Components of Essential Oils in Different Parts of Daucus carota L. var. sativa Hoffm

Introduction Carrots,avegetablewithabundantnutrition,are therootsofDaucuscarotaL.var.sativaHoffm[1],whichisanumbelliferaeplant.Carrotsshowanti can cerandanti oxidationactivities.Theycanalsobeused topreventeyediseasesandimproveimmunity[2—11],thefactsareun…     

Chemical composition of essential oils from a multiple shoot culture of Telekia speciosa and different plant organs

The composition of essential oil from Telekia speciosa leaves, flowers, roots, stems and in vitro regenerated shoots was studied by GC-MS-FID leading to the determination of 112 compounds. The qualitative composition of the essential oil from the examined plant material was similar, whereas quantities of individual components of the oils varied widely depending on the kind of plant material. The most striking differences were observed between the oils produced by aerial and underground parts of the intact plant, as well as between oils produced by in vitro grown shoots and leaves of the intact plant. The main volatiles of leaf essential oil were: (E,E)-famesol (21.2%) and (E)-nerolidol (17.9%), while isoalantolactone was the predominant component of the root (62.3%) and flower oils (23.0%). Numerous thymol derivatives were also found, among them 10-isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymol isobutyrate, which was one of the main components found in the flower oil (20.5%) and that from the in vitro cultures (20.2%).     

Chemical composition and cytotoxicity of the essential oil from different parts of Datura metel L.

The essential oil from different parts of Datura metel L. were extracted using hydrodistillation and GC–MS was used to analyse the essential oil. The main components of flowers were ketone (23.61%) and ethyl palmitate (15.84%). The main components of leaves were ketone (18.84%) and phytol (18.71%). Ketone (39.45%) and phytol (31.32%) were the major components of petioles. Palmitic acid (30.60%) and ethyl linoleate (21.56%) were the major components of seeds. The major ingredient of roots was palmitic acid (52.61%). The main ingredients of the stems were palmitic acid (38.38%) and ethyl linoleate (17.38%). All the different parts of essential oil were screened for cytotoxicity. The roots and stems showed the inhibitory effects against HepG-2 with IC₅₀ levels of 613.88 and 341.12 mg/L. The leaves and roots showed the inhibitory effects against HeLa with IC₅₀ levels of 267.76 and 348.35 mg/L. All the six parts have inhibitory effects against SGC-7901 cell lines.     

Volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of flowers, stems and leaves of Nasturtium officinale R. Br

GC-MS analyses of the essential oils of leaves, stems and flower of Nasturtium officinale resulted in the identification of 9, 8 and 15 compounds, representing 97%, 100% and 94.7% of the oils, respectively. The main compounds of the oil of leaves were myristicin (57.6%), α-terpinolene (8.9%) and limonene (6.7%). Caryophyllene oxide (37.2%), p-cymene-8-ol (17.6%), α-terpinolene (15.2%) and limonene (11.8%) were the main components in stems, whereas limonene (43.6%), α-terpinolene (19.7%), p-cymene-8-ol (7.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (6.7%) were the major constituents in the oil of flowers. All the samples were subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the above tests, methanol extracts of leaves showed higher antioxidant activity than the oils and methanol extracts of stems and flowers.     

Eucalyptus oleosa essential oils: chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the oils from different plant parts (stems, leaves, flowers and fruits)

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the different parts (stems, adult leaves, immature flowers and fruits) of Eucalyptus oleosa were screened for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and their chemical composition. According to GC-FID and GC-MS, the principal compound of the stem, immature flowers and the fruit oils was 1,8-cineole, representing 31.5%, 47.0% and 29.1%, respectively. Spathulenol (16.1%) and γ-eudesmol (15.0%) were the two principal compounds of adult leaves oil. In the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, the oils of the four parts showed moderate antioxidant activity. In the ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) assay, the most active part was the adult leaves, with a IC(50) value 13.0 ± 0.6 mg/L, followed by stems (IC(50) = 43.5 ± 1.4 mg/L). The essential oils showed a better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and a significant antifungal activity also was observed against yeast-like fungi. A strong correlations between oxygenated monoterpenes and antimicrobial activity (especially 1,8-cineole) were noted (R2 = 0.99, 0.97 and 0.79 for B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, respectively).     

Essential oils of Daucus carota subsp. carota of Tunisia obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The essential oils and supercritical CO2 extracts of wild Daucus carota L. subsp. carota from two different sites in Tunisia were investigated. The main components of the essential oil of the flowering and mature umbels with seeds from Sejnane were eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (8.2 - 8.5%), carotol (3.5 - 5.2%), sabinene (12.0 -14.5%), a-selinene (7.4 - 8.6) and 11-alpha-(H)-himachal-4-en-1-beta-ol (12.7 - 17.4%), whereas the oils from Tunis were predominantly composed of elemicin (31.5 - 35.3%) and carotol (48.0 - 55.7%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils were assayed by using the broth dilution method on Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, and clinical strains of Candida albicans and C. tropicalis 1011 RM. The MIC values obtained were all > 2.5% (v/v).     

水飞蓟全草不同部位的组成特征

为了考察水飞蓟全草不同部位的组成特征,采用不同的提取溶剂对水飞蓟的幼草、根、茎、叶、花、种子等不同部位提取后,通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)进行分析。以Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)为分离柱,以50 mmoL/L磷酸二氢钾溶液和甲醇为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为254 nm。在此条件下,水飞蓟不同部位的样品得到了很好的分离,发现不同部位组成差别很大,得到的组分数从幼草、种子、花、叶、根、茎依次减少。水飞蓟不同部位所含的组分极性有很大差别,不同提取方法得到的样品组成也有较大差别。实验结果可为水飞蓟全草的指纹图谱构建及应用开发提供实验依据。     

Analysis of Essential Oils from Flower-buds, Leaves and Stems of Filipendula palmata （ Pall. ） Maxim.

The essential oils of the flower-buds, leaves and stems of Filipendula palmata（ Pall. ） Maxim. were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-three, forty-seven and forty-seven compounds in the flower-buds, leaves and stems were identified, respectively. Methyl salicylate exists in a great amount which is up to 70. 10% in the flower-buds. Its amount is also high in other two parts. The data obtained show that it may be one of the main natural mosquito-expelling and pain-alleviating components in the three parts. The flower-buds are the main active part with the mosquito-expelling function.     

Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Monticalia greenmaniana (Asteraceae)

The essential oils from fresh aerial parts of Monticalia greenmaniana (Hieron) C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae) collected in March, were analyzed by GC/MS. Oil yields (w/v) of 0.1% (flowers), 0.07%, (stems) and 0.1% (leaves) were obtained by hydrodistillation. Thirteen, sixteen and eighteen components, respectively, were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those in the Wiley GC-MS Library data base. The major components of the flower and stem oils were 1-nonane (38.8% flowers; 33.5% stems), alpha-pinene (29.0% flowers; 14.8% stems) and germacrene D (15.6% flowers; 18.6% stems). However, in the leaf oil, germacrene D was observed at 50.7%, followed by beta-cedrene at 8.4%. The leaf essential oil showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the important human pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 25955) with MIC values ranging from 75 to 6000 ppm.     

山苍子雄花和雌花挥发油的提取及成分分析

山苍子的根、叶和果实中均含有精油,山苍子油的主要成分为柠檬醛。采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取山苍子花挥发油,对雄花和雌花分别提取。并利用GC-MS气质联用仪对两组挥发油进行分析检测,确定其化学成分及相对百分含量。从雄花挥发油中鉴定出43种成分(占挥发油总含量的88.15%),从雌花挥发油中鉴定出30种成分(占挥发油总量的85.53%)。     

Chemical composition of the essential oils from the flower, leaf and stem of Lonicera japonica

The essential oils from different aerial parts of Lonicera japonica have been extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Quantitative and qualitative differences were found between the analyzed plant parts. A total of eighty-nine compounds were identified. The main constituents were (Z,Z)-farnesole (16.2%) and linalool (11.0%) for the flowers fraction, hexadecanoic acid (16.0%) and linalool (8.7%) for the leaves fraction, and hexadecanoic acid (31.4%) for the stems. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were absent from all the oils, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were not identified in the essential oil of the stem.     

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oils from Pimpinella aurea, Pimpinella corymbosa, Pimpinella peregrina and Pimpinella puberula gathered from Eastern and Southern Turkey

Essential oils from fruits, stems and leaves and roots of Pimpinella aurea DC., P. corymbosa Boiss., P. peregrina L. were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Fruits and aerial parts of P. puberula (DC.) Boiss were also evaluated. A total of 140 different compounds were identified, and significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among the samples. In fact, the main constituents of each species were different and only the oils extracted from roots shared the same principal compound, epoxy pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methyl butyrate (26.8-42.8%). The other fractions were dominated by different sesquiterpene compounds although in three of them, P. aurea stem and leaves, P. puberula fruits and P. puberula stems and leaves, monoterpene constituents also appear as main ones.     

GC/MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of fresh leaves of Eucalytus globulus, and leaves and stems of Smyrnium olusatrum from Constantine (Algeria)

The essential oils of fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus L. (Myrtaceae), and leaves and stems of Smyrnium olusatrum L. (Apiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, were analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty compounds were characterized, representing 98.3% of the essential oil of E. globulus, with 1,8-cineole (48.6%), globulol (10.9%), trans-pinocarveol (10.7%), and alpha-terpineol (6.6%) as main components, while thirty-three compounds were characterized, representing 94.3% of the essential oil of S. olusatrum, with sabinene (27.1%), curzerene (13.7%), methyl-1-benzyl-2-oxocyclooctane carboxylate (12.3%), alpha-pinene (7.2%), cryptone (7.1%) and beta-pinene (5.7%) as the major components. The essential oils of E. globulus and S. olusatrum were tested against a wide range of fungal and bacterial strains. Both oils showed significant antimicrobial activity.     

Comparative essential oil composition of aerial parts of Tanacetum dumosum Boiss. from Southern Zagros,Iran.

The essential oils of leaves and flowers of Tanacetum dumosum Boiss., an endemic medicinal shrub, were extracted by using hydrodistillation method and analysed using GC and GC–MS. A total of 43 and 44 compounds were identified in the essential oils from the leaves and flowers of T. dumosum, respectively. The major chemical constituents of leaves oil were borneol (27.9%), bornyl acetate (18.4%), 1,8-cineol (17.5%), α-terpineol (5.3%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (3.3%), camphene (2.7%) and terpinene-4-ol (1.9%), while the main components of the flower oil were isobornyl-2-methyl butanoate (41.1%), trans-linalyl oxide acetate (11.9%), 1,8-cineole (7.7%), thymol (4.2%), linalool (3.9%), camphor (2.9%), isobornyl propanoate (2.9%), α-terpineol (2.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.0%). Major qualitative and quantitative variations for some main chemical compounds among different aerial parts of T. dumosum were identified. High contents of borneol, bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineol and linalool in the leaves and flowers of T. dumosum show its potential for use in the food and perfumery industry.     

Volatile components from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm

The volatile components of fresh leaves and roots from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., obtained through hydrodistillation, were analysed by GC and GC-MS. This was compared to dichloromethane extracts of both fresh and dried leaf and root material. The monoterpene fraction (69-70%) dominated, while beta-phellandrene (39-45%) was the main component in both the leaf and the root oil. Other components in the leaf oil were beta-myrcene (17%), sabinene (6.2%), Z-beta-ocimene (5.4%) and benzene acetaldehyde (4.1%). In the roots we found Z-beta-ocimene (16.9%) and alpha-pinene (4.6%) as other major components. These principle constituents of both essential oils were also present in the dichloromethane extracts of the fresh and dried leaves and the roots, although in much smaller percentages. Comparing hydrodistillation of fresh plant material with a dichloromethane extract, the latter yielded a considerably lower amount of constituents. In addition, air drying and freeze drying resulted in a significant loss of volatile constituents as compared to fresh material (dichloromethane extract).     

Comparison of MAHD with UAE and Hydrodistillation for the Analysis of Volatile Oil From Four Parts of Perilla frutescens Cultivated in Southern China

Three different isolation techniques, specifically microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and conventional hydrodistillation (HD) were employed to obtain essential oils from whole plants, leaves, roots, and stems of Perilla frutescens. The essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Variations in chemical composition were observed; these were attributed to differences in plant organs. Variations in the percentages of the main constituents of the oils extracted based on plant organ were irregular and affected the quantity and composition of the oils. Oil yields were affected by the method of extraction and extraction organ variation. The maximum volume of oil was extracted from leaves via MAHD and the minimum was extracted from roots via UAE. Oil yields ranged from 0.05% to 0.53%. The contents of essential oil varied significantly with the plant organ. In the essential oils of the plant parts studied were showed a predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes. Variation of extraction methods and organs may influence the oil components either qualitatively or quantitatively.     

Antibacterial activity and GC/MS analysis of the essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of Origanum vulgare ssp. viride growing wild in north-west Iran

Essential oils obtained from flowers, leaves and stems of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek., growing wild in Ardabil Province (north-west Iran), were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. beta-Caryophyllene was the major constituent in all three oils (48.1%, 50.1% and 60.2%, respectively). Of the 19 components detected in the flower oil, comprising 96.3% of the total, the major components were 1,8-cineole (11.6%), alpha-pinene (6.9%), and gamma-cadinene (4.8%). 1-Octen-3-ol (23.8%), and 1,8-cineole (8.5%) predominated in the leafoil. In the stem oil, other main constituents were bicyclogermacrene (9.8%), 1,8-cineole (6.4%), borneol (5.1%), and pinocarvone (4.4%). The essential oils were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against 10 selected microorganisms. The data obtained contribute to the future use of certain essential oils as natural preservatives for food products, due to their safety and positive effect on shelf life.     

Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds from Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Accurate Mass Measurement

The volatile organic compounds from flowers, leaves, and stems of Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum, obtained through a static headspace technique, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and accurate mass measurement. The qualitative approach, comprising accurate mass measurement, retention index, and mass spectral search, was utilized to identify compounds. A total of 162 components were identified, representing 97.55–98.72% of the volatiles of individual samples. The principal chemical components in flowers were bornyl acetate (15.40%), α-phellandrene (14.18%), p-cymene (9.64%), camphor (9.54%), β-linalool (8.61%), and α-thujone (7.06%). In leaves, the main components were p-cymene (20.42%), bornyl acetate (20.41%), α-phellandrene (13.67%), and β-linalool (5.46%). As for stems, trans-β-farnesene (17.95%), germacrene D (12.89%), β-phellandrene (12.70%), β-caryophyllene (10.18%), and bicyclogermacrene (8.01%) were the dominant volatile compounds. Comparative studies on the volatiles from various species of genus Dendranthema indicated that Dendranthema indicum var. aromaticum contains significantly more aroma compounds than its morphologically similar species.     

The essential oil constituents and antimicrobial activity of Anthemis aciphylla BOISS. var. discoidea BOISS

The essential oil of aerial parts, leaves and flowers of the endemic Anthemis aciphylla BOISS. var. discoidea BOISS. (Asteraceae) were obtained by hydrodistillation. The oils were analyzed both by GC and GC-MS on a polar column. The monoterpenes alpha-pinene (9-49%) and terpinen-4-ol (22-32%) were characterized as the main constituents. An unknown component isolated from the essential oil was characterized by means of MS, HR-MS, FT-IR, 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques as isofaurinone (1). Furthermore, the biological activity of the essential oils was evaluated in various human pathogenic microorganisms using the broth microdilution method. Weak to moderate inhibitions (0.06-1.0 mg/ml) was observed.     

The essential oils of the aerial parts of two Hypericum taxa (Hypericum triquetrifolium and Hypericum aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (Clusiaceae)) from Turkey

In this study, essential oil compositions of two Hypericum L. taxa (Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. and Hypericum aviculariifolium Jaub. et Spach subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (Freyn et Bornm.) Robson) naturally grown in Turkey were determined using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of plants. A total of 45 compounds were identified in the essential oils of H. triquetrifolium; 1-hexanal (18.8%), 3-methylnonane (12.5%) and α-pinene (12.3%). In this study, 41 components were identified in H. aviculariifolium subsp. depilatum var. depilatum oil; α-pinene (52.1%), germacrene D (8.5%) and β-pinene (3.6%) were the predominant constituents. The essential oil analysis showed that monoterpene concentrations were higher than that of the sesquiterpenes in both oils. The results were discussed in the meaning of the usefulness of these plants and their chemicals as natural products and potential usage in chemotaxonomy.