单元兼顾其反射特性.通过在矩形辐射贴片上开弧形缺口,得到一种新的单元结构,该单元可与原始EMS单元之间形成180°±30°有效相位差,且作为天线单元时与原始天线工作在相同谐振模式、相同频带.将两种单元以棋盘形式构成组合天线阵,在两个极化下分别基于相位对消原理和吸波原理实现了雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)减缩.实测与仿真结果表明:相较于等大小的金属板,在x极化波照射下,天线阵在5.6—6.0 GHz实现了6 dB以上的RCS减缩,相对带宽为10.1%;在y极化波照射下,天线阵在5.0—7.2 GHz实现了6 dB以上的RCS减缩,相对带宽为24%.同时由于两种单元在辐射上具有较好的一致性,使得组合天线阵的辐射性能得以保持.该方法有效解决了天线阵辐射和散射难以兼顾的矛盾,为其他形式的低散射天线阵的设计提供了新的方法与思路.     

A millimeter and sub-millimeter wave frequency selective surface beamsplitter for geostationary orbit microwave radiometers

We report the design of three frequency selective surface(FSS) filters used on the FengYun-4(FY-4) microwave satellite,which separate five-frequency bands in the frequency range of 50-429 GHz with the insertion loss less than 0.4 dB,and separation between adjacent channels more than 20 dB for either TE or TM incidence.Firstly,we briefly introduce the disadvantages of two types of FSS filter:waveguide-array FSS and printed FSS,which are commonly employed in the millimeter and sub-millimeter wave band.In order to meet the insertion loss requirement and specified spectral transmission response,we adopt a filter composed of two closely spaced freestanding metal plates,which contains an array of resonant ring slot elements.Computer simulation technology(CST) is used to optimize the structural dimensions of the resonant unit and interlayer separation.Numerical results show that these FSS filters exhibit transmission loss of less than 0.4 dB and separation between adjacent channels of more than 20 dB.Simulated transmission coefficients are in close agreement with the required specification,and even exceed the performance specifications.     

基于遗传算法的不等间距阵优化方法*

阵元数一定情况下,针对不等间距拖线阵高频信号处理存在的空间增益和无栅瓣兼容问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的不等间距拖线阵阵型优化方法。该方法以频带交互下最大旁瓣级最小作为约束因子,通过模拟生物自然进化过程搜索全局最优解,得到优化后的阵元位置。优化后阵型在保证低频信号处理空间增益不变情况下,实现对高频信号高空间增益、无栅瓣处理。计算机仿真结果表明：相比未优化阵型,在高频信号处理方面,优化后阵型在无栅瓣情况下,空间增益提升值近似理论值提升值;在低频信号处理方面,优化后阵型具有相同的空间增益。为实际不等间距拖线阵阵型优化和应用提供了一种思路。     

Efficient array beam forming by spatial filtering for ultrasound B-mode imaging

This paper proposes an efficient array beam-forming method using spatial matched filtering (SMF) for ultrasonic imaging. In the proposed method, ultrasonic waves are transmitted from an array subaperture with fixed transmit focus as in conventional array imaging. At receive, radio frequency echo signals from each receive channel are passed through a spatial matched filter that is constructed based on the system transmit-receive spatial impulse response. The filtered echo signals are then summed without time delays. The filter concentrates and spatially registers the echo energy from each element so that the pulse-echo impulse response of the summed output is focused with acceptably low side lobes. Analytical beam pattern analysis and simulation results using a linear array show that this spatial filtering method can improve lateral resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio as compared with conventional dynamic receive focusing (DRF) methods. Experimental results with a linear array are consistent but point out the need to address additional practical issues. Spatial filtering is equivalent to synthetic aperture methods that dynamically focus on both transmit and receive throughout the field of view. In one common example of phase aberrations, the SMF method was degraded to a degree comparable to conventional DRF methods.     

Measurement of an aeroacoustic dipole using a linear microphone array

It is shown that the standard beamformer technique is inadequate for both the source location and the measurement of a simple dipole and that this is due to the assumption of monopole propagation in the calculation of the phase weights used to steer the focus of the array. A numerical simulation is used to illustrate the problem and to develop a correction to the signal processing algorithm to account for the dipole propagation characteristic. This is then applied to array measurements for an aeroacoustic dipole produced by a cylinder in a cross flow. The resulting source map and the beamformed spectrum are shown to give a true representation of the source energy and frequency content. A secondary effect of this correction is that the array becomes insensitive to other source types so that in addition to acting as a spatial filter, the array can perform as a source filter. This work also demonstrates how an array measurement can be misinterpreted if applied without consideration of the source mechanism.     

拖曳线列阵声呐平台噪声的空域矩阵滤波抑制技术

针对拖曳线列阵声呐平台噪声构成近场强干扰影响声呐弱目标探测的问题,利用近场平台噪声的多途传播特性,将匹配场定位技术和平面波目标方位估计技术结合,使用平台噪声到达接收阵的拷贝向量以及平面波方向向量共同设计平台噪声零响应约束空域矩阵滤波器,实现了平台噪声抑制.推导得出滤波器设计最优化问题的最优解,利用广义奇异值分解简化最优解表达式,并给出滤波器对平面波方向向量整体响应误差以及对平台噪声拷贝向量响应。利用平台噪声拷贝向量与远场平面波方向向量相关性,解释了平台噪声构成强干扰的原因,以及滤波后存在探测盲区的原因。由仿真可知,空域矩阵滤波处理可获得更小的探测盲区,同时获得盲区外更高的探测能力.      

微型化频率选择表面的设计研究

利用容性表面与感性表面之间的耦合机理能够制备微型化频率选择表面(MEFSS),周期单元尺寸将不受工作波长限制.为了提高MEFSS角度与极化的稳定性,展宽MEFSS的-3 dB带宽,文章结合传统频率选择表面"Y"形单元,利用"Y"图形构造容性表面的贴片单元与感性表面的网栅单元且以正三角形栅格拓展周期单元,采用矢量模匹配法对MEFSS栅格排布及其他结构参数变化进行精确计算.通过镀膜与光刻技术在0.15 mm厚聚酰亚胺膜两侧制备容性表面、感性表面并利用自由空间法测试.计算与实验结果均表明,采用正三角形栅格排布的MEFSS,-3 dB带宽达到7.6 GHz,不同极化下60°扫描时中心频点稳定在f₀,为MEFSS应用于曲面天线罩时提供理论与实验参考依据. 关键词： 天线罩 微型化频率选择表面 容性表面 感性表面     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

基于矢量水听器阵列空域预滤波处理的多重信号分类算法研究

矢量水听器能同时拾取声压和振速信息,在相同的信噪比、阵元数及阵列孔径下,矢量阵定向性能优于声压阵列。目前,以多重信号分类算法(Multiple signal classification,MUSIC)为代表的高分辨定向算法已经广泛应用于矢量水听器阵列中。但是随着信噪比降低、信号源方位间隔减小,传统MUSIC算法定向精度及分辨概率显著下降。本文采用最小二乘法设计适用于矢量水听器水平阵列的矩阵空域滤波器,用于阵列数据的空间滤波预处理,可以对阻带扇面噪声进行有效抑制。由滤波后的数据协方差矩阵可以得到新的噪声子空间,在传统MUSIC算法基础上修正通带扇面内阵列流型的畸变后即可得到滤波后MUSIC算法的方位谱。仿真结果表明,当信噪比较低时,改进算法有效提高了通带扇面内目标方位分辨性能。最后本文对四基元矢量水平阵列海试数据进行了处理,改进算法对窄带信号定向较常规算法-3 dB束宽减小了13°,旁瓣级降低约8 dB。对有一定带宽的行船辐射噪声定向处理得到了更加精确的航迹图,海试数据处理结果证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

Error analysis for rotating active Stokes-Mueller imaging polarimeters

Retrieval of Mueller matrices from intensity measurements is a noise-sensitive process. In addition, the choice of the method used for extracting Mueller matrix elements greatly influences the precision of the final results. Among available procedures, three have been tested and their robustness analyzed by adding Gaussian noise to computer synthesized data and have been verified by comparing experimental data. As expected, the methods based on classical matrix inversion reach their noise reduction limit even if more data are considered. In contrast, the discrete Fourier transform approach features a remarkable stability. The identified reason is that the retrieval process corresponds to filtering with a periodic kernel.     

FEEDFORWARD ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF FLEXURAL VIBRATION IN A BEAM USING WAVE AMPLITUDES

This paper concerns the real-time estimation of wave amplitudes and their subsequent use as a cost function in adaptive active control of bending vibrations in a beam. The amplitude of the wave propagating downstream from the control location is estimated by filtering the outputs of an array of sensors. Minimizing this wave amplitude has significant advantages over the more conventional approach in which velocity at some point is minimized. Expressions for the ideal frequency responses of the wave filters are found for the case of an array comprising two sensors in the far field. These filters are non-causal. FIR implementations designed using direct and time-delay methods are described, the latter offering some substantial advantages. Practical performance considerations are discussed, including filter length, frequency range, effects of near fields, group delays, accuracy and cross-sensitivity. Simulations and experimental measurements are performed and compared.     

Optimization of point spread function in ultrasound arrays

The design of aperture weightings in ultrasound arrays is a multi-objective optimization problem, involving parameters such as delays, aperture size, focal depth, operating frequency and beam properties. Besides, apodization causes the SNR in array output to be decreased. We introduce an analytic expression of the lateral point spread function and a model for SNR as nonlinear functions of weights, based on which, a new aperture design method is established, resulting in an optimal set of weights. These weights provide a point spread function having the predetermined peak sidelobe level, while the SNR in array output is optimized. Optimization results from a linear array with M=128 elements equally spaced at one wavelength, center frequency f0=3.5 MHz and 50% relative bandwidth, have shown that decreasing the peak sidelobe level, decreases the SNR. Therefore, an array designer can select a proper set of weights according to its application, using a SNR curve versus to the peak sidelobe level. In addition, the method can maintain the same beam properties over a long range with low variations in the SNR. Simulation results have shown only 1 dB variations in the SNR for depths from 20 mm to 120 mm, which is a longer range and better SNR performance than the conventional methods.     

Design and construction of a low frequency wide band non-resonant transducer

Commercially available low frequency transducers often have a bandwidth of much less than 100%. This paper reviews the current technology for low frequency transducer construction and presents a non-resonant design giving an improved low frequency performance. Small, undamped piezo-electric cubic elements of 2 mm side length are used which operate below their first resonance frequency. In construction, the elements are air-backed and the front faces are bonded to a thin membrane across the end of an enclosure of 15 mm diameter. Using a low frequency excitation signal which has little energy at the first resonance frequency of the elements, an operating frequency range of 200-500 kHz can be achieved. A single element behaves virtually as a point source, but by arranging an array of elements over the membrane, a more collimated beam profile is obtained.     

可模式识别的水声成像方法

提出一种在自由环境中可以进行模式识别的水声成像方法。利用角域滤波将空间不同入射方向的平面波在阵元域中进行分离,在成像扇面内按要求设计一系列角域带通滤波器,这些滤波器的输出就是从角通带内入射的平面波在阵元域中的快拍数据,可以实现要求输入为阵元域特性数据的目标识别和底质分类等专用的模式识别算法,角域滤波器输出的平面波快拍数据的幅度作为像素值进行水声成像。采用角域滤波的方法可以进行水声成像得到所需要的声图,并且每个像素对应着相应点目标远场平面波入射到接收阵时所产生的快拍数据。仿真和实验数据处理结果表明,采用角域滤波和利用常规波束形成所得到的声图是一样的,并且两种成像方法具有相同的稳健性。      

基于高速移动通信的虚拟天线阵列理论研究

在高速移动通信中, 多普勒频移对通信性能产生严重的影响, 通常需要对接收信号的多普勒频移进行估计并进行补偿. 本文研究在对单个天线接收的高速移动通信信号进行频移估计和补偿的基础上产生多路无频偏的信号, 并虚拟为天线阵列的输出以提高系统的接收增益. 首先讨论了“均匀时间采样”和“均匀相位采样”的关系, 并根据两者之间的关系提出了补偿多普勒频移和虚拟天线阵列的算法, 即对采样信号进行插值、均匀相位抽取以后, 再进行均匀时间采样. 然后分析了算法对高速移动通信系统性能的改善作用, 并提出了算法的硬件实现结构. 通过数值仿真验证了算法的干扰抑制能力和误码性能, 结果表明本文提出的虚拟天线阵列算法能够改善飞机、高铁上的高速移动通信系统的性能.