Accurate segmentation of leukocyte in blood cell images using Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy and interval Type II fuzzy set theory

In this paper automatic leukocyte segmentation in pathological blood cell images is proposed using intuitionistic fuzzy and interval Type II fuzzy set theory. This is done to count different types of leukocytes for disease detection. Also, the segmentation should be accurate so that the shape of the leukocytes is preserved. So, intuitionistic fuzzy set and interval Type II fuzzy set that consider either more number of uncertainties or a different type of uncertainty as compared to fuzzy set theory are used in this work. As the images are considered fuzzy due to imprecise gray levels, advanced fuzzy set theories may be expected to give better result. A modified Cauchy distribution is used to find the membership function. In intuitionistic fuzzy method, non-membership values are obtained using Yager's intuitionistic fuzzy generator. Optimal threshold is obtained by minimizing intuitionistic fuzzy divergence. In interval type II fuzzy set, a new membership function is generated that takes into account the two levels in Type II fuzzy set using probabilistic T co norm. Optimal threshold is selected by minimizing a proposed Type II fuzzy divergence. Though fuzzy techniques were applied earlier but these methods failed to threshold multiple leukocytes in images. Experimental results show that both interval Type II fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy methods perform better than the existing non-fuzzy/fuzzy methods but interval Type II fuzzy thresholding method performs little bit better than intuitionistic fuzzy method. Segmented leukocytes in the proposed interval Type II fuzzy method are observed to be distinct and clear.     

Effects of Particle Shape and Microstructure on Effective Nonlinear Response

We consider a binary granular composite medium, in which two materials have high-order nonlinearities. The effect of particle shape on effective nonlinear response (ENR) is investigated by assuming all the particles to be shaped as uniaxial ellipsoid. We discuss two types of arrangements of particles: 1) parallel axes (Case I); 2) random axes (Case II). During the process of numerical calculation, one component material is assumed to be linear, and two kinds of conductors are assumed to be at high conducting contrast. We find that: 1) the shape effect on ENR is possibly strong; 2) the enhanced ENR can even be obtained by choosing particles of appropriate ellipsoidal shapes; 3) the ENR enhancement predicted by Case I is much stronger than that by Case II.     

Shape measurement by a multi-view methodology based on the remote tracking of a 3D optical scanner

Full field optical techniques can be reliably used for 3D measurements of complex shapes by multi-view processes, which require the computation of transformation parameters relating different views into a common reference system. Although, several multi-view approaches have been proposed, the alignment process is still the crucial step of a shape reconstruction.In this paper, a methodology to automatically align 3D views has been developed by integrating a stereo vision system and a full field optical scanner. In particular, the stereo vision system is used to remotely track the optical scanner within a working volume. The tracking system uses stereo images to detect the 3D coordinates of retro-reflective infrared markers rigidly connected to the scanner. Stereo correspondences are established by a robust methodology based on combining the epipolar geometry with an image spatial transformation constraint.The proposed methodology has been validated by experimental tests regarding both the evaluation of the measurement accuracy and the 3D reconstruction of an industrial shape.     

A Novel MAGDM Method Based on Hesitant Picture Fuzzy Schweizer–Sklar Maclaurin Symmetric Mean Operators and Their Application

Multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) issues play important roles in our daily life. In order to solve the problem that decision makers (DMs) may feel hesitant to select the appropriate evaluation values from several possible values in the process of providing evaluations, fuzzy theory and its extensions are widely applied in MAGDM problems. In this study, we first proposed hesitant picture fuzzy sets (HPFSs), which is a combination of the hesitant fuzzy set and picture fuzzy set. Subsequently, we introduced a novel Schweizer–Sklar t-norm and t-conorm operation rules of HPFSs and proposed a family of hesitant picture fuzzy Schweizer–Sklar Maclaurin symmetric mean operators. To show the application procedure of the proposed method to practical MAGDM issues, a numerical example about enterprise informatization level evaluation was employed to elaborate the calculation process with the proposed method. Finally, through the parameter analysis, validity analysis, and comparative analysis with some existing methods, we found that our method is more superior in providing DMs a greater decision-making freedom and relaxing the constraints on expressing personal preferences. This study provides a general framework of the proposed method to MAGDM problems under hesitant picture fuzzy environment, which enriches the fuzzy theory and its applications.     

侧入式导光板网点全自动优化设计研究

为解决目前侧入式导光板网点优化设计中存在经验式手动优化繁琐、且很难达到一个高均匀效果的问题,提出了一种基于模糊优化理论的网点自动优化设计方法。网点形状采用锥形结构,为使目标面上各处的光能分布主要由其正下方网点的散射光贡献,分析了其半顶角与网点位置的关系,并使得网点半顶角仅由其位置决定。以网点半径为主要优化参数,通过隶属度函数将网点结构模糊化,并自定义评价函数来解模糊化实现均匀照明。进而,采用动态数据交换(DDE)技术将Matlab与TracePro进行联立,通过Matlab语言与Scheme语言混编控制TracePro自动进行数据交换、光线追迹与模糊优化。导光板网点优化设计实例仿真结果表明,优化后均匀度达到92.17%,光能利用率达到70.37%,全程实现自动优化,无需任何手动调节。     

基于近红外谱形分析的中药提取过程终点判断

中药提取是中药生产的重要环节,其终点的判断直接影响到中药疗效与制药成本.本文提出一种基于近红外光谱谱形分析的典型中药提取过程终点判断方法,该方法为满足工业需求以水的光谱作为近红外参考光谱,根据最小二乘拟合原理去除基线,并且采用滑动窗口相关系数的方法描述谱形差异.实验结果表明：该方法能有效判断中药提取过程终点,方便快速,适合于在线过程分析.     

基于傅里叶功率谱的感光材料分辨率的客观测定

提出傅里叶功率谱法评价分辨率标板限分辨率值的理论判据。这是一种用光学信息处理原理对标板图案傅里叶谱进行分析处理的客观评价方法。文中建立了与分辨率标板图案相适应的傅里叶谱数学模型,并通过对傅里叶谱和理论计算和分析找也了标板图案分辨率值与功率谱图各次极大之间的关系。     

Shape determination for deformed electromagnetic cavities

The measured physical parameters of a superconducting cavity differ from those of the designed ideal cavity. This is due to shape deviations caused by both loose machine tolerances during fabrication and by the tuning process for the accelerating mode. We present a shape determination algorithm to solve for the unknown deviations from the ideal cavity using experimentally measured cavity data. The objective is to match the results of the deformed cavity model to experimental data through least-squares minimization. The inversion variables are unknown shape deformation parameters that describe perturbations of the ideal cavity. The constraint is the Maxwell eigenvalue problem. We solve the nonlinear optimization problem using a line-search based reduced space Gauss–Newton method where we compute shape sensitivities with a discrete adjoint approach. We present two shape determination examples, one from synthetic and the other from experimental data. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is very effective in determining the deformed cavity shape.     

利于像差校正的共形整流罩内表面面形设计

共形光学系统中,椭球形等厚度整流罩使入射的平行光线经过整流罩后不再平行,变为发散的光线,进而使系统像差急剧增加,不利于后续像差的校正。通过对等厚度共形整流罩的内表面进行重新设计,打破了共形整流罩的等厚度条件,从而在使用较少校正光学透镜的基础上实现了系统像差的校正。通过分析不同级次非球面分别作为整流罩内表面面形时的像差校正效果,确定了将6次非球面作为共形整流罩内表面面形初始结构。通过对内表面进行优化设计,最终得到整流罩内表面面形。结果表明,该方法有效地减小了共形整流罩引入的像差。最后使用固定校正器对内表面变化后的整流罩进行了像差校正,设计结果表明,内表面的改变有效地减少了光学元件数量,消像差效果良好。     

Scanning electron microscopy studies of antennal sensilla of Pteromalus cerealellae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is an ectoparasitoid of several insect pests of stored products. In order to provide requisite background information to support our ongoing research on its host location mechanisms, we examined the external morphology of the antennal sensilla of this parasitoid using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of male and female P. cerealellae are geniculate in shape, approximately 1300mum in length, and consist of 15 antennomeres. Eight morphological sensilla types were recorded in both sexes, including four types of the highly abundant and widely distributed sensilla trichodea (types I, II and IV are aporous while type III is multiporous), basiconic capitate peg sensilla, coeloconic sensilla, chaetica sensilla, and the most conspicuous plate-like placoid sensilla. Detailed examination of sensilla morphological features including pore presence and numbers suggest that the multiporous type III sensilla trichodea and the multiporous placoid sensilla may play a role in olfaction, whereas the uniporous chaetica sensilla may function as contact chemoreceptors. The types I and II sensilla trichodea are presumably mechanosensory, while the type IV sensilla trichodea may function as proprioceptors. The basiconic capitate peg sensilla and coeloconic sensilla probably function in thermo-hygro reception. Although the shape, structure, and size of antennae of males and female were basically similar, major differences were recorded between the sexes in the distribution of some sensilla types. The type II sensilla trichodea and the multiporous placoid sensilla are relatively more abundant in females, whereas males have greater number of the multiporous type III sensilla trichodea than females. These results are discussed in relation to the possible roles of the sensilla types in the host location behavior of P. cerealellae.     

对比度阈值函数修正对于NVThermIP模型的影响

NVThermIP模型作为经典的性能模型,在指导红外系统参数的设计优化方面略有不足,因此需要构建更科学合理的综合评估模型.在经典模型基础上,结合人眼噪声的理论和实验研究,利用噪声等效温差修正了系统的对比度阈值函数.并利用现有的红外系统实验数据,对修正后的模型进行图像模糊和不同距离下辨识两方面验证,结果证明该模型具有很高的预测精确度,可为新型系统设计分析提供可靠的依据和理论指导.     

基于无线通信的接触式带钢板形信号采集系统研制

针对滑环结构的接触式板形测试仪存在的不足,采用无线通信方式,研制了多单片机系统的嵌入式板形信号采集系统,通过光电接近开关的合理安装设计,巧妙解决了检测辊正反转时的信号采集和每组4个传感器信号区分问题,并给出了I2C总线系统中主、从单片机的流程。现场试验表明,在传感器为30组,检测辊10圈/秒转动时,系统的可靠性、数据传输速率和误码率均可满足板形闭环控制的要求。     

Fermatean Fuzzy Schweizer–Sklar Operators and BWM-Entropy-Based Combined Compromise Solution Approach: An Application to Green Supplier Selection

The Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS) is a momentous generalization of a intuitionistic fuzzy set and a Pythagorean fuzzy set that can more accurately portray the complex vague information of elements and has stronger expert flexibility during decision analysis. The Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) approach is a powerful decision-making technique to choose the ideal objective by fusing three aggregation strategies. In this paper, an integrated, multi-criteria group-decision-making (MCGDM) approach based on CoCoSo and FFS is used to assess green suppliers. To begin, several innovative operations of Fermatean fuzzy numbers based on Schweizer–Sklar norms are presented, and four aggregation operators utilizing the proposed operations are also developed. Several worthwhile properties of the advanced operations and operators are explored in detail. Next, a new Fermatean fuzzy entropy measure is propounded to determine the combined weight of criteria, in which the subjective and objective weights are computed by an improved best-and-worst method (BWM) and entropy weight approach, respectively. Furthermore, MCGDM based on CoCoSo and BWM-Entropy is brought forward and employed to sort diverse green suppliers. Lastly, the usefulness and effectiveness of the presented methodology is validated by comparison, and the stability of the developed MCGDM approach is shown by sensitivity analysis. The results shows that the introduced method is more stable during ranking of green suppliers, and the comparative results expound that the proposed method has higher universality and credibility than prior Fermatean fuzzy approaches.     

Shape and topology optimization for electrothermomechanical microactuators using level set methods

In this short note, a shape and topology optimization method is presented for multiphysics actuators including geometrically nonlinear modeling based on an implicit free boundary parameterization method. A level set model is established to describe structural design boundary by embedding it into the zero level set of a higher-dimensional level set function. The compactly supported radial basis functions (CSRBF) are introduced to parameterize the implicit level set surface with a high level of accuracy and smoothness. The original more difficult shape and topology optimization driven by the Hamilton–Jacobi partial differential equation (PDE) is transferred into a relatively easier parametric (size) optimization, to which many well-founded optimization algorithms can be applied. Thus the structural optimization is transformed to a numerical process that describes the design as a sequence of motions of the design boundaries by updating the expansion coefficients of the size optimization. Two widely studied examples are chosen to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Shape space methods for quantum cosmological triangleland

With toy modelling of conceptual aspects of quantum cosmology and the problem of time in quantum gravity in mind, I study the classical and quantum dynamics of the pure-shape (i.e. scale-free) triangle formed by 3 particles in 2-d. I do so by importing techniques to the triangle model from the corresponding 4 particles in 1-d model, using the fact that both have 2-spheres for shape spaces, though the latter has a trivial realization whilst the former has a more involved Hopf (or Dragt) type realization. I furthermore interpret the ensuing Dragt-type coordinates as shape quantities: a measure of anisoscelesness, the ellipticity of the base and apex’s moments of inertia, and a quantity proportional to the area of the triangle. I promote these quantities at the quantum level to operators whose expectation and spread are then useful in understanding the quantum states of the system. Additionally, I tessellate the 2-sphere by its physical interpretation as the shape space of triangles, and then use this as a back-cloth from which to read off the interpretation of dynamical trajectories, potentials and wavefunctions. I include applications to timeless approaches to the problem of time and to the role of uniform states in quantum cosmological modelling.     

A color constancy method using fuzzy measures and integrals

The ability of measuring colors of objects, independent of light source illumination, is called color constancy which is an important problem in machine vision and image processing fields. In this paper, we propose a new combinational method that is based on fuzzy measures and integrals to estimate the chromaticity of the light source as the major step of color constancy. The basic idea of the proposed method is that there are color constancy methods with some similarities in their structure and the way they are applied. The proposed method works with the help of assigning fuzzy measures to these methods and their combinations and computing the Choquet fuzzy integral. To approve the proposed method, we selected four well known algorithms and their results were combined by the proposed approach. In selecting these methods, it was tried to choose the ones which had better performance in compare to other methods, however the proposed method can be applied on any other methods just by adjusting its parameters. It is shown in this article that proposed approach performs better than other proposed methods for color constancy most of the time.     

Calculating Shape Factors from Particle Sizing Data

It is well established that particle size and shape substantially influence the bulk properties of powdered materials. Although these characteristics are closely interrelated, the tendency has been to analyse the particle size independently from particle shape. The aim of this work was the assessment of particle shape through particle sizing data. For this purpose, three different particle shape materials – glass beads (spherical), crushed glass (moderately irregular) and mica (lamellar) – were tested, employing four particle sizers. The shape factor selected was the Wadell's sphericity, which was evaluated utilizing distinct equations. The comparison of the results reveals problems arising from the use of approximations rather than more fundamental equations.     

TiO2 microsphere-based metamaterials exhibiting effective magnetic response in the terahertz regime

The static magnetic structure of a single shape-defective Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ nanowire has been investigated by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The result shows that defects of the shape of the nanowire have an effect on the magnetic state of the nanowire. In order to check the influence of defects of the shape on the magnetic state, a micromagnetic simulation and a MFM image simulated computation are introduced. Two model systems are studied: (I) model?I: no defects of the shape is present and (II) model?II: the defects of the shape are introduced into the ends of the nanowire. The simulated computation result of model?II is in good agreement with experimental results for the single Ni₈₀Fe₂₀ nanowire. It may have important significance for guiding in sample preparation and application.