共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
In a previous article we presented an argument to obtain (or rather infer) Born’s rule, based on a simple set of axioms named “Contexts, Systems and Modalities\" (CSM). In this approach, there is no “emergence”, but the structure of quantum mechanics can be attributed to an interplay between the quantized number of modalities that is accessible to a quantum system and the continuum of contexts that are required to define these modalities. The strong link of this derivation with Gleason’s theorem was emphasized, with the argument that CSM provides a physical justification for Gleason’s hypotheses. Here, we extend this result by showing that an essential one among these hypotheses—the need of unitary transforms to relate different contexts—can be removed and is better seen as a necessary consequence of Uhlhorn’s theorem. 相似文献
2.
Shannon’s entropy is one of the building blocks of information theory and an essential aspect of Machine Learning (ML) methods (e.g., Random Forests). Yet, it is only finitely defined for distributions with fast decaying tails on a countable alphabet. The unboundedness of Shannon’s entropy over the general class of all distributions on an alphabet prevents its potential utility from being fully realized. To fill the void in the foundation of information theory, Zhang (2020) proposed generalized Shannon’s entropy, which is finitely defined everywhere. The plug-in estimator, adopted in almost all entropy-based ML method packages, is one of the most popular approaches to estimating Shannon’s entropy. The asymptotic distribution for Shannon’s entropy’s plug-in estimator was well studied in the existing literature. This paper studies the asymptotic properties for the plug-in estimator of generalized Shannon’s entropy on countable alphabets. The developed asymptotic properties require no assumptions on the original distribution. The proposed asymptotic properties allow for interval estimation and statistical tests with generalized Shannon’s entropy. 相似文献
3.
The micro-canonical, canonical, and grand canonical ensembles of walks defined in finite connected undirected graphs are considered in the thermodynamic limit of infinite walk length. As infinitely long paths are extremely sensitive to structural irregularities and defects, their properties are used to describe the degree of structural imbalance, anisotropy, and navigability in finite graphs. For the first time, we introduce entropic force and pressure describing the effect of graph defects on mobility patterns associated with the very long walks in finite graphs; navigation in graphs and navigability to the nodes by the different types of ergodic walks; as well as node’s fugacity in the course of prospective network expansion or shrinking. 相似文献
4.
Wigner’s friend scenarios involve an Observer, or Observers, measuring a Friend, or Friends, who themselves make quantum measurements. In recent discussions, it has been suggested that quantum mechanics may not always be able to provide a consistent account of a situation involving two Observers and two Friends. We investigate this problem by invoking the basic rules of quantum mechanics as outlined by Feynman in the well-known “Feynman Lectures on Physics”. We show here that these “Feynman rules” constrain the a priori assumptions which can be made in generalised Wigner’s friend scenarios, because the existence of the probabilities of interest ultimately depends on the availability of physical evidence (material records) of the system’s past. With these constraints obeyed, a non-ambiguous and consistent account of all measurement outcomes is obtained for all agents, taking part in various Wigner’s Friend scenarios. 相似文献
5.
We address the problem of telegraphic transport in several dimensions. We review the derivation of two and three dimensional telegrapher’s equations—as well as their fractional generalizations—from microscopic random walk models for transport (normal and anomalous). We also present new results on solutions of the higher dimensional fractional equations. 相似文献
6.
Toshiharu Nagatsu 《Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences》2006,82(10):388-415
Catecholamines [dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine); CAs] are neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as hormones in the endocrine system. CAs in the brain play a central role in versatile functions as slow-acting neurotransmitters functioning in synaptic neurotransmission, modulating the effects of fast-acting neurotransmitters such as glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this review, I focus on recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular biology of the CA system in humans in health and disease, especially in neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), in relation to the biosynthesis of CAs regulated by a pteridine-dependent monooxygenase, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) and its pteridine cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). 相似文献
7.
Tingting Wu Fangfang Sun Yiwei Guo Mingwei Zhai Shanen Yu Jiantao Chu Chenhao Yu Yong Yang 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,24(8)
Music has become a common adjunctive treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in recent years. Because Alzheimer’s disease can be classified into different degrees of dementia according to its severity (mild, moderate, severe), this study is to investigate whether there are differences in brain response to music stimulation in AD patients with different degrees of dementia. Seventeen patients with mild-to-moderate dementia, sixteen patients with severe dementia, and sixteen healthy elderly participants were selected as experimental subjects. The nonlinear characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were extracted from 64-channel EEG signals acquired before, during, and after music stimulation. The results showed the following. (1) At the temporal level, both at the whole brain area and sub-brain area levels, the EEG responses of the mild-to-moderate patients showed statistical differences from those of the severe patients (p < 0.05). The nonlinear characteristics during music stimulus, including permutation entropy (PmEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZC), were significantly higher in both mild-to-moderate patients and healthy controls compared to pre-stimulation, while it was significantly lower in severe patients. (2) At the spatial level, the EEG responses of the mild-to-moderate patients and the severe patients showed statistical differences (p < 0.05), showing that as the degree of dementia progressed, fewer pairs of EEG characteristic showed significant differences among brain regions under music stimulation. In this paper, we found that AD patients with different degrees of dementia had different EEG responses to music stimulation. Our study provides a possible explanation for this discrepancy in terms of the pathological progression of AD and music cognitive hierarchy theory. Our study has adjunctive implications for clinical music therapy in AD., potentially allowing for more targeted treatment. Meanwhile, the variations in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients in response to music stimulation might be a model for investigating the neural mechanism of music perception. 相似文献
8.
Sayed Abdel-Khalek Kamal Berrada Eied M. Khalil Abdel-Shafy F. Obada Esraa Reda Hichem Eleuch 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,23(5)
In this work, we introduce the standard Tavis-Cummings model to describe two-qubit system interacting with a single-mode field associated to power-law (PL) potentials. We explore the effect of the time-dependent interaction and the Kerr-like medium. We solve the Schrödinger equation to obtain the density operator that allows us to investigate the dynamical behaviour of some quantumness measures, such as von Neumann entropy, negativity and Mandel’s parameter. We provide how these entanglement measures depend on the system parameters, which paves the way towards better control of entanglement generation in two-qubit systems. We find that the enhancement and preservation of the atoms-field entanglement and atom-atom entanglement can be achieved by a proper choice of the initial parameters of the field in the absence and presence of the time-dependent interaction and Kerr medium. We examine the photons distribution of the field and determine the situations for which the field exhibits super-poissonian, poissonian or sub-poissonian distribution. 相似文献
9.
Maxwell’s demon is an entity in a 150-year-old thought experiment that paradoxically appears to violate the second law of thermodynamics by reducing entropy without doing work. It has increasingly practical implications as advances in nanomachinery produce devices that push the thermodynamic limits imposed by the second law. A well-known explanation claiming that information erasure restores second law compliance fails to resolve the paradox because it assumes the second law a priori, and does not predict irreversibility. Instead, a purely mechanical resolution that does not require information theory is presented. The transport fluxes of mass, momentum, and energy involved in the demon’s operation are analyzed and show that they imply “hidden” external work and dissipation. Computing the dissipation leads to a new lower bound on entropy production by the demon. It is strictly positive in all nontrivial cases, providing a more stringent limit than the second law and implying intrinsic thermodynamic irreversibility. The thermodynamic irreversibility is linked with mechanical irreversibility resulting from the spatial asymmetry of the demon’s speed selection criteria, indicating one mechanism by which macroscopic irreversibility may emerge from microscopic dynamics. 相似文献
10.
Teruo MIYAZAWA 《Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences》2021,97(4):161
Research on lipid peroxidation in food degradation, oil and fat nutrition, and age-related diseases has gained significant international attention for the view of improvement of societal health and longevity. In order to promote basic studies on these topics, a chemiluminescence detection-high performance liquid chromatography instrument using a high-sensitivity single photon counter as a detector was developed. This instrument enabled us to selectively detect and quantify lipid hydroperoxides, a primary product of lipid peroxidation reactions, as hydroperoxide groups at the lipid class level. Furthermore, an analytical method using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry has been established to discriminate the position and stereoisomerization of hydroperoxide groups in lipid hydroperoxides. Using these two methods, the reaction mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in food and in the body have been confirmed. 相似文献
11.
We present a hypothetical argument against finite-state processes in statistical language modeling that is based on semantics rather than syntax. In this theoretical model, we suppose that the semantic properties of texts in a natural language could be approximately captured by a recently introduced concept of a perigraphic process. Perigraphic processes are a class of stochastic processes that satisfy a Zipf-law accumulation of a subset of factual knowledge, which is time-independent, compressed, and effectively inferrable from the process. We show that the classes of finite-state processes and of perigraphic processes are disjoint, and we present a new simple example of perigraphic processes over a finite alphabet called Oracle processes. The disjointness result makes use of the Hilberg condition, i.e., the almost sure power-law growth of algorithmic mutual information. Using a strongly consistent estimator of the number of hidden states, we show that finite-state processes do not satisfy the Hilberg condition whereas Oracle processes satisfy the Hilberg condition via the data-processing inequality. We discuss the relevance of these mathematical results for theoretical and computational linguistics. 相似文献
12.
We introduce a quantum key distribution protocol using mean multi-kings’ problem. Using this protocol, a sender can share a bit sequence as a secret key with receivers. We consider a relation between information gain by an eavesdropper and disturbance contained in legitimate users’ information. In BB84 protocol, such relation is known as the so-called information disturbance theorem. We focus on a setting that the sender and two receivers try to share bit sequences and the eavesdropper tries to extract information by interacting legitimate users’ systems and an ancilla system. We derive trade-off inequalities between distinguishability of quantum states corresponding to the bit sequence for the eavesdropper and error probability of the bit sequence shared with the legitimate users. Our inequalities show that eavesdropper’s extracting information regarding the secret keys inevitably induces disturbing the states and increasing the error probability. 相似文献
13.
14.
Information entropy metrics have been applied to a wide range of problems that were abstracted as complex networks. This growing body of research is scattered in multiple disciplines, which makes it difficult to identify available metrics and understand the context in which they are applicable. In this work, a narrative literature review of information entropy metrics for complex networks is conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Existing entropy metrics are classified according to three different criteria: whether the metric provides a property of the graph or a graph component (such as the nodes), the chosen probability distribution, and the types of complex networks to which the metrics are applicable. Consequently, this work identifies the areas in need for further development aiming to guide future research efforts. 相似文献
15.
Landauer’s principle provides a fundamental lower bound for energy dissipation occurring with information erasure in the quantum regime. While most studies have related the entropy reduction incorporated with the erasure to the lower bound (entropic bound), recent efforts have also provided another lower bound associated with the thermal fluctuation of the dissipated energy (thermodynamic bound). The coexistence of the two bounds has stimulated comparative studies of their properties; however, these studies were performed for systems where the time-evolution of diagonal (population) and off-diagonal (coherence) elements of the density matrix are decoupled. In this paper, we aimed to broaden the comparative study to include the influence of quantum coherence induced by the tilted system–reservoir interaction direction. By examining their dependence on the initial state of the information-bearing system, we find that the following properties of the bounds are generically held regardless of whether the influence of the coherence is present or not: the entropic bound serves as the tighter bound for a sufficiently mixed initial state, while the thermodynamic bound is tighter when the purity of the initial state is sufficiently high. The exception is the case where the system dynamics involve only phase relaxation; in this case, the two bounds coincide when the initial coherence is zero; otherwise, the thermodynamic bound serves the tighter bound. We also find the quantum information erasure inevitably accompanies constant energy dissipation caused by the creation of system–reservoir correlation, which may cause an additional source of energetic cost for the erasure. 相似文献
16.
In this paper, the formulation of time-fractional (TF) electrodynamics is derived based on the Riemann-Silberstein (RS) vector. With the use of this vector and fractional-order derivatives, one can write TF Maxwell’s equations in a compact form, which allows for modelling of energy dissipation and dynamics of electromagnetic systems with memory. Therefore, we formulate TF Maxwell’s equations using the RS vector and analyse their properties from the point of view of classical electrodynamics, i.e., energy and momentum conservation, reciprocity, causality. Afterwards, we derive classical solutions for wave-propagation problems, assuming helical, spherical, and cylindrical symmetries of solutions. The results are supported by numerical simulations and their analysis. Discussion of relations between the TF Schrödinger equation and TF electrodynamics is included as well. 相似文献
17.
The Rao’s score, Wald and likelihood ratio tests are the most common procedures for testing hypotheses in parametric models. None of the three test statistics is uniformly superior to the other two in relation with the power function, and moreover, they are first-order equivalent and asymptotically optimal. Conversely, these three classical tests present serious robustness problems, as they are based on the maximum likelihood estimator, which is highly non-robust. To overcome this drawback, some test statistics have been introduced in the literature based on robust estimators, such as robust generalized Wald-type and Rao-type tests based on minimum divergence estimators. In this paper, restricted minimum Rényi’s pseudodistance estimators are defined, and their asymptotic distribution and influence function are derived. Further, robust Rao-type and divergence-based tests based on minimum Rényi’s pseudodistance and restricted minimum Rényi’s pseudodistance estimators are considered, and the asymptotic properties of the new families of tests statistics are obtained. Finally, the robustness of the proposed estimators and test statistics is empirically examined through a simulation study, and illustrative applications in real-life data are analyzed. 相似文献
18.
Masahide TAKAHASHI 《Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences》2022,98(3):112
The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase whose alterations are responsible for various human cancers and developmental disorders, including thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and Hirschsprung’s disease. RET receptors are physiologically activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands that bind to the coreceptor GDNF family receptor α (GFRα). Signaling via the GDNF/GFRα1/RET ternary complex plays crucial roles in the development of the enteric nervous system, kidneys, and urinary tract, as well as in the self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells. In addition, another ligand, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), has been shown to bind to GFRα-like and activate RET, regulating body weight. GDF15 is a stress response cytokine, and its elevated serum levels affect metabolism and anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Moreover, recent development of RET-specific kinase inhibitors contributed significantly to progress in the treatment of patients with RET-altered cancer. This review focuses on the broad roles of RET in development, metabolic diseases, and cancer. 相似文献
19.
Gene network associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is constructed from multiple data sources by considering gene co-expression and other factors. The AD gene network is divided into modules by Cluster one, Markov Clustering (MCL), Community Clustering (Glay) and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). Then these division methods are evaluated by network structure entropy, and optimal division method, MCODE. Through functional enrichment analysis, the functional module is identified. Furthermore, we use network topology properties to predict essential genes. In addition, the logical regression algorithm under Bayesian framework is used to predict essential genes of AD. Based on network pharmacology, four kinds of AD’s herb-active compounds-active compound targets network and AD common core network are visualized, then the better herbs and herb compounds of AD are selected through enrichment analysis. 相似文献
20.
Rafael M. Gutierrez George T. Shubeita Chandrashekhar U. Murade Jianfeng Guo 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,23(9)
Living cells are complex systems characterized by fluids crowded by hundreds of different elements, including, in particular, a high density of polymers. They are an excellent and challenging laboratory to study exotic emerging physical phenomena, where entropic forces emerge from the organization processes of many-body interactions. The competition between microscopic and entropic forces may generate complex behaviors, such as phase transitions, which living cells may use to accomplish their functions. In the era of big data, where biological information abounds, but general principles and precise understanding of the microscopic interactions is scarce, entropy methods may offer significant information. In this work, we developed a model where a complex thermodynamic equilibrium resulted from the competition between an effective electrostatic short-range interaction and the entropic forces emerging in a fluid crowded by different sized polymers. The target audience for this article are interdisciplinary researchers in complex systems, particularly in thermodynamics and biophysics modeling. 相似文献