A Color Appearance Model Applicable in Mesopic Vision

We propose a color vision model that can be used to predict color appearance in mesopic vision as well as photopic and scotopic vision. It is based on a two-stage model which consists of the cone and opponent stages and it assumes rod intrusion at the opponent stage. The model has the following features to describe the color appearance in mesopic vision. First, it includes a gradual and nonlinear shift in spectral luminous efficiency from V (LD) to V (LD) to cope with the spectral sensitivity difference between photopic and scotopic vision and the nonlinearity of rod influence on the luminance channel. Second, the model assumes decrease of the chromatic component with decreasing illuminance to explain the reduction of saturation at low illuminance levels. Third, it assumes that red/green and yellow/blue components change with illuminance levels independently, thus explaining hue shifts with decreasing illuminance. We applied the model for color appearance simulation of natural scenes in a mesopic visual environment.     

Change of Color Appearance in Photopic,Mesopic and Scotopic Vision

Mesopic vision describes a range of light levels where vision is mediated by both cones and rods. The appearance of color in mesopic vision differs drastically from that in photopic vision, where only cones mediate visual information. We used a haploscopic color matching technique to investigate the color appearance under various illuminance levels, ranging from photopic to scotopic via mesopic levels. The observers did color matching between a test color chip under various illuminance levels and a matching color stimulus presented on the Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) display under the photopic illuminance condition. The results showed that not only chroma and lightness but hue of most color chips changed with illuminance. The manner of the hue changed depended on the color of the test chip, while matching points approached a neutral gray with decrease in illuminance level for all test chips. Chroma reduced continuously with decrease of the illuminance level until 0.1 lx for reddish and yellowish color chips or until 1 lx for greenish and bluish ones. Beyond those illuminance levels, chroma was approximately constant. Lightness decreased with decreasing illuminance level for all test chips except bluish color chips, for which lightness did not decrease much in general and even increased in some cases as predicted by the Purkinje shift. The experimental results obtained in the present study provide critical features that should be considered in predicting the appearance of color at low light levels.     

Color Discrimination Characteristics Depending on the Background Color in the (<Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>) Plane of a Cone Space

We investigated color discriminability on the background color. The measurement was carried out at over 21 background colors in (L, M) plane of a cone space by four observers. We used low temporal stimulus frequency (1 Hz) so that threshold was determined by the red-green opponent mechanism. Results showed that color discriminability depends on the background colors. Threshold was higher with a more saturated background color. This suggests that the sensitivity of the red-green opponent mechanism is high when the mechanism’s output is small and increases with the output levels of the mechanism. To confirm this relationship between the red-green mechanism and color discriminability, color appearance depending the background color was also evaluated. There was a strong correlation between the sensitivity and the perceived whiteness. Both sensitivity and whiteness value were highest at around the equal energy white point and decreased with increase in the difference between background color and equal energy white. This suggests that the adaptation state of the red-green opponent color controls color discrimination.     

Chromatic Induction on Achromatic Locus and Its Spatial Integration

There were two purposes in the present study. The first was to find quantitative relationships in chromatic inductions between the inducing colors and the chromatic shifts produced in a test field based on the responses of photoreceptors and opponent color channels. The second was to investigate the spatial integration of chromatic inductions. Using a nulling method with a haploscopic view, magnitudes of chromatic inductions were measured with multicolored surrounding fields. The effects of chromatic inductions on achromatic locus could then be represented by power functions of opponent chromatic responses of the surrounding colors. In regard to spatial integration, we concluded that when a white test field was surrounded by a multicolored field, the apparent color shifts in the test field could be explained by the sum of the induction effects produced individually by the surrounding colors.     

Establishment of Illuminance Scale at UME with an Accurately Calibrated Radiometer

Traceability in illuminance measurements at the National Metrology Institute of Turkey (TüBITAK-UME) was established in 2003 with a detector-based realization. The new measurement technique was developed for the determination of illuminance responsivity and upgrating of the illuminance scale. The unit of the illuminance responsivity, in A/lx, was measured with an expanded uncertainty of 0.2% (k = 2) by supplying using the developed scanning technique for the calculation of color correction factor. The surface of a radiometer was scanned using a double-monochromator facility upgraded with an x-y scanning system. The illuminance responsivity as a function of bandpass and temperature were also investigated in this study. To use a radiometer in the photometric applications of metrology, a light-sensitive device, a so-called trap detector, was characterized by measuring the absolute responsivity, the non-linearity, and spatial non-uniformity.     

基于CRT的非对称视觉匹配实验中对立色的显示方法研究

对立色是颜色科学研究中的一类特殊颜色现象,通过对其特殊匹配现象的研究,可以揭示人眼彩色视觉信息传递的规律。针对基于CRT的非对称视觉匹配实验的要求,提出了一种色调均匀分布、强度成线性变化的对立色的定义和显示方法,实现了人眼锥体细胞响应LMS与计算机彩色量化值RGB之间的高精度转换和真彩色再现。     

Application of PWM dimming based on Grassmann optical model北大核心CSCD

针对发光二极管（light-emitting diode,LED）光源颜色和光通量精准调控难度高,在生产应用中,调控操作需在电脑等设备上进行的问题,基于格拉斯曼颜色混合定律,结合脉宽调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)调控LED的特性,建立表示PWM与LED照度关系的数学模型,以STM 32微控制器为核心设计了三基色LED调光调色系统。对系统分别进行单色、双色和3色的混光照度实验,数字照度计的测量值与光照数学模型的理论值对比结果表明,该系统在0~370 lx区间内系统的光源照度误差≤4%,合成光色共16 777 216种,且对光源颜色和光通量的调控操作可直接在系统上完成,无需接入其他设备,减少了操作流程,满足工业视觉检测、农作物补光照明和文化旅游对光源颜色和照度的需求。     

基于阈上小色差的色差公式权重函数研究

利用心理物理实验的恒常刺激法,测得了在CIELAB颜色空间中a*b*平面上16个颜色中心的阈上小色差(约3ΔE*ab单位)色度椭圆.基于本实验和RIT-Dupont各16个非中性色颜色中心的彩度差和色调差数据分别拟合得到相应的彩度权重函数SC_ZJU07和色调权重函数SH_ZJU07.应用获得的视觉实验数据对六个基于CIELAB的典型色差公式的彩度和色调权重函数以及SC_ZJU07和SH_ZJU07的色差预测性能进行评价,结果表明所提出的SC_ZJU07和SH_ZJU07的预测性能均为最佳.对于彩度差数据,六个色差公式彩度权重函数的预测性能表现不佳;而对于色调差数据,CIEDE2000色调权重函数的预测性能明显优于其他公式.     

Color Appearance of a Patch Explained by RVSI for the Conditions of Various Colors of Room Illumination and of Various Luminance Levels of the Patch

Whenever we enter a space illuminated differently from a previous space whether in color or in illuminance, we can quickly adapt to the new atmosphere and can again perceive white for the originally white object; this is known as color constancy. This phenomenon is explained by rotation of the recognition axis of the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) toward the illumination color. The explanation then predicts that the color appearance of a test patch changes radically toward the opposite direction from the color of illumination when the physical property of the test patch is kept unchanged at a neutral white. This prediction was confirmed by Experiment 1, where eight different colors of illumination were employed. The test patch appeared very vivid in color and shifted toward the opposite direction from the color of the illumination. In RVSI theory the light source color mode is explained by the release of the test patch from the restriction of RVSI. The release can be achieved by increasing the luminance of the test patch and the color appearance of the patch should then return to its own color as it is no longer controlled by RVSI. In Experiment 2 these predictions were investigated by increasing the luminance of the test patch to a much higher level than that of the objects in the lit room fixed at an illuminance of about 1001x. The color appearance of the test patch indeed became the light source color and returned to the original neutral white. Emphasis was given in the course of the experiments that the subjects were observing the test patch presented in a real 3D space where the subjects also stayed inside so that they could properly construct RVSI for the space.     

Measurement of Color Constancy by Color Memory Matching

Degree of color constancy was measured when color memory was involved in color comparison judgment. We used the Optical Society of America (OSA) Uniform Color Scales as stimulus color samples, and chose 20 color samples as test stimuli. Four illuminants of 1700, 3000, 6500, and 30, 000 K were tested. The observer, completely adapted to a test illuminant, saw a test color sample and stored its color in his memory. After being readapted to the reference white (6500 K), he started selecting a color sample from among the 424 OSA samples which matched the test sample in his memory. We employed a memory matching method called cascade color matching, in which the number of selected color-samples was gradually reduced in four stages. In the final stage, the observer selected a color sample. The results show that, for most test colors, the distributions of selected colors in stages 1 to 4 were similar among all illuminants, and that the u’v’ chromaticity distance between a test color under 6500 K and its matched color was quite short. These indicate that good color constancy was retained in memory color comparison.     

The Brain Adaptation to the Color of Illumination and not the Retinal Adaptation to the Color of Objects that Determines the Color Appearance of an Object in the Space

Color appearance was measured for a test patch which was placed in a test room illuminated by the daylight type of illumination and was looked at from the subject room illuminated by one of the four colored illuminations, red, yellow, green, and blue, through a window of three different sizes. When the window was the smallest so that only the test patch was seen within the window the color of the test patch appeared almost opponent to the illumination color, but as soon as something is seen within the window of larger size the color returned to the original color of the test patch to indicate the color constancy. To recognize the test room as a space was essential to perceive the real color of the test patch. This returning to the original colors was not influenced by green color of objects densely placed in the test room or by red color of objects again densely placed in the test room. The results imply that the color appearance of the test patch is not determined by the retinal chromatic adaptation, but by the brain adaptation to color of the illumination in the space.     

Perception of constant illumination across saccadic eye movements

We examined the tolerance of full-field illuminance changes to perceive constant illumination on the picture across saccades. In the experiment, subjects observed a picture of an actual scene, while the illuminance on the picture was alternated between E and E-ΔE whenever subjects made saccades. The subjects reported whether they noticed any changes in brightness or color in the picture. Thresholds for detecting illumination changes were measured at three illuminance levels. It was shown that the thresholds amounted to 40% decrement of illuminance on average, indicating there exists fairly large tolerance of additional illumination changes across saccades. It was also found that the illumination changes were less noticeable at lower illuminance levels.     

油墨红外光谱相似度与计算机配色精度的关系研究

为了获得高精度的配色样品,提出了一种配色方法-成分分析配色法。该方法将化学分析法与计算机配色相结合,其核心是选取与目标色成分最接近的油墨进行配色,从而实现高精度的色彩匹配,为计算机配色发展提供新的思路。与目标色成分相近的油墨配色效果验证：使用某种油墨印制目标色,并用相同的油墨进行配色,以实现目标色成分与配色色样成分的一致性。使用三个不同品牌的油墨对目标色进行配色,比较配色精度及效率。使用泗联牌三种颜色油墨以任意比例通过印刷适性仪IGT-CI(荷兰)印制目标色,这些目标色包括间色和复色,各3个色样;使用配色软件X-Rite color master(美国)建立泗联、东洋、牡丹三个品牌油墨的配色基础数据库,并对不同目标色进行配色。结果表明使用与目标色相同的泗联油墨的配色精度远高于东洋、牡丹两个品牌的油墨,配色色差整体都很小,校正1～2次就能得到小于1.0的色差,最小达到0.36,几乎实现了目标色的同色同谱匹配。实验验证了成分分析配色法的核心“选取与目标色成分最接近的油墨进行配色,可以实现高精度色彩匹配”的可行性。判别目标色与配色油墨在成分上区别的化学分析工具探讨：为了判别目标色色料与配色油墨在成分上有区别,尝试使用“红外光谱相似度”作为判别的分析工具。使用红外光谱仪Thermo Nicolet 6700(美国)测出泗联、东洋、牡丹三个品牌的三种颜色油墨的红外光谱图,使用OMNIC软件中的相关性算法得到它们与目标色油墨的红外光谱相似度,并计算出平均相似度;将各品牌油墨的红外光谱相似度与其配色实验的精度进行对比分析,评价红外光谱相似度作为化学分析判别工具的有效性。结果表明泗联牌油墨与目标色的平均红外光谱相似度为100%,东洋的为86.53%,牡丹的为64.63%。当校正次数相同时,泗联油墨配色色差最小,配色精度最高;东洋次之,是泗联油墨配色色差的2倍左右;牡丹最差,是泗联油墨配色色差的3倍以上。配色结果与其红外光谱相似度的规律是一致的,目标色油墨与配色油墨之间的红外光谱相似度越高,越容易得到高精度的配色样品。实验证明了用成分分析配色法获得高精度的色彩匹配是可行的,使用红外光谱相似度作为目标色与配色油墨在成分上的分析工具对判别配色精度是有效的。今后的工作将探讨红外光谱相似度与配色精度间的相关性数值关系,以及进一步寻求更为有效的化学分析方法来判断目标色色料与配色油墨之间的成分关系。     

Insight into chemical mechanisms of sepal color development and variation in hydrangea

Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a unique flower because it is composed of sepals rather than true petals that have the ability to change color. In the early 20th century, it was known that soil acidity and Al³⁺ content could intensify the blue hue of the sepals. In the mid-20th century, the anthocyanin component 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and the copigment components 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acids (2–4) were reported. Interestingly, all hydrangea colors from red to purple to blue are produced by the same organic components. We were interested in this phenomenon and the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea color variation. In this review, we summarize our recent studies on the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea sepal color development, including the structure of the blue complex, transporters involved in accumulation of aluminum ion (Al³⁺), and distribution of the blue complex and aluminum ions in living sepal tissue.     

彩色遥感影像阴影颜色特性分析

为了获得具有标识性且易于获取的阴影特征,总结了彩色图像常见的颜色模式,分析和研究了遥感影像中阴影的亮度、色调、饱和度以及阴影区B通道与G通道强度之间的关系等颜色特性.通过系列实验和分析可知:1)彩色遥感影像色调通道中的高亮值对阴影区域的位置具有一定程度的指示作用;2)低亮度是遥感影像中阴影的重要特征;3)同一幅遥感影像阴影区的饱和度在整体上具有一致性;4)同一幅遥感影像上,阴影区像素B通道强度与G通道强度的大小关系具有一定程度上的一致性.利用这四种特征进行自动阴影识别的初步结果,验证了这四种特征在对遥感影像阴影区的综合标识上是有效的,可以作为计算机阴影自动检测方法的建模基础.     

基于HSI颜色空间的彩色边缘检测方法研究

针对在RGB空间中很难有效区分颜色相似性的问题,通过选择更加符合颜色视觉特性的HSI颜色空间进行图像处理与分析,提出了一种新的色差度量方法,在此基础上设计了一种彩色边缘检测方法。首先计算色度、饱和度、亮度等三个分量的边缘信息,然后对三个分量进行加权得到彩色边缘信息,通过非极大值抑制和阈值选取后,得到彩色图像的边缘。实验结果表明,该方法可以充分利用彩色图像的色度、饱和度和亮度信息来有效地检测彩色边缘。     

CIELAB与CIECAM02色空间均匀性比较研究

采用均匀色空间Munsell系统检验和验证了CIELAB和色貌模型CIECAM02色空间的均匀性。利用Mun- sell色卡所对应的三刺激值X,Y,Z作为模型的输入值,预测色空间模型的明度、彩度和色调,并通过预测结果比较和检验了CIELAB色空间和CIECAM02模型色空间的均匀性。研究表明:在预测明度方面,两个色空间的结果相似;在预测彩度时,CIECAM02模型较好于CIELAB色空间;在预测色调时,当色调逐渐从BG变化到B时,CIELAB所预测的色调角与由Munsell色空间计算出来的色调角之差逐渐增大,最大时超过6%,而CIECAM02所预测的色调角与Munsell色空间的色调角之差在2.5%以内,CIECAM02优于CIELAB色空间。     

Conversion from n bands color space to HSI n color space

This paper presents the method to get the equations that transform a color space of n independent primary colors to the HIS _n color system (H: hue, S: saturation, I: intensity); n indicates the number of bands and the shape of the HIS _n space. For n = 3 the structure is a double triangular pyramid, for n 4 it is the structure of the double pyramid tetrangular, and so on.     

照明光源及纸张色彩对传统书法作品展陈喜好的影响

书法是中国传统文化独有的文字艺术表现形式。书法作品的展陈喜好,其实质为色彩组合喜好中的色彩图形喜好问题。本研究针对现阶段书法作品展陈方式在颜色科学层面缺乏合理依据的问题,以主客观实验为基础,就照明光源及纸张色彩对传统书法展陈喜好的影响进行了分析与讨论。研究首先通过相关色温2 500, 3 500, 4 500, 5 500和6 500 K共五种典型LED照明光源相对光谱功率分布以及白色、黄白、浅白、红色、橙色共五种典型书法纸张光谱反射率信息的测量,获取光源及纸张色彩原始信息,并分别将其转换至CIEXYZ以及CIECAM02颜色空间。随后,将光源及纸张色彩属性与基于40名观察者心理物理学实验的1 000组书法展陈喜好数据进行关联性分析,进而从相关性分析、多元回归分析以及正态分布分析等多个统计学角度对传统书法作品展陈喜好的影响因素进行讨论。实验结果显示,传统书法作品展陈照明喜好与普通场景色彩喜好相比具有显著的特殊性,其喜好程度与明度对比、色相对比等色彩属性相关性较低,而主要受光源因素的影响。本研究的开展,将为当前传统书法作品的展陈照明工作提供有效的理论与方法参考,对于当前博物馆及美术馆的光源设计工作具有一定的指导意义。     

Color Appearance Determined by Recognition of Space

The color appearance was measured for a test patch which was placed in a test room illuminated by daylight lamps and was looked at from a subject room illuminated by one of four colored illuminations, red, yellow, green and blue, through windows of various sizes. When the window was small so that only the test patch was seen within the window the color of the test patch appeared almost opponent to the illumination color, but as soon as something was seen within the window of a larger size the color returned to the original color of the test patch. To recognize the test room as a space was essential to perceive the real color of the test patch. The results were explained by the concept of the recognized visual space of illumination.