超短脉冲激光光束被局域体全息光栅衍射的性质分析

利用二维耦合波理论,分析了超短脉冲激光光束被完全重叠型的局域体全息光栅衍射的时空变化性质,给出了衍射和透射脉冲激光光束沿光栅出射边界的强度时空分布。以LiNbO3晶体为例,数值研究了衍射光脉冲强度沿光栅出射边界的分布和脉冲波形的变化及光栅的总衍射效率受光栅二维尺寸、入射角度、光栅折射率调制度及入射脉冲的脉冲时域半峰全宽等条件的影响而变化的情况。与一维体全息光栅对超短脉冲激光光束衍射的性质,及此光栅对连续光衍射的性质作比较,给出了合理选择光栅参量及入射条件以在光栅出射边界上得到总衍射效率较大且分布较均匀的衍射光脉冲的方法。     

Diffraction study of volume holographic gratings in dispersive photorefractive material for femtosecond pulse readout

Based on the modified Kogelnik diffraction efficiency equation, the diffraction intensity spectrum and the total diffraction efficiency of volume gratings in photorefractive media are studied systematically. Taking photorefractive InP:Fe crystal as an example, the effect of the grating parameters and the pulse width on the diffraction properties are presented, in particular under the influence of crystal material dispersion. Under the combined effects, the diffraction pulse profiles and the total diffraction efficiency are shown. Also, the diffraction properties with and without crystal material dispersion are compared. These studies indicate that the properties of the diffraction beams can be controlled by the holographic grating parameters; this property can be used for pulse shaping applications.     

光折变光栅在超短脉冲光照射下衍射的研究

利用Kogelnik单色光在体光栅中衍射效率公式推导出超短脉冲光读出稳态光折变体光栅时的衍射光频谱表达式,并在此基础上导出了脉冲光读出时的总衍射光强及总光强衍射效率.研究发现衍射光的频谱分布、总光强及衍射效率与光栅周期Λ、光栅厚度d和读出光脉冲宽度Δτ有密切的关系.通过调整这些参量,光折变光栅可以对入射的超短脉冲光实现不同程度的滤波作用.该结论可用于超短脉冲的整形研究.     

Temporal diffraction characteristics of transmitted multilayer volume holographic grating illuminated by an ultrashort pulse

Based on the coupled wave theory of Kogelnik and Fourier optics, the time-domain diffraction characteristics of tramsmitted multilayer volume holographic grating (MVHG) under an ultrashort pulse readout are investigated. It is shown that the temporal diffraction characteristics depend not only on the numbers of the grating layers, but also on the thicknesses of the grating layers and buffer layers, grating period and the refractive index modulation. Furthermore, using group velocity dispersion we give explanation on the time-delay of diffraction pulse with respect to the center of the readout pulse. Results of our discussion may find applications in optical communications, pulse shaping and processing.     

变栅距光栅实现啁啾脉冲光谱整形

为了充分利用放大介质的增益带宽,获得脉宽更短,功率更高的输出脉冲,需要将输入到主放大链的种子脉冲进行光谱整形来补偿放大过程中的增益窄化效应。提出了利用变栅距反射光栅实现中心波长1053nm,谱宽6nm啁啾脉冲的光谱整形。运用严格的光栅衍射耦合波理论分析光栅的衍射特性,发现该方案不会引入相位畸变。分别计算和分析了刻槽深度、入射角大小、光栅周期以及入射光波长的变化对衍射效率的影响,通过选取适当的光栅参量可获得0.5%~84%的光谱调制深度。     

超短脉冲激光光束在一维反射型体全息光栅中的衍射

基于Kogelnik的耦合波理论,研究了在色散效应的影响下,超短脉冲激光光束在反射型体全息光栅中衍射的性质.研究给出了衍射光及透射光在频谱域及时间域的振幅及强度分布、光栅的光谱宽度及衍射效率随光栅参量及入射条件的变化.数值研究的结果表明,在光栅记录介质色散效应的影响下,衍射光束的光谱宽度减小,脉冲展宽,衍射效率降低.通过适当的选取光栅参量及入射条件,可以控制衍射和透射光束的频谱和时间强度分布,得到满意的衍射和透射光束的带宽和波形,从而可以将其应用于脉冲整形等技术中.     

Diffraction study of photorefractive hologram under ultrashort pulse readout

Based on the diffraction efficiency equation of Kogelnik, the diffraction effect of a cw photorefractive hologram under ultrashort pulse illumination is theoretically analyzed. We find that the recorded grating has the function of filter to the incident pulse beam. To fully reconstruct the incident pulse, the crystal width must be smaller and grating period must be larger. In this paper we also discuss the total diffraction efficiency of the hologram, and find that the total diffraction efficiency is functions of the crystal length, pulse duration and the grating period. The conclusion of our paper can be used in ultrashort pulse shaping application.     

时域超短脉冲光栅记录和读取的研究

为实现超短脉冲信号的重现或整形,从理论上推导了时域超短脉冲光栅的记录和读取,并结合高斯型脉冲分布,讨论了信号脉冲、参考脉冲和读出脉冲宽度不同时的衍射结果,提出了利用超短脉冲全息实现超短脉冲信号的重现或整形等功能的方法.结果发现,长信号脉冲和短参考脉冲干涉记录全息后,如果用足够短的脉冲读取,衍射完全再现了原输入信号脉冲.但是在读出脉冲带宽接近于信号带宽时,衍射波频谱宽度有一定程度减小.     

Study on the instantaneous characteristics of diffracted and transmitted light of static photorefractive grating illuminated by ultra-short pulse laser

Based on Kogelnik's coupled wave theory, the time-domain diffraction and transmission of static PR gratings are theoretically studied when they are illuminated by ultra-short pulse laser. Study shows that the waveforms of the diffracted and transmitted pulses depend on the readout pulse duration, grating spacing, crystal thickness and refractive index modulation. By changing the values of these parameters, the diffracted and transmitted waveforms can be controlled. Also we find there is a displacement of diffracted and transmitted pulse along the time-axis when compared to readout pulse. Conclusions of our study could be used in many areas, such as pulse shaping and signal processing.     

透射型光折变体全息光栅对超短脉冲激光光束衍射的特性

在Kogelnik耦合波理论的基础上,考虑光栅记录介质的色散效应的影响,研究了光折变体全息光栅对不同偏振状态的超短脉冲激光光束衍射的性质,讨论了高斯型入射脉冲激光光束的谱宽与光栅的有效衍射谱宽之比不同时,衍射和透射光束的光谱宽度、时间宽度、波形和衍射效率的变化。结果表明,光栅的有效衍射谱宽受光栅参量及入射条件的影响,对衍射性质的影响很大,且在考虑光栅记录介质的色散效应时减小。当入射脉冲的偏振方向垂直于入射面时,光栅的有效衍射谱宽大于偏振方向平行于入射面的情形,衍射效率在入射脉冲宽度较大时小于偏振方向平行于入射面的情形;谱宽比较大时,衍射光束的时间分布曲线产生展宽和变形,且比偏振方向平行于入射面的情形展宽和变形得更加明显。     

Transient gratings in a nonlinear medium

The excitation of a phase transient grating induced by two equal pulses from the same laser, which intersect in a nonlinear (cubic) medium, is considered theoretically. The grating parameters are calculated. The grating amplitude is shown to be spatially non-uniform and to be described by the pulse autocorrelation function, a display of the pulse coherence and of the two-pulse interference pattern. The diffraction problem of the induced grating is then solved using the electrodynamic perturbation theory. The diffraction efficiency of the grating is calculated. It is shown that the measurement of the spectral intensity of the probe light diffracted from the induced grating enables the complete computation of the grating amplitude. Such a measurement may be carried out for the whole of the time of grating decay after the excitation of the grating. Some possible applications of the induced grating are considered. The medium parameters and the autocorrelation trace of the single pulse may be determined. The shape and duration of a bandwidth-limited pulse or the spectrum of an arbitrary one are shown to be measurable.     

Diffraction properties of ultrashort pulsed beams with arbitrary temporal profiles by a volume holographic grating

In this paper, the diffraction properties of an ultrashort optical pulse with arbitrary profiles in time diffracted by a volume holographic grating are investigated using the modified Kogelnik coupled-wave theory. Simple analytical expressions for the spectrum and spatial profiles of the transmitted and diffracted beams are obtained. The dependences of the diffraction bandwidth, the Bragg selectivity bandwidth and the total diffraction efficiency of the volume grating on the temporal profiles of the input ultrashort pulse are investigated. For three different temporal profiles, numerical results of diffraction properties are given. It is shown that the temporal shapes of the input pulsed beams have been found to be an important factor in the analyses of the propagation characteristics.     

Diffraction properties of ultrashort pulsed beams with arbitrary temporal profiles by a reflection volume holographic grating

The diffraction properties of reflection volume holographic gratings are studied when the gratings are illuminated by an ultrashort beam with arbitrary temporal profiles. The modified Kogelnik's theory of coupled waves is used. Simple analytical expressions for spectral and temporal distribution of the transmitted and diffracted are obtained. The dependences of the diffraction bandwidth, the Bragg selectivity bandwidth and the total diffraction efficiency of the reflection volume grating on the temporal profiles of the input ultrashort pulse are investigated. Study shows that the bandwidth of the reflection volume holographic gratings varies with the grating parameters more slowly than the transmitting volume holographic gratings. For three different temporal profiles, numerical results about diffraction properties of the reflection volume holographic gratings are given and compared with the transmitting volume holographic gratings.     

多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅的严格矢量分析

用于展宽和压缩激光脉冲的多层膜脉宽压缩光栅是由多层介质高反膜和位于其顶层的浮雕光栅构成。以设计的高反射多层膜为基础,利用傅里叶模式理论分析了其衍射场分布,给出了TE波自准直角入射的使用条件下,多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅衍射效率的表达式。以-1级衍射效率为评价函数,分别讨论了HfO2和SiO2为顶层材料时,多层膜脉宽压缩光栅-1级衍射效率高于0.95的光栅结构参量范围。结果表明,在该条件下,选择HfO2为顶层材料时,光栅结构参量有较大的取值范围。给出了优化的光栅结构参量,并分析了光栅制作误差及其使用条件的宽容度,对光栅制作工艺和使用具有一定的指导意义。     

Pulse shape analysis of second harmonic and difference-frequency generation

A computer model has been used to investigate the pulse shape evolution of interacting waves during second harmonic generation and difference-frequency generation processes. Using general assumption and coupled equations theory we describe in detail the back and forth energy transfer in connection with pulse shape. Two type of phase-match (modal phase-match and quasi-phase-match) with experimental relevance are discussed. In the case of quasi-phase-match uniform and chirped grating are discussed. The connection of the model with material properties and non-linear optical (NLO) strength is presented. The proposed model have allowed us to derive the essential feature of pulse shaping and compressing that rely on NLO process only.     

Design of high-efficiency diffraction gratings based on total internal reflection for pulse compressor

We present designs of high-efficiency compression grating based on total internal reflection (TIR) for picosecond pulse laser at 1053 nm. The setup is devised by directly etching gratings into the bottom side of a prism so that light can successfully enter (or exit) the compression grating. Dependence of the −1 order diffraction efficiencies on the constructive parameters is analyzed for TE- and TM-polarized incident light at Littrow angle by using Fourier modal method in order to obtain optimal grating structure. The electric field enhancement within the high-efficiency TIR gratings is regarded as another criterion to optimize the structure of the TIR gratings. With the criterion of high diffraction efficiency, low electric field enhancement and sufficient manufacturing latitude, TIR compression gratings with optimized constructive parameters are obtained for TE- and TM-polarized incident light, respectively. The grating for TE-polarized light exhibits diffraction efficiencies higher than 0.95 within 23 nm bandwidth and relatively low square of electric field enhancement ratio of 5.7. Regardless of the internal electric field enhancement, the grating for TM-polarized light provides diffraction efficiencies higher than 0.95 within 42 nm bandwidth. With compact structure, such TIR compression gratings made solely of fused silica should be of great interest for application to chirped pulse amplification (CPA) systems.     

宽光谱高衍射效率脉宽压缩光栅设计和性能分析

基于飞秒激光对脉宽压缩光栅宽光谱和高衍射效率的要求,提出了一种金属介质膜结构的宽光谱高衍射效率脉宽压缩光栅,该光栅由基底、金属介质膜和表面浮雕结构组成.为获得宽光谱高衍射效率的脉宽压缩光栅,采用严格耦合波理论对金属介质膜光栅的结构参数进行优化设计.数值分析表明当金属介质光栅的槽深、剩余厚度、占空比和入射角分别为272 ...     

光盘多信道存贮分光技术

本文对光盘存贮技术中应用的多频声光和衍射光栅分光技术进行了分析、研究.并以二元计算全息理论为基础,用脉位调制技术通过计算机模拟,获得了产生均匀多光束衍射的位相光栅的精确周期结构参数.据此,研制了总衍射效率为73%,最大残余偏差为17.5%能满足实用要求的九光点均匀衍射位相光栅.     

基于严格耦合波理论的宽光谱金属介质膜光栅衍射特性分析

基于严格耦合波理论建立了金属介质膜光栅的衍射机理模型,给出了TE模式金属介质膜光栅衍射效率的表达式.以-1级衍射效率和工作带宽为评价函数,对金属介质膜光栅的表面浮雕结构进行了优化设计.对于800 nm和1053 nm为中心的TE波,设计的金属介质膜光栅-1级衍射效率优于97%的工作带宽分别达到130 nm和150 nm,最后讨论了设计的宽光谱高衍射效率金属介质膜光栅的制备工艺容差.此研究对于提高脉宽压缩光栅的性能具有重要的意义. 关键词： 衍射效率 金属介质膜光栅 严格耦合波理论     

High performance diffraction gratings made by e-beam lithography

Gratings are essential components in different high performance optical set-ups such as spectrometers in space missions or ultrashort-pulse laser compression arrangements. Often such kinds of applications require gratings operating close to the technological accessible limits of today??s fabrication technology. Typical critical parameters are the diffraction efficiency and its polarization dependency, the wave-front error introduced by the grating, and the stray-light performance. Additionally, space applications have specific environmental requirements and laser application typically demand a high damage threshold. All these properties need to be controlled precisely on rather large grating areas. Grating sizes of 200?mm or even above are not unusual anymore. The paper provides a review on how such high performance gratings can be realized by electron-beam lithography and accompanying technologies. The approaches are demonstrated by different examples. The first example is the design and fabrication of the grating for the Radial-Velocity-Spectrometer of the GAIA-mission of the ESA. The second grating is a reflective pulse compression element with no wavelength resonances due to an optimized design. The last example shows a three level blazed grating in resonance domain with a diffraction efficiency of approximately 86?%.